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Westinghouse Electric Corporation

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For other uses, see Westinghouse.
This article is about the original Westinghouse company (1886). For the current company, see Westinghouse Licensing Corporation.
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
Formerly
  • Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company (1886–1945)
  • Westinghouse Electric Corp. (1945–1997)
  • CBS Corp. (1997–2000)
Company typePublic
NYSE: WX
Founded8 August 1886
FounderGeorge Westinghouse
DefunctApril 26, 2000; 24 years ago (2000-04-26)[note 1]
FateAfter acquiring CBS in 1995, Westinghouse renamed "CBS Corporation" in 1997; then merged with Viacom in 1999 (completed in 2000)
Successor
Headquarters
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
,
United States
Area served
Worldwide
Divisions
Subsidiaries

The Westinghouse Electric Corporation was an American manufacturing company founded in 1886 by George Westinghouse. It was originally named "Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company", and was renamed "Westinghouse Electric Corporation" in 1945. The company acquired the CBS television network in 1995, and was renamed as the first incarnation of "CBS Corporation", until being acquired by Viacom in 1999. That merger was completed on April 26, 2000.[1]

The Westinghouse brand is managed by the Westinghouse Licensing Corporation, established in 1998 and currently a subsidiary of Brookfield Business Partners. The nuclear power business, Westinghouse Electric Company, was spun off from the Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1999.

History

George Westinghouse, founder

Westinghouse Electric was founded by George Westinghouse in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on January 8, 1886. The firm became active in developing electric infrastructure throughout the United States. The company's largest factories were located in East Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, and Lester, Pennsylvania[2] and in Hamilton, Ontario, where they made turbines, generators, motors, and switch gear for generation, transmission, and use of electricity.[3] In addition to George Westinghouse, early engineers working for the company included Frank Conrad, Benjamin Garver Lamme, Bertha Lamme (first woman mechanical engineer in the United States), Oliver B. Shallenberger, William Stanley, Nikola Tesla, Stephen Timoshenko and Vladimir Zworykin.

Early on, Westinghouse was a rival to Thomas Edison's electric company. In 1892, Edison was merged with Westinghouse's chief AC rival, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, making an even bigger competitor, General Electric. Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company changed its name to Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1945.

Financial catastrophe and corporate reinvention

CBS Corporation

In 1990, Westinghouse experienced a financial catastrophe when the Corporation lost over one billion dollars due to bad high-risk, high-fee, high-interest loans made by its Westinghouse Credit Corporation lending arm.[4]

Westinghouse purchased CBS Inc. in 1995, for $5.4 billion.[5] Westinghouse Electric Corporation changed its name to and became the original "CBS Corporation" in 1997.[6] Also in 1997, the Power Generation Business Unit, headquartered in Orlando, Florida, was sold to Siemens AG, of Germany.[7] A year later, CBS sold all of its commercial nuclear power businesses to British Nuclear Fuels Limited (BNFL).[8] In connection with that sale, certain rights to use the Westinghouse trademarks were granted to the newly formed BNFL subsidiary, Westinghouse Electric Company.[8] That company was sold to Toshiba in 2006.[9]

In an attempt to revitalize the corporation, the Board of Directors appointed outside management in the form of CEO Michael H. Jordan, who brought in numerous consultants to help re-engineer the company in order to realize the potential that they saw in the broadcasting industry. Westinghouse reduced the workforce in many of its traditional industrial operations and made further acquisitions in broadcasting to add to its already substantial Group W network, purchasing CBS in 1995. Shortly after, Westinghouse purchased Infinity Broadcasting, TNN, CMT, American Radio Systems, and rights to NFL broadcasting. These investments cost the company over fifteen billion dollars. To recoup its costs, Westinghouse sold many other operations. Siemens purchased non-nuclear power generation, while other firms bought the defense electronics, office furniture company Knoll, Thermo King, its metering and load control division (to ABB), and residential security. With little remaining of the company other than its broadcasting division, Westinghouse renamed itself CBS Corporation in 1997.[10][citation needed]

