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Russian invasion of Ukraine

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For the military buildup preceding the invasion, see 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis.

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War


Top: Territorial map of Ukraine as of 17 February 2022
Bottom: Russian military buildup around Ukraine as of 3 December 2021

     Ukrainian control      Russian occupation
Date24 February 2022 (2022-02-24) – ongoing (2 years, 10 months and 10 days)
Location
Ukraine
Status

Ongoing

  • Vladimir Putin announces a military operation with the goal of "demilitarization and denazification of Ukraine" on 24 February
Belligerents
Commanders and leaders
Strength
  •  Russia:
  • 900,000 (Armed Forces)
  • 554,000 (Paramilitary)
  • 2,000,000 (Reserves)[4]
  • • including 175,000[5] to 190,000[6] at the Ukrainian border
  • Donetsk PR:
  • 20,000[4]
  • Luhansk PR:
  • 14,000[4]
  •  Ukraine:
  • 209,000 (Armed Forces)
  • 102,000 (Paramilitary)
  • 900,000 (Reserves)[4]

On 24 February 2022, Russia launched an invasion of Ukraine. The campaign started after a prolonged military buildup, the Russian recognition of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic in the days prior to the invasion, followed by the entrance of the Russian Armed Forces to the Donbas region of Eastern Ukraine on 21 February 2022.

At about 06:00 Moscow time (UTC+3), President Vladimir Putin announced a military operation with the goal of "demilitarization and denazification of Ukraine"; minutes later, missile strikes began at locations across the country, including near the capital Kyiv. Russian forces were confirmed to have invaded Ukraine near Kharkiv, Odessa, and Mariupol.

Background

Main articles: Russo-Ukrainian War and Historical background of the Russo-Ukrainian War
See also: Enlargement of NATO, Ukraine–NATO relations, and Second Cold War

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine and Russia continued to retain close ties. In 1994, Ukraine agreed to abandon its nuclear arsenal and signed the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances on the condition that Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States would issue an assurance against threats or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of Ukraine. Five years later, Russia was one of the signatories of the Charter for European Security, where it "reaffirmed the inherent right of each and every participating State to be free to choose or change its security arrangements, including treaties of alliance, as they evolve".[7]

Despite being a recognized independent country since 1991, as a former USSR constituent republic, Ukraine had been perceived by the leadership of Russia as being part of its sphere of influence. In 2008, Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke out against Ukraine's membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).[8][9] In 2009, Romanian analyst Iulian Chifu and his co-authors opined that in regard to Ukraine, Russia has pursued an updated version of the Brezhnev Doctrine, which dictates that the sovereignty of Ukraine cannot be larger than that of the Warsaw Pact's member states prior to the collapse of the Soviet sphere of influence during the late-1980s and early-1990s.[10] This view is built upon the premise that Russia's actions to placate the West in the early 1990s should have been met with reciprocity from the West, without NATO expansion along Russia's border.[11]

Following weeks of protests as part of the Euromaidan movement (2013–2014), pro-Russian Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych and the leaders of the Ukrainian parliamentary opposition on 21 February 2014 signed a settlement agreement that called for an early election. The following day, Yanukovych fled from Kyiv ahead of an impeachment vote that stripped him of his powers as president.[12][13][14] Leaders of the Russian-speaking eastern regions of Ukraine declared continuing loyalty to Yanukovych,[15] causing the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine.[16] The unrest was followed by the annexation of Crimea by Russia in March 2014 and the War in Donbas, which started in April 2014 with the creation of the Russia-backed quasi-states of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics.[17][18]

On 14 September 2020, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy approved Ukraine's new National Security Strategy, "which provides for the development of the distinctive partnership with NATO with the aim of membership in NATO."[19][20][21] On 24 March 2021, Zelenskyy signed the Decree No. 117/2021 approving the "strategy of de-occupation and reintegration of the temporarily occupied territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol."[22]

In July 2021, Putin published an essay titled On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians, in which he re-affirmed his view that Russians and Ukrainians were "one people".[23] American historian Timothy Snyder described Putin's ideas as imperialism.[24] British journalist Edward Lucas described it as historical revisionism.[25] Other observers have noted that the Russian leadership has a distorted view of modern Ukraine and its history.[26][27][28]

Russia has said that a possible Ukrainian accession to NATO and the NATO enlargement in general threaten its national security.[29][30][31] In turn, Ukraine and other European countries neighboring Russia have accused Putin of attempting to restore the Russian Empire/Soviet Union and of pursuing aggressive militaristic policies.[32][33][34][35][36]

