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Kurchatov Institute

Coordinates: 55°48′5″N 37°28′37″E / 55.80139°N 37.47694°E / 55.80139; 37.47694
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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Yen Zotto (talk | contribs) at 17:02, 15 March 2022 (→History: Role as coordinator for Russian participation in large international research facilities - and recent statement supporting Russian attack on Ukraine and accusing Western partners). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Kurchatov Institute
EstablishedFebruary  11, 1943
Field of research
DirectorAlexander Blagov
Address1 Kurchatov Square
LocationMoscow, Moscow Oblast, Russia
Websitewww.nrcki.ru
Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy, with the staff of a 1974 magnetic field project
A stand for magnetic systems testing at Kurchatov Institute, photographed in 1986
2018 postage stamp, issued by Russia to the 75th anniversary of the institute

The Kurchatov Institute (Template:Lang-ru, 'National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute"') is Russia's leading research and development institution in the field of nuclear energy. It is named after Igor Kurchatov and is located at 1 Kurchatov Square, Moscow.

In the Soviet Union it was known as I. V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy (Template:Lang-ru), abbreviated KIAE (Template:Lang-ru). Between 1991 and 2010, it was known as the Russian Scientific Centre "Kurchatov Institute" (Роcсийский научный центр «Курчатовский Институт») before its name was changed to National Research Centre.

History

Until 1955 known under a secret name "Laboratory No. 2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences", the Kurchatov Institute was founded in 1943 with the initial purpose of developing nuclear weapons. The majority of Soviet nuclear reactors were designed in the Institute, including the on-site F-1, which was the first nuclear reactor outside North America to sustain criticality.

Since 1955 it was also the host for major scientific experimental work in the fields of thermonuclear fusion and plasma physics. In particular, the first tokamak systems were developed there, the most successful of them being T-3 and its larger version T-4. T-4 was tested in 1968 in Novosibirsk, conducting the first quasistationary thermonuclear fusion reaction ever.[2]

In the 1980s Kurchatov Institute employees and computer engineers played a very important role in establishing computer culture through participating in the development of the DEMOS operating system. It led to the spread of the internet in Russia and contributed to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.[citation needed]

Until 1991, the Ministry of Atomic Energy oversaw the Kurchatov Institute's administration. After the transformation into the State Scientific Center in November 1991, the Institute became subordinated directly to the Russian Government. According to the Institute's charter, its director is appointed by the prime minister based on recommendations from Rosatom. In February 2005 Mikhail Kovalchuk was appointed director of the institute; since 2015 he has been President of the Institute, and the position of a director was occupied by Drs. V. Ilgisonis, D. Minkin and (from November 2018) Alexander Blagov.

In February 2007, the Kurchatov Institute won the tender to be the main organization coordinating efforts in nanotechnology in Russia.

The Kurtchatov Institute is also in charge of coordinating Russia's participation in international large-scale projects such as the X-ray laser research facility European XFEL in Hamburg and the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) in Darmstadt, both Germany, the international fusion reactor project ITER in Cadarache and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility ESRF in Grenoble (both France) and the particle physics research center CERN in France and Switzerland.[3] On 4 March 2022, in the context of the Russian invasion of Ukraine that had started a week earlier, the institute issued a manifesto on their web site that endorsed the attack on Ukraine, claiming that the neighbor country had been transformed "primarily due to the efforts of our Western partners, into a neo-Nazi bridgehead" and that the invasion was justified because it was aimed at "preventing the threat of a direct attack on our country from its territory."[4]

Projects

The institute is involved in:

Reactors

Many reactors were designed by researchers of the institute, such as:

References

  1. ^ http://eng.nrcki.ru/
  2. ^ Токамак in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian) – via Great Scientific Library
  3. ^ "International Megaprojects". Kurchatov Institute. Retrieved 2022-03-15.
  4. ^ "Учёным России" (in Russian). Kurchatov Institute. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
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55°48′5″N 37°28′37″E / 55.80139°N 37.47694°E / 55.80139; 37.47694

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