Patents

During the 20th century, Westinghouse engineers and scientists were granted more than 28,000 U.S. government patents, the third most of any company.[11]

Products and sponsorships

  • Power generation: The company pioneered the power generation industry[12] and in the fields of long-distance power transmission and high-voltage alternating-current transmission, unveiling the technology for lighting in Great Barrington, Massachusetts.[citation needed]
  • Steam turbine generator: The first commercial Westinghouse steam turbine driven generator, a 1,500 kW unit, began operation at Hartford Electric Light Co. in 1901. The machine, nicknamed Mary-Ann, was the first steam turbine generator to be installed by an electric utility to generate electricity in the US. George Westinghouse had based his original steam turbine design on designs licensed from the English inventor Charles Parsons. Today a large proportion of steam turbine generators operating around the world, ranging to units as large as 1,500 MW (or 1,000 times the original 1901 unit) were supplied by Westinghouse from its factories in Lester, Pennsylvania; Charlotte, North Carolina; or Hamilton, Ont. or were built overseas under Westinghouse license. Major Westinghouse licensees or joint venture partners included Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan and Harbin Turbine Co. and Shanghai Electric Co. of China.
  • Research: Westinghouse had 50,000 employees by 1900, and established a formal research and development department in 1906. While the company was expanding, it would experience internal financial difficulties. During the Panic of 1907, the Board of Directors forced George Westinghouse to take a six-month leave of absence. Westinghouse officially retired in 1909 and died several years later in 1914.
  • Electrical technology: Under new leadership, Westinghouse Electric diversified its business activities in electrical technology. It acquired the Copeman Electric Stove Company in 1914 and Pittsburgh High Voltage Insulator Company in 1921. Westinghouse also moved into radio broadcasting by establishing Pittsburgh's KDKA, the first commercial radio station, and WBZ in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1921. Westinghouse expanded into the elevator business, establishing the Westinghouse Elevator Company in 1928; it sold its elevator business to Schindler Group (forming the Schindler Elevator Corporation) in 1989. Throughout the decade, diversification engendered considerable growth; sales went from $43 million in 1914 to $216 million in 1929.[13]
  • Aviation: Westinghouse produced the first operational American turbojet for the US Navy program in 1943. After many successes, the ill-fated J40 project, started soon after World War Two, was abandoned in 1955 and led to Westinghouse exiting the aircraft engine business with closure of the Westinghouse Aviation Gas Turbine Division (Kansas City) in 1960.
  • Gas turbines: During the late 1940s Westinghouse applied its aviation gas turbine technology and experience to develop its first industrial gas turbine. A 2,000–horsepower model W21 was installed in 1948 at the Mississippi River Fuel Corp gas compression station in Wilmar, Arkansas.[14] This was the beginning of a 50-year history of Westinghouse industrial and utility gas turbine development,[15] prior to the sale by Westinghouse of the power generation business to Siemens, AG in 1998. Evolving from the Small Steam and Gas Turbine Division formed in the early 1950s, the Westinghouse Combustion Turbine Systems Division was located in Concordville, Pennsylvania, near Philadelphia and the old Lester, Pennsylvania plant, until it was relocated to Power Generation headquarters in Orlando, Florida in 1987.
  • Nuclear power: As a result of its participation in the US government's military program for nuclear energy applications (e.g. The Nuclear Navy) Westinghouse was instrumental in the development and commercialization of nuclear energy systems for electric power generation. This business currently operates as the Westinghouse Electric Company, and is owned by Brookfield Business Partners of Canada. Electricite de France (EDF) a major global player in the nuclear power business, was a long-time licensee of the Westinghouse nuclear technology.
  • Industrial motors: Additional major industrial products in the widespread Westinghouse portfolio included electric motors of all sizes, elevators and escalators, controls and lighting. The Large Motor Division, once headquartered in Buffalo, NY, entered a joint venture with Taiwan Electric Co. (TECO) in the 1970s and today operates as TECO-Westinghouse.[16] Much of Westinghouse's higher voltage power equipment was sold to ABB in 1989 and renamed the ABB Power T&D Company.[17]
  • Rail transit: The Westinghouse Transportation Division (est. 1894) supplied equipment and controls for many North American interurban and streetcar lines, the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART), Washington DC METRO (WMATA), New York City Subway (NYCT) equipment from the 1890s elevated era to the R68A in 1988, among many other heavy rail and rail transit systems and built locomotives, often in partnership with Baldwin, Lima-Hamilton as well as supplying electrical and traction equipment for Fairbanks-Morse diesel locomotives. The division designed and built Automated People Movers (APMs) at several major U.S. airports, including Sea-Tac. Tampa, Dallas-Ft. Worth and Orlando. The Transportation Division was sold to AEG of Germany (1988), which merged into a joint venture of ABB and Daimler Benz named AdTranz in 1996. Ultimately, the unit was acquired by Bombardier of Canada in 2001 and is still headquartered in Pittsburgh.[18]
  • Consumer electrics: Westinghouse was also a leader in the design and manufacturing of household electrical products including radios, televisions, and other audio/video equipment, and both small and large electric appliances of all kinds, from hair dryers and electric irons to clothes washers and dryers, refrigerators and air conditioning units. For many years Westinghouse was a familiar household name and favored brand. After more than 50 years, and after playing a strong No. 2 to rival General Electric for most of that time, Westinghouse decided to exit the appliance business in the mid- 1970s. White-Westinghouse was formed when White Consolidated acquired the Westinghouse appliance unit in 1975.
  • World's Fair time capsules: The company is also known for its time capsule contributions during the 1939 New York World's Fair and 1964 New York World's Fair.[citation needed] They also participated in the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904. They sponsored the Westinghouse Auditorium at the fair, where they showed films documenting Westinghouse products and company plants.[3] Westinghouse was one of the original corporate sponsors and exhibitors at Walt Disney World's EPCOT attraction in Orlando, Florida.

