Twenty-One (game show)
| Twenty-One | |
|---|---|
| Created by | Robert Noah |
| Starring | Jack Barry (1956 version) Monty Hall (temporary replacement; summer 1958) Jim Lange (1982 pilot) Maury Povich (2000 version) |
| Country of origin |  United States |
| Production | |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | NBC |
| Release | 1956 – 1958; 2000 |
Twenty One was an American game show. It is notorious for that it was a rigged quiz show that spawned the most popular contestant of the quiz show era, and which nearly caused the demise of the entire genre in the wake of Senate investigations. The 1994 movie Quiz Show is based on these events. In time, Twenty-One represented the longest hiatus (42 years) between a cancellation and a revived comeback of a television game show on the same network in the history of broadcasting.
Broadcast history
Twenty One was produced as a weekly live broadcast on NBC from September 12, 1956 to October 16, 1958. Jack Barry was the host and partnered in producing the show with Dan Enright. There was a pilot that was originally made for CBS. Reruns of the 2000 version of the show are currently shown twice a week on GSN.
Gameplay
Two contestants, a champion and a challenger, were both placed in separate isolation booths, arranged so they could not see or hear each other. With the champion's booth turned off, the host revealed the category for that round of questions and asked the challenger to pick a point value to play for, from one to eleven points. The more points a question was worth, the more difficult that question was. A correct answer added those points to the player's score, while an incorrect one deducted them (though it could never drop into negative numbers). After the question, the challenger's booth is turned off and the champion is given the same category and choice of questions.
Neither player is made aware of his or her opponent's score. The object was to score a total of 21 points, or come closer to that number than your opponent. After two categories were played, both booths were opened up and both players given the option to stop the game right then and there. If either player elected to end the game, no matter which one it was, the player in the lead at that point would win. If the challenger reached 21 points before the champion, the champion was given one last chance to catch up and send the game to a 21-21 tie; in this case, the challenger's booth was left open so he or she could know what was going on.
Champions received money based on how large the difference in the scores was. Payoffs started at $500 for each point difference (for instance, a champion who won a game by a score of 21-17 would win $2,000), but that figure increased by $500 each time the players went to a 21-21 tie. After each win, the champion was told a little bit about his or her next opponent and given the option to walk away; the risk to a champion's winnings was that if he or she was defeated, the new champion's first-game winnings were paid out of the outgoing champion's total. (For instance, if a champion had $7,000 going into a game, was defeated, and the player who defeated him or her won $1,500, the defeated champion's final total would be reduced to $5,500.)
Scandal
Overview
The initial broadcast of Twenty One was played honestly, with no manipulation of the game by the producers. Unfortunately, that broadcast was, in the words of producer Dan Enright, "a dismal failure"; the first two contestants succeeded only in making a mockery of the format by how little they really knew. Show sponsor Geritol, upon seeing this opening-night performance, reportedly became furious with the results, and angrily ordered the rigging of Twenty One so as to prevent a repeat of this incident.
The end result: Twenty One was not merely "fixed", it was almost totally choreographed. Contestants were cast almost as if they were actors, and in fact were active and (usually) willing partners in the deception. They were given instruction as to how to dress, what to say to the host, when to say it, what questions to answer, what questions to miss, even when to mop their brows in their isolation booths (which had air conditioning that could be cut off at will, to make them sweat more).
The Charles Van Doren Case
Charles Van Doren, a college professor, was introduced as a contestant on Twenty One on November 28, 1956, as a challenger to the dominant, if somewhat unpopular with viewers, champion Herbert Stempel. Van Doren and Stempel ultimately played to a series of 21-21 tie games, with audience interest building with each passing week and each new game, until finally the clean-cut, "All American Boy" challenger was able to outlast his bookish, quasi-intellectual opponent, who at one point after the game was referred to backstage as a "freak with a sponge memory". The turning point came on a question directed to Stempel: "What film won the Academy Award for Best Picture in 1955?" Stempel legitimately knew the answer to that question (Marty, one of Stempel's favorite movies), but had been specifically ordered by the producers to miss it. As Stempel later recalled, there was a moment in the booth when his conscience and sense of fair play warred with his sense of obligation; he almost answered it correctly, something that would have thrown the scripted outcome of the game into total disarray. In the event, however, he finally gave the incorrect answer (On the Waterfront) he had been ordered to give, which opened the door for Van Doren to win the game and begin one of the longest and most storied runs of any champion in the history of television game shows.
