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Help:IPA/Ukrainian

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet represents Ukrainian language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-uk}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Ukrainian contrasts palatalized "soft" and unpalatalized "hard" consonants. Palatalized consonants, denoted by a superscript ⟨j⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, like in the [j] sound in yes.

See Ukrainian phonology for more details on the sounds of Ukrainian.

Consonants
Hard Soft
IPA Examples English approximations IPA Examples English approximations
b бог[1] [bɔɦ]ⓘ boot —
d дим[1] [dɪm]ⓘ do dʲ дім, мідь[1] [d⁽ʲ⁾im]ⓘ, [midʲ] dew
dz дзе́ркало[1] [ˈdzɛrkɐlo]ⓘ pads dzʲ ґедзь, дзьоб[1] [ɡɛdzʲ]ⓘ, [dzʲɔb]ⓘ pad's yours
dʒ джміль[1] [dʒmilʲ]ⓘ jump, ridge —
f фа́рба [ˈfɑrbɐ]ⓘ fool
ɡ ґа́нок[1] [ˈɡɑnok]ⓘ good
ɣ чахохбі́лі[1] [tʃɐxoɣˈbil⁽ʲ⁾i] between good and hood
ɦ газе́та [ɦɐˈzɛtɐ]ⓘ behind
— j йти, гай, їда́льня [jtɪ]ⓘ, [ɦɑj]ⓘ, [jiˈdɑlʲnʲɐ]ⓘ yes
k ключ [klʲutʃ]ⓘ scar —
l лось [lɔsʲ]ⓘ bell lʲ лід, сіль [l⁽ʲ⁾id]ⓘ, [s⁽ʲ⁾ilʲ]ⓘ least
m мир [mɪr]ⓘ moot —
n не́бо [ˈnɛbo]ⓘ noon nʲ ні́жний, день [ˈn⁽ʲ⁾iʒnɪj]ⓘ, [dɛnʲ]ⓘ new
p пил [pɪl]ⓘ spare —
r лі́кар [ˈl⁽ʲ⁾ikɐr]ⓘ trilled r, like in Spanish riesgo rʲ рі́чка [ˈr⁽ʲ⁾itʃkɐ]ⓘ trilled r, like in Spanish riesgo
s суп [sup]ⓘ soup sʲ сі́но, вісь [ˈs⁽ʲ⁾ino]ⓘ, [wisʲ] suit
ʃ шпари́на, ви́ще [ʃpɐˈrɪnɐ]ⓘ, [ˈwɪʃtʃe]ⓘ shop —
t тин [tɪn]ⓘ star tʲ тінь, мить [t⁽ʲ⁾inʲ]ⓘ, [mɪtʲ]ⓘ stew
ts цибу́ля [tsɪˈbulʲɐ]ⓘ cats tsʲ ціна́, віне́ць [ts⁽ʲ⁾iˈnɑ]ⓘ, [wiˈnɛtsʲ]ⓘ cat's young
tʃ очере́т, вище [otʃeˈrɛt]ⓘ, [ˈwɪʃtʃe]ⓘ choose —
u̯ вчи́тель, став [ˈu̯tʃɪtelʲ]ⓘ, [stɑu̯] tow
v Афганіста́н[1] [ɐvɦɐn⁽ʲ⁾iˈstɑn] vine
w віл [wil]ⓘ between wine and vine
x ховра́х [xou̯ˈrɑx] Bach, loch
z зуб[1] [zub]ⓘ zoo zʲ зі́ллю, рі́зьблення[1] [ˈz⁽ʲ⁾ilʲːʊ], [ˈr⁽ʲ⁾izʲblenʲːɐ]ⓘ presume
ʒ жи́то[1] [ˈʒɪto]ⓘ measure, garage —
Vowels
Stressed Unstressed
IPA Examples English approximation IPA Examples English approximation
ɑ гай [ɦɑj]ⓘ father ɐ гарма́та [ɦɐrˈmɑtɐ]ⓘ hug
ɛ день, єсть [dɛnʲ]ⓘ, [jɛsʲtʲ]ⓘ met e ефі́рний [eˈfirnɪj]ⓘ rate
i кіт, і́кла [kit]ⓘ, [ˈiklɐ] meet i біле́т [biˈlɛt]ⓘ meet
ɪ ми́ша [ˈmɪʃɐ]ⓘ bit ɪ кра́сний[2] [ˈkrɑsnɪj]ⓘ bit
ɔ по́ле, льон [ˈpɔle]ⓘ, [lʲɔn] off o ору́дний [oˈrudnɪj]ⓘ cold
u дух, лють [dux]ⓘ, [lʲutʲ]ⓘ fool ʊ туди́ [tʊˈdɪ]ⓘ put
Other symbols
IPA Explanation
ˈ◌ stress (placed before the stressed syllable)
ˌ◌ secondary stress (placed before the stressed syllable)
◌ː gemination (the consonant is pronounced twice as long)[3]
◌⁽ʲ⁾ optional nature of consonant palatalization before /i/

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Voiceless obstruents /p t tʲ ts tsʲ tʃ k x f s sʲ ʃ/ are voiced [b d dʲ dz dzʲ dʒ ɡ ɣ v z zʲ ʒ] before other voiced obstruents. [ɣ] and [v] only ever occur in this case.
  2. ^ May also be realized as [e].
  3. ^ In Ukrainian, geminates are found between vowels: бага́ття [bɐˈɦɑtʲːɐ]ⓘ 'bonfire', подру́жжя [poˈdruʒːɐ]ⓘ 'married couple', обли́ччя [oˈblɪtʃːɐ]ⓘ 'face'. Geminates also occur at the beginning of a few words: лля́ний [ˈlʲːɑnɪj] 'flaxen', forms of the verb ли́ти 'to pour' (ллючи́ [lʲːʊˈtʃɪ]ⓘ, ллю [lʲːu], ллєш [lʲːɛʃ] etc.), сса́ти [ˈsːɑtɪ]ⓘ 'to suck' and derivatives.[citation needed]

Bibliography

  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995). Ukrainian. Lincom Europa. ISBN 978-3-929075-08-3.
  • Жовтобрюх, М.А.; Кулик, Б.М. (1965). Курс сучасної української літературної мови. Частина I. (in Ukrainian). Kiev: Радянська школа.
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