Environmental incidents

There have been a number of Westinghouse-related environmental incidents in the US. Below is a short list of these. All of these are chemical pollution incidents; none of them involve nuclear reactors or nuclear pollution.

  • Sharon plant: The Westinghouse Sharon Plant was a 58-acre Westinghouse transformer production facility in Mercer County, Pennsylvania. The EPA's recent Five Year Review Report (2016) of this Superfund site determined that the Shenango River has been polluted due to Westinghouse operations in this area.[19] Because of the findings, the state of Pennsylvania has issued a "Do Not Eat" advisory for fish around the Westinghouse site.[20] This plant was no longer operational after 1984. Westinghouse submitted their final cleanup plan in 1998, and further action beyond their dissolution has been liable to CBS. The transformer business unit was sold to ABB in 1989. This site now houses a product design company.
  • Adams County plant: Westinghouse was fined $5.5 million in 1996 for polluting groundwater in over 100 wells, as well as other water sources, while operating its Westinghouse Elevator Company plant in Adams County, Pennsylvania. Degreasers and other toxic chemicals were released over a 5-year period in the 1980s.[21][verification needed] This business unit was sold to Schindler in 1988. Future liability for cleanup has been directed to CBS following the dissolution of Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1999.
  • Horseheads site: Westinghouse operates a cathode-ray tube plant in Horseheads, New York. They were deemed responsible for pollution at the Kentucky Avenue Wellfield Superfund site in Horseheads, New York. Westinghouse polluted nearby soil, affecting the safety of a nearby aquifer and wells used by residents. One phase of the cleanup effort describes Westinghouse Electric Corporation's facility, designated "Disposal Area F" and the "Former Runoff Basin Area," which are contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and arsenic, will be cleaned up using a combination of soil excavation and soil vapor extraction. At Disposal Area F, the area of contamination is about 0.3 acres. At the Former Runoff Basin Area, the contaminated soils cover approximately 0.7 acres. Disposal of the excavated soils occurred at appropriate off-site facilities. The removal of the PAHs and arsenic contamination will protect site workers and employees at the Westinghouse facility and the cleanup of the VOCs will help restore the quality of the Newtown Creek Aquifer.[22][verification needed] In 1986, Westinghouse entered a joint venture at this plant with Toshiba to produce CRTs. In 1989, Toshiba become part owner of this plant and the Westinghouse CRT business unit. Future liability has been shifted to CBS.
  • Sunnyvale plant: Westinghouse operated a plant which manufactured electronics for military systems in Sunnyvale, California. Groundwater and soil near this plant are contaminated with PCBs, fuels, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Potential health threats to area residents include accidentally ingesting or coming into direct contact with site contaminants in soil or groundwater. There are municipal drinking water wells within 1⁄4-mile from this site, and 300,000 people get their drinking water from within three miles of the site.[23][verification needed] This business unit was sold to Northrop Grumman in 1996. Future liability for this action has been passed on to CBS.