Van Doren's popularity took off as a result of his success on Twenty One, earning him a place on the cover of Time magazine and even a regular feature spot on NBC's Today show; at one point, the program even surpassed CBS' I Love Lucy in the ratings. He was finally unseated as champion on March 11, 1957, by a woman named Vivian Nearing, after winning a total of $129,000.
Stempel, meanwhile, still somewhat upset over the fact he was ordered to "take a dive," attempted to blow the whistle on what exactly was going on behind the scenes at Twenty One, even going so far as to have a federal investigator look into the show. Nothing much came of these investigations until August 15, 1958, when a relatively minor CBS game show, Dotto, was abruptly cancelled after a notebook containing the answers to every question on that show turned up in the possession of its champion. Suddenly, Stempel's allegations began to make a lot more sense. Still, the public at large didn't seem to want to believe it was true until Van Doren, under oath before a House hearing, confessed to being given the answers to all of his questions before each show.
Twenty One was cancelled without warning after its broadcast of October 16, 1958. A nighttime version of Concentration took over its time slot the following week. The scandal forced producers Barry and Enright into virtual exile. Barry would not host another national TV show for more than a decade, and Enright was forced to move to Canada to continue his production career.
Aftermath
The scandal also caused the Federal Communications Commission to mandate the sale of Barry-Enright's radio station in Hollywood, Florida, WGMA. The station was purchased by its general manager, C. Edward Little, who promptly affiliated the station with the Mutual Broadcasting System. After serving for a time as the head of Mutual's affiliates association, Little became the president of Mutual from 1972 to 1979. During this time Little created the Mutual Black Network, the first U.S. broadcast network catering exclusively to African-Americans. Little also created the Mutual Spanish Network and the Mutual Southwest Network. Under Little's administration, Mutual became the first broadcasting entity to use satellite technology for program delivery. During his tenure as head of Mutual, Little hired Larry King to host an all-night phone-in talk show Little had created. King was a one-time announcer for Little at WGMA. King, who had previously hosted a similar morning show on Miami radio station WIOD, went on to national fame on both radio and television, winning a coveted Peabody Award along the way. King, therefore, indirectly owes a portion of his success to the game show scandal.
Barry finally returned to game-show hosting in the early 1970s and become a success again as a producer-host with The Joker's Wild, which ran on CBS from 1972 to 1975 and in syndication from 1977 to 1986. (Barry hosted both versions until his death in 1984.) Enright would work as Joker's executive producer in the final year of its CBS run, and the two revived their partnership full-time in 1976.
Revival
There have been two attempts to revive this series under honest terms. The first was as an unsold 1982 pilot starring Jim Lange (this version of the show was called 21, using Arabic numerals instead of words).
1982 pilot
With Barry and Enright's Bullseye on the way out, the pair was looking for another game to put into the five-a-week syndication market. They decided to try '21' again, and filmed a pilot on April 24, 1982. Bullseye host Jim Lange hosted. The rules were very similar to those of the original show. Contestants played up to five rounds, choosing a point value from 1 to 9, with the option to stop the game after the second and fourth rounds. The questions were frequently short-answer in format; however, nine-point questions had two answers (similar to Tic Tac Dough).
The winner of the game would win $1,000 cash (plus $1,000 more for every tie game), multiplied by the difference between the players' two scores; if the challenger won, this amount was deducted from the outgoing champion's bank.
The winner was then given the opportunity to face a bonus game; like other B&E game shows, it was based largely on chance. The object of the game was to get closer to 21 points than the 'computer' (who played according to Las Vegas 21 rules). The contestant would decide whether to take a number or give it to the computer, then stopped a number generator. This continued until either side busted, or the computer had to stay. Beating the computer won $2,000 and a prize package.
Contestants could stay on the show until defeated or they voluntarily left the game.