Prelude to the invasion

Main article: 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis

The conflict began with a major military building, initially on March to April 2021, and then from October 2021 to February 2022. During the second military buildup, Russia issued demands to the United States and NATO, advancing two draft treaties that contained requests for what it referred to as "security guarantees", including a legally binding promise that Ukraine would not join NATO as well as a reduction in NATO troops and military hardware stationed in Eastern Europe,[37] and threatened an unspecified military response if NATO continued to tow an “aggressive line”.[38]

Intervention in Donbas

On 21 February 2022, following the recognition of the Donetsk and Luhansk republics, President Putin ordered Russian troops (including tanks) to be sent into Donbas, in what Russia called a "peacekeeping mission".[39][40] Later that day, several independent media outlets confirmed that Russian forces were entering Donbas.[41][42][43][44]

On 22 February 2022, US president Joe Biden stated that "the beginning of a Russian invasion of Ukraine" had occurred. NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg and Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau said that "further invasion" had taken place. Ukrainian foreign minister Dmytro Kuleba stated, "There's no such thing as a minor, middle or major invasion. Invasion is an invasion." The European Union foreign policy head Josep Borrell stated that "Russian troops [had arrived] on Ukrainian soil" in what was "[not] a fully-fledged invasion".[45][46]

On the same day, the Federation Council unanimously authorised Putin to use military force outside Russia.[47] In turn, President Zelenskyy ordered a conscription of Ukraine's reservists, while not committing to general mobilization yet.[48]

On 23 February, Ukraine announced that it will declare nationwide state of emergency in all of the country, excluding the occupied territories in Donbas.[49] On the same day, Russia began to evacuate its embassy in Kiev and also lowered the Russian flag from the top of the building.[50] Still on 23 February, the websites of the Ukrainian parliament and government, along with banking websites were hit by DDoS attacks.[51]

Russian accusations

Russia's accusations of genocide

See also: Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas and Misinformation in the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis § Claim of genocide in Donbas

On 9 December 2021, Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke of discrimination against Russian speakers outside Russia, saying: "I have to say that Russophobia is a first step towards genocide. You and I know what is happening in Donbass. It certainly looks very much like genocide."[52][53] Russia also condemned the Ukrainian language law.[54][55][56] On 15 February 2022, Putin told the press: "What is going on in Donbass is exactly genocide."[57]

Several international organizations, including the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine and Council of Europe found no evidence supporting the Russian claims.[58][59][60][61] The genocide allegations have been rejected by the European Commission as Russian disinformation.[62]

The US embassy in Ukraine described the Russian genocide claim as "reprehensible falsehood",[63] while the US State Department Spokesman Ned Price said that Moscow was making such claims as an excuse for invading Ukraine.[57] On 18 February, Russian Ambassador to the US Anatoly Antonov replied to a question about US officials, who doubted the fact of the genocide of Russians in Donbass, by posting a statement on the Embassy's Facebook page that said: 'This causes outrage and indignation. ... We see here not just double standards of the United States, but quite a primitive and crude cynicism. ... The main geopolitical goal of the United States is to push Russia back to the East as far possible. To that end, a policy to force the Russian-speaking population out of their current places of residence is needed. Therefore, Americans prefer not only to ignore the attempts of forced assimilation of Russians in Ukraine, but also strongly condone them with political and military support."[64]

Alleged clashes

Fighting in Donbas escalated significantly on 17 February 2022. While the daily number of attacks over the first six weeks of 2022 was 2 to 5,[65] the Ukrainian military reported 60 attacks on 17 February. Russian state media also reported over 20 artillery attacks on separatist positions the same day.[65] For example, the Ukrainian government accused Russian separatists of shelling a kindergarten at Stanytsia Luhanska using artillery, injuring three civilians. The Luhansk People's Republic said that its forces had been attacked by the Ukrainian government with mortars, grenade launchers and machine gun fire.[66][67]

The next day, the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic ordered mandatory evacuations of civilians from their respective capital cities, although it has been noted that full evacuations would take months to accomplish.[68][69][70][71] Ukrainian media reported a sharp increase in artillery shelling by the Russian-led militants in Donbas as attempts to provoke the Ukrainian army.[72][73]