Timeline of company evolution

1880s

1888 Westinghouse brochure advertising their Alternating system
Share of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, issued March 31, 1910
  • 1884 – George Westinghouse begins developing a DC electric lighting system
  • 1885 – Westinghouse becomes aware of the new European transformer based alternating current systems when he reads about them in the UK technical journal Engineering[24]
  • 1885 – William Stanley, Jr., working for Westinghouse, develops the first practical AC transformer[25]
  • 1886 – Westinghouse Electric Company founded in East Pittsburgh[26]
  • 1886 – William Stanley, Jr. installs the world's first operational transformer based multiple voltage transmission system, a demonstration lighting system in Great Barrington, Massachusetts
  • 1888 – development of an induction ampere-hour meter for alternating current developed by Oliver B. Shallenberger
  • 1888 – licensing of Nikola Tesla's AC and Induction motor patents (Tesla hired as a consultant for one year but quits after a few months).[27]
  • 1889 – renames itself the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company

1890s

1900s to 1920s

1924 book on protective relays for AC and DC electrical systems by the Company

1930s and 1940s

1950s to 1970s

Logo designed by Paul Rand in 1959
  • 1951 – conducts first live network TV in U.S.[30]
  • 1952 – opens Cathode Ray Tube facility in Horseheads, New York; facility housed three divisions: Cathode Ray Tube, Electronic Tube, and Industrial and Government Tube.
  • 1954 – enters finance as Westinghouse Credit Corporation
  • 1955 – buys KDKA-TV (then WDTV) and KYW (originally, and currently WTAM) radio Cleveland.[30]
  • 1955 – Westinghouse J40 engine failure causes all F3H fighters using the engine to be grounded, and all other jets using it to switch to other engines. Westinghouse forced out of aircraft engine business.
  • 1957 - introduces first successful "cobra head" roadway luminaire, the OV-25, integrating both ballast and optics in a more streamlined modern design.
  • 1961 – acquires Thermo King (sold in 1997 to Ingersoll Rand)
  • 1964 – begins Skybus project; beginning of automated mass transit
  • 1965 – invention of the first MEMS device, buys Marketeer Electronic Vehicles[30]
  • 1966 – founds Cinema Center Films[30]
  • 1966 – starts housing and real estate development divisions[30]
  • 1966 – buys a toy manufacturer[30]
  • 1967 – lights America's first computer-controlled outdoor electric sign[36]
  • 1967 – makes the lowest bid for the BART project[37]
  • 1969 – buys 7-Up bottling[30]
  • 1973 – develops world's first AMLCD displays
  • 1974 – sells well-known home appliance division to White Consolidated Industries which becomes White-Westinghouse
  • 1979 – withdraws from all oil related projects in the Middle East after Iranian Revolution