2000
A second attempt actually made it to air when NBC, in the wake of the success of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, revived the tainted quiz on January 9, 2000. The new version was produced by Phil Gurin and Fred Silverman. The rules of this version, hosted by Maury Povich, were somewhat different from those of the 1950s version: Incorrect answers no longer deducted from a player's score, but instead earned a strike; three strikes, and that player automatically lost (though, runners up received $1,000). As well, all questions were of a multiple-choice variety, making it easier for the player. Finally, once per game, a player could call for a "Second Chance", and have a friend or family member (sequestered offstage until needed) brought on for help. If a player used their "Second Chance" and got the question wrong, they earned two strikes. Payoffs on this version were originally $100,000 for the first win, $200,000 for the second, $300,000 for the third, and $400,000 for the fourth. At that point, the fifth victory would be worth $100,000, sixth worth $200,000 and so on as long as the contestant continued to win.
The second payoff structure, instituted in February 2000:
First win: $25,000
Second win: $50,000
Third win: $100,000
Fourth win: $250,000
Fifth win: $500,000
Sixth win: $750,000
Seventh win: $1 million
After the seventh win, the eighth game would be played for $25,000, and so on until the champ was defeated. These amounts accumulated, so winning seven games would be worth at least $2,675,000.
A small "quasi-scandal" occurred during one of the early episodes. It was entirely possible for both players to lose the game due to the "three-strikes-and-you're-out" rule (for example, in a situation where both players already had two strikes, Player 1 could strike out and be eliminated from the game. Player 2, unaware that his opponent had already lost, could then also strike out, leaving no winner for that game.) It was in this situation during one episode that host Maury Povich made a critical mistake. After the first player had struck out, Maury informed the second player that his opponent had lost and that all he now had to do was answer a single question to win the game. Player 2 promptly requested and successfully answered a 1-point question (the easiest question possible), accompanied by the applause of the audience and a clear expression of chagrin and horror on Povich's face as he realized the mistake he had made. Immediately after a commercial break, a much more composed Povich acknowledged his mistake in revealing to Player 2 that his opponent had already lost, but explained that the only effect had been essentially to give a "gift" to Player 2, since his opponent had already lost the game and was not affected by the mistake.
Perfect 21
There was also an endgame, "Perfect 21". The champion was given a category and asked up to six true/false questions in that category, worth progressively from one to six points. Payoffs here were $10,000 for each point, but an incorrect answer at any time ended the game and cost the player all money won in this game (though the money in the main game was guaranteed theirs); he or she could stop after every correct answer. A possible total of $210,000 could be won in this game.
Big winners
Under the first payoff schedule, Rahim Oberholtzer was the biggest winner, collecting $1,120,000 over four victories (at the time, the all-time game show winnings record). David Legler won $1,765,000 over six wins with the new version. Tim Helms won $150,000 in one game of Perfect 21, the only person to answer five questions correctly. David was the top winner of American game shows until Kevin Olmstead won a $2,180,000 jackpot on Who Wants to be a Millionaire in 2001. Then Ken Jennings won over $2.52 million on Jeopardy!.
Foreign versions
In the United Kingdom, there was a version hosted by Chris Howland on ITV during the 1950s, produced by Granada Television. As stated below (see the external link), this version was also pulled off due to quiz show scandals. It was notable for giving away bigger cash prizes than would have been allowed on British TV between the imposition of a prize limit by the Independent Television Authority (itself a direct response to the alleged corruption of the game show genre) and the lifting of the prize limit by the Independent Television Commission in the 1990s.
A version on RTL in Germany aired from 2000 to 2001, hosted by Hans Meiser. The format was similar to the 2000 version in the USA
From September 2004 to May 2005, a French-language version aired on the TVA network based in Quebec and available across Canada. It is called Vingt-et-un, the French translation of Twenty-one. The program was 30 minutes long, and each game consisted of three rounds of questions, as opposed to five on the recent NBC version. The questions were still worth from one to 11 points, but all point values consisted of four choices. The prize money builds: $250, $500, $1,500, $3,500, $5,500, $12,500, and $20,000 more for a seventh win, all in Canadian dollars. Perfect 21 was played for up to $2,100. The host was Guy Mongrain, a popular Quebec television personality.
The top winner on the Canadian version is Simon Dufour-Turbis, with $49,700 in seven victories, while Pierre Dioette came close with $48,700 in his seven victories. Olivier Lameroux won $47,200 in ten victories, the most on the Canadian version.
External links
- Episode guide & winners list from the 2000 NBC version
- UK Gameshows Page: Twenty-One (about the UK version, which was also pulled after fixing allegations)
- Vingt-et-un (in French)
- Fan site for Einundzwanzig (German version)