On 21 February, Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB) announced that Ukrainian shelling had destroyed an FSB border facility 150 m from the Russia–Ukraine border in Rostov Oblast.[74] Separately, the press service of the Southern Military District announced that Russian forces had in the morning that day killed a group of five saboteurs near the village of Mityakinskaya, Rostov Oblast, that had penetrated the border from Ukraine in two infantry fighting vehicles, the vehicles having been destroyed.[75] Ukraine denied being involved in both incidents and called them a false flag.[76][77] Additionally, two Ukrainian soldiers and a civilian were reported killed by shelling in the village of Zaitseve, 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Donetsk.[78]

Several analysts, including the investigative website Bellingcat, published evidence that many of the claimed attacks, explosions as well as evacuations in Donbas were staged by Russia.[79][80][81]

On 21 February, the Luhansk Thermal Power Plant in the Luhansk People's Republic was shelled from unknown forces.[82] Ukrainian News states that it was forced to shut down as a result.[83]

Invasion

Slightly before 4 a.m. Moscow Time, on 24 February, Putin announced that he had made the decision to launch a military operation in eastern Ukraine.[84][85] In his address, Putin said there were no plans to occupy Ukraine′s territory, but he said he supported the right of the peoples of Ukraine to self-determination.[86]

Within minutes of Putin's announcement, explosions were reported in Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odessa and the Donbas.[87] Ukrainian officials said that Russia landed troops in Odessa and launched cruise and ballistic missiles at airfields and military headquarters in Kyiv.[88] Airspace over Eastern Ukraine was restricted to civilian air traffic as a result of these developments, with the whole area being deemed an active conflict zone by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency.[89]

According to Ukrainian Minister of State Anton Herashchenko just after 6:30 AM, Russian forces were invading via land near the city of Kharkiv.[90] Large-scale amphibious landings were reported at the cities of Mariupol and Odessa; Heraschenko confirmed the landings near Odessa.[91]

Shortly before 7 a.m., President Zelenskyy announced the introduction of martial law in Ukraine.[92]

International sanctions on Russia

In response to the recognition of the two breakaway republics, Western countries started to roll out sanctions against Russia.

On 22 February, UK Prime Minister Johnson announced sanctions on five Russian banks, namely Rossiya Bank, Industrialny Sberegatelny Bank, General Bank, Promsvyazbank, and Black Sea Bank and three billionaire associates of Putin, namely Gennady Timchenko, Boris Rotenberg, and Igor Rotenberg.[93][94] German Chancellor Scholz announced halting the certification process of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline.[95] EU foreign ministers blacklisted all members of Duma who voted in favour of the recognition of the breakaway regions, banned EU investors from trading in Russian state bonds, and targeted imports and exports with separatist entities.[96] US President Biden announced sanctions on banks VEB.RF and Promsvyazbank and comprehensive sanctions on Russia's sovereign debt.[97] Calling the attack "unprovoked and unjustified", Biden noted that his administration would be considering further possible actions.[98]

On 24 February, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced targeted travel bans and financial sanctions against eight members of Russia's national security council.[99]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ The Donetsk People's Republic is a separatist state that declared its independence in May 2014, while receiving recognitions from its neighboring partially recognized quasi-state, the de facto state of South Ossetia, and Russia (since 2022).[1]
  2. ^ The Luhansk People's Republic is a separatist state that declared its independence in May 2014, while receiving recognitions from its neighboring partially recognized quasi-state, the de facto state of South Ossetia, and Russia (since 2022).[2][3]

References

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  2. ^ Alec, Luhn (6 November 2014). "Ukraine's rebel 'people's republics' begin work of building new states". The Guardian. Donetsk. Retrieved 31 January 2022. The two 'people's republics' carved out over the past seven months by pro-Russia rebels have not been recognised by any countries, and a rushed vote to elect governments for them on Sunday was declared illegal by Kiev, Washington and Brussels.
  3. ^ "Общая информация" [General Information]. Official site of the head of the Lugansk People's Republic (in Russian). Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018. 11 июня 2014 года Луганская Народная Республика обратилась к Российской Федерации, а также к 14 другим государствам, с просьбой о признании её независимости. К настоящему моменту независимость республики признана провозглашенной Донецкой Народной Республикой и частично признанным государством Южная Осетия. [Translated: On June 11, 2014, the Luhansk People's Republic turned to the Russian Federation, as well as to 14 other states, with a request to recognize its independence. To date, the republic's independence has been recognized by the proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic and the partially recognized state of South Ossetia.]
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