1980s

  • 1981 – acquires both cable television operator TelePrompter (sold 1985), Muzak (sold September 1986) and 50% of Showtime[38] for $576 million.[39]
  • 1982 – acquires robot maker Unimation
  • 1982 – sells street light division to Cooper Lighting
  • 1983 – sells electric lamp division to Philips
  • 1984 – buys Unimation robotics for $105 million.[30]
  • 1986 – buys Los Angeles TV station.[30]
  • 1986 – Enters into joint venture with Airship Industries, Ltd. (London) to develop advanced lighter-then-air radar platforms and early warning surveillance airship for U.S. Navy in cooperation with its subsidiary TCOM Corp. located on the former Naval Air Station Weeksville in Elizabeth City, North Carolina[40]
  • 1987 – buys radio stations in Sacramento and Chicago.[30]
  • 1987 – buys electrical equipment, engineering and waste disposal divisions.[30]
  • 1988 – sells elevator/escalator division to Schindler Group, now known as Schindler Elevator Corporation.
  • 1988 – Enters into joint venture with Taiwan Electric to build Electric motors; Taiwan Electric eventually becomes sole owner of business as TECO Motor Company
  • 1988 – spins Industrial and Government Tube Division off as Imaging and Sensing Technologies Corporation.
  • 1988 – closes the East Pittsburgh generator and Lester, PA turbine plants, which had once been the primary Westinghouse manufacturing facilities.
  • 1988 – Bryant Electric subsidiary closed, assets sold to Hubbell in 1991
  • 1988 – Transportation Division, including railroad (locomotive and mass transit) equipment business sold to AEG, later merged into Adtranz in 1996, Bombardier Transportation in 2001 and Alstom in 2021.[28][41]
  • 1989 – sells transmission and distribution business to Asea Brown Boveri Group (ABB)
  • 1989 – buys Shaw-Walker Furniture and Reff Furniture.[30]
  • 1989 – buys Legacy Broadcasting.[30]

1990s to 2020s

  • 1990 – buys Knoll International Furniture.
  • 1994 – buys United Technologies' Norden electronic systems.[30]
  • 1994 – Cleveland operations and facilities purchased by Eaton Corporation for $1.6 billion. Cleveland Westinghouse facilities, as well as manufacturing plants converted into other commercial enterprises[29]
  • 1994-95 – separates IT and phone service sales into Westinghouse Communications division
  • 1995 – under the leadership of Michael H. Jordan buys CBS for $5.4 billion ($10.8 billion today)[5][42]
  • 1996 – buys Infinity Broadcasting for $4.7 billion.[30]
  • 1996 – sells Westinghouse Electronic Systems defense business to Northrop Grumman for $3 billion ($5.8 billion today), becoming Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems
  • 1997 – sells Thermo King division to Ingersoll Rand
  • 1997 – buys American Radio Systems for $2.6 billion, increasing station network to 175.[30]
  • 1997 – sells most non-broadcast operations; renames itself CBS Corporation as of December 1
  • 1998 – sells its non-nuclear power generation and energy units to Siemens AG, which operated under the name Siemens Westinghouse until 2003.
  • 1998 – CBS Corporation creates Westinghouse Licensing Corporation (Westinghouse Electric Corporation) subsidiary to manage the Westinghouse brand
  • 1999 – sells remaining manufacturing asset, its nuclear energy business, to BNFL.
  • 1999 – buys Outdoor Systems for $8.7 billion and King World Productions for $2.5 billion.[30]
  • 1999 – CBS acquired by Viacom
  • 2006 – Viacom is split into two companies in January, with a new Viacom being spun off of the old Viacom company, and the old Viacom being renamed as CBS Corporation thus reviving Westinghouse's last name prior to sale and reversing the 1999 Viacom-CBS merger.[43][44]
  • 2019 – Viacom and CBS Corporation remerge to form ViacomCBS.[45]
  • 2022 – ViacomCBS renamed into Paramount Global.

