Tetrasilane

Tetrasilane
Names
	Other names n-Tetrasilane
Identifiers
CAS Number	7783-29-1;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ECHA InfoCard	100.132.456
PubChem CID	6327668;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID30999039 ;
	SMILES [SiH3][SiH2][SiH2][SiH3];
Properties
Chemical formula	H10Si4
Molar mass	122.420 g·mol−1
Appearance	colourless liquid that self ignite in air
Density	0.792 g·cm−3
Melting point	−89.9 °C
Boiling point	108.1 °C
Solubility in water	reacts
Related compounds
Related compounds	butane
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Tetrasilane is a silane with the structure formula SiH₃–(SiH₂)₂–SiH₃. It is the silane analog of butane.

Preparation

Tetrasilane can be prepared by react magnesium silicide (Mg₂Si) with acids like 20% phosphoric acid in 50–60 °C.^[3]

\mathrm {Mg_{2}Si+\ 4H^{+}\ \longrightarrow \ Si_{n}H_{2n+2}}

The reaction can produce silanes up to n=15. The reaction of magnesium silicide with 25% hydrochloric acid produces 40% monosilane, 30% disilane, 15% trisilane, 10% tetrasilane and 5% higher silanes.^[4] The mixture can be separated by fractional distillation.

In addition, higher silanes can also be obtained by discharges monosilane:^[3]

\mathrm {SiH_{4}\ \rightarrow \ SiH_{2}\ +\ H_{2}}

\mathrm {SiH_{2}\ +\ SiH_{4}\rightarrow \ H_{3}Si{-}SiH_{3}}

\mathrm {SiH_{2}\ +\ H_{3}Si{-}SiH_{3}\rightarrow \ H_{3}Si{-}SiH_{2}{-}SiH_{3}}

\mathrm {SiH_{2}\ +\ H_{3}Si{-}SiH_{2}{-}SiH_{3}\rightarrow \ H_{3}Si{-}SiH_{2}{-}SiH_{2}{-}SiH_{3}}

Properties

Tetrasilane is a colourless, pyrophoric liquid that have a disgusting odour. Even below 54 °C, it will still spontaneous combustion.^[1] It is even more unstable than trisilane, slowly decomposes at room temperature, release hydrogen and form shorter silanes.^[5]

Reactions

Photochemical disproportionation of tetrasilane will produce 3-silylpentasilane and disilane.^[6]

\mathrm {2\ Si_{4}H_{10}\rightarrow \ Si_{2}H_{6}\ +H_{3}Si{-}SiH(Si_{2}H_{6})_{2}}

With the presence of aluminium chloride, heating tetrasilane in xylene will let in isomerize to isotetrasilane.^[7]

\mathrm {2\ H_{3}Si{-}SiH_{2}{-}SiH_{2}{-}SiH_{3}\longrightarrow \ H_{3}Si{-}SiH(SiH_{3})_{2}}

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Material Safety Data Sheet for Tetrasilane (Si₄H₁₀) (PDF-Datei)
^ ^a ^b ^c Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
^ ^a ^b Ralf Steudel (2014), [[1], p. 294, at Google Books Chemie der Nichtmetalle: Synthesen - Strukturen - Bindung – Verwendung] (in German), De Gruyter, pp. 294–295, ISBN 978-3-11-030797-9 {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help)
^ Egon Wiberg (2011), [[2], p. 320, at Google Books Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie: Mit einem Anhang: Chemiegeschichte] (in German), Walter de Gruyter, pp. 319–320, ISBN 978-3-11-023832-7 {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help)
^ Alfred Stock, Paul Stiebeler, Friedrich Zeidler (1923-07-04), "Siliciumwasserstoffe, XVI.: Die höheren Siliciumhydride", Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (in German), vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 1695–1705, doi:10.1002/cber.19230560735{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ F. Fehér, I. Fischer (March 1976), "Beiträge zur Chemie des Siliciums und Germaniums, XXVIII. Die photochemische Disproportionierung von n-Tetrasilan, Darstellung und Eigenschaften von 3-Silylpentasilan", Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie (in German), vol. 421, no. 1, pp. 9–14, doi:10.1002/zaac.19764210103
^ Template:ZNaturforsch

[voltaix-1] Material Safety Data Sheet for Tetrasilane (Si₄H₁₀) (PDF-Datei)

[CRC-Handbook-2] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[Steudel2014-3] Ralf Steudel (2014), [[1], p. 294, at Google Books Chemie der Nichtmetalle: Synthesen - Strukturen - Bindung – Verwendung] (in German), De Gruyter, pp. 294–295, ISBN 978-3-11-030797-9 {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help)

[Wiberg2011-4] Egon Wiberg (2011), [[2], p. 320, at Google Books Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie: Mit einem Anhang: Chemiegeschichte] (in German), Walter de Gruyter, pp. 319–320, ISBN 978-3-11-023832-7 {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help)

[Siliciumwasserstoffe_XVI-5] Alfred Stock, Paul Stiebeler, Friedrich Zeidler (1923-07-04), "Siliciumwasserstoffe, XVI.: Die höheren Siliciumhydride", Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (in German), vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 1695–1705, doi:10.1002/cber.19230560735{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[ZAAC_1976_9-6] F. Fehér, I. Fischer (March 1976), "Beiträge zur Chemie des Siliciums und Germaniums, XXVIII. Die photochemische Disproportionierung von n-Tetrasilan, Darstellung und Eigenschaften von 3-Silylpentasilan", Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie (in German), vol. 421, no. 1, pp. 9–14, doi:10.1002/zaac.19764210103

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