Employees

CEOs

  • George Westinghouse, 1886–1909[46]
  • Edwin M. Herr, 1911–1929[47]
  • F.A. Merrick, 1929 – February 1938[48]
  • George H. Bucher, February 1938 – 1946[49]
  • Gwilym A. Price, 1946–1957[50][51]
  • Mark W. Cresap, Jr. 1957–1963[52]
  • Don Burnham, 1963–1975[53]
  • Robert Kirby, 1975–1983[54]
  • Douglas Danforth, December 1983 – December 1987[55][56]
  • John Marous, 1988 – June 29, 1990[57]
  • Paul Lego, June 30, 1990 – January 1993[58]
  • Gary Clark, January 1993 – July 1993
  • Michael Jordan, July 1993 – 1997[59]

Other

  • Guy Tripp, former Thomson-Houston employee who joined Westinghouse and became chairman of its board of directors in 1912.

Overseas subsidiaries

Westinghouse established subsidiary companies in several countries including British Westinghouse and Società Italiana Westinghouse in Vado Ligure, Italy. British Westinghouse became a subsidiary of Metropolitan-Vickers in 1919 and the Italian Westinghouse factory was taken over by Tecnomasio in 1921.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ As the original "CBS Corporation".
  2. ^ Second incarnation of CBS, formed as a legal successor of Viacom in 2006.

References

  1. ^ "CBS And Viacom Complete Merger". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
  2. ^ a b History of Tinicum Township (PA) 1643–1993 (PDF). Tinicum Township Historical Society. 1993.
  3. ^ a b "Steam Hammer, Westinghouse Works, 1904". World Digital Library. 1904. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  4. ^ Massey, Steve. "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Who Killed Westinghouse? - Prologue". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2020-10-29.
  5. ^ a b Fabrikant, Geraldine (1995-08-02). "CBS ACCEPTS BID BY WESTINGHOUSE; $5.4 BILLION DEAL (Published 1995)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-10-29.
  6. ^ "Westinghouse Electric to Become CBS Today". Los Angeles Times. 1997-12-01. Retrieved 2020-10-29.
  7. ^ "Westinghouse Agrees to Sell Power Business to Siemens". Wall Street Journal. 1997-11-14. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2020-10-29.
  8. ^ a b "CBS Sells Last of Westinghouse For $238 Million Cash, Plus Debt". Wall Street Journal. 1998-06-26. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2020-10-29.
  9. ^ Macalister, Terry; Milner, Mark (2006-01-24). "Toshiba to buy BNFL's Westinghouse". The Guardian. Retrieved 2020-10-29.
  10. ^ "Timeline: Westinghouse Electric Co". www.bizjournals.com. 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2021-09-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ 2009 Westinghouse corporate profile
  12. ^ "Westinghouse Power Generation". RICHES of Central Florida. 1993.
  13. ^ "Westinghouse Electric Corporation". Engineering and Technology History Wiki.
  14. ^ "Westinghouse W21, Mississippi River Fuel Corp". RICHES of Central Florida. 1948.
  15. ^ Scalzo. A; et al. (1994). "Evolution of Heavy-Duty Power Generation and Industrial Combustion Turbines in the United States" (PDF). ASME 1994 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition, Volume 4: Heat Transfer; Electric Power; Industrial and Cogeneration. doi:10.1115/94-GT-488. ISBN 978-0-7918-7886-6.
  16. ^ "TECO-Westinghouse Motor Company, a world leader in manufacturing electric motors and generators, supplying motor controls, and providing engineering services, genuine Westinghouse renewal parts and large motor repairs".
  17. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-11-03. Retrieved 2017-10-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  18. ^ "United States". www.bombardier.com.
  19. ^ United States Environmental Protection Agency (September 2016). "FIVE-YEAR REVIEW REPORT FOR WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORP. (SHARON PLANT) SUPERFUND SITE MERCER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency.
  20. ^ COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA Dept. of Environmental Protection (2017-08-21). "Anglers Warned to Not Eat Fish from Shenango River". PA.Gov.
  21. ^ Pittsburgh Post-Gazette – Nov 12, 1996
  22. ^ "Cleanup of Horseheads Superfund Site". EPA.
  23. ^ "Sunnyvale Superfund Site". EPA. 4 September 2015.
  24. ^ Richard Moran, Executioner's Current: Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse, and the Invention of the Electric Chair, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group – 2007, page 42
  25. ^ "William Stanley – Engineering Hall of Fame". Edison Tech Center.
  26. ^ "The Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company | The Westinghouse World | Articles and Essays | Inside an American Factory: Films of the Westinghouse Works, 1904 | Digital Collections | Library of Congress". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  27. ^ John W. Klooster, Icons of Invention: The Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates. ABC-CLIO. 30 July 2009. p. 305. ISBN 9780313347436. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  28. ^ a b "Bombardier Fact Sheet: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" (PDF). Bombardier Inc.
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  33. ^ Feurer R (2006). Radical Unionism in the Midwest, 1900–1950. University of Illinois Press.
  34. ^ "Heartland of UE Struggle". UE. September 2002. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
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  37. ^ Frank Hawkins (March 7, 1967). "PAT Rapid Transit System Years Away". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  38. ^ Ray Gustini (March 24, 2011). "Three Decades of Wall Street's Muzak Fixation". The Atlantic Wire. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
  39. ^ "Westinghouse Sells Muzak". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. September 9, 1986. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  40. ^ Stein, Kenneth J. (July 14, 1986). "Westinghouse/Airships Industries joint venture targets Navy program". Aviation Week & Space Technology: 144, 145, 147, 149.
  41. ^ "Bombardier in the United States, page 3" (PDF). Bombardier Inc.
  42. ^ "CBS And Viacom Complete Merger". CBS News. 26 April 2000. Retrieved 2020-10-29.
  43. ^ "Viacom Completes Split Into 2 Companies (Published 2006)". The New York Times. 2006-01-02. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-10-29.
  44. ^ Palmeri, Christopher (13 August 2019). "A CBS-Viacom Timeline: From '06 Split to '19 Reunion". Bloomberg.com.
  45. ^ Berr, Jonathan (26 November 2019). "Here Is Everything You Need To Know About The Viacom-CBS Merger". Forbes. Retrieved 2020-10-29.
  46. ^ Massey, Steve (March 1, 1998). "Who Killed Westinghouse? - In the beginning". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
  47. ^ "Edwin Herr Dies in East". The Milwaukee Journal. December 25, 1932. p. 4.
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  49. ^ "New Westinghouse Head Is Optimistic". The Pittsburgh Press. February 25, 1938. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  50. ^ "Gwilym Price, Retired Westinghouse Leader, Dies". The Pittsburgh Press. June 2, 1985. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  51. ^ Gwilym A. Price, 89, a high school dropout who became.... Orlando Sentinel (1985-06-04). Retrieved on 2013-08-18.
  52. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-24. Retrieved 2013-07-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  54. ^ Massey, Steve (March 3, 1998). "Who Killed Westinghouse? - Chapter 2: Sue Me, Sue You Blues". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
  55. ^ Douglas Danforth: Executive Profile & Biography. BusinessWeek. Retrieved on 2013-11-02.
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  58. ^ Massey, Steve (March 6, 1998). "Who Killed Westinghouse? - Chapter 5: Coming Apart at the Seams". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
  59. ^ Massey, Steve (March 7, 1998). "Who Killed Westinghouse? - Chapter 6: Free at Last". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
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