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Superiority complex

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Superiority complex is a term coined by Alfred Adler in the early 1900s, as part of his school of individual psychology.

One of many views on superiority complex is that it is a defense mechanism that develops over time to help a person cope with feelings of inferiority.[1][2] Individuals with this complex typically come across as supercilious, haughty, and disdainful toward others. They may treat others in an imperious, overbearing, and even aggressive manner.[3][4]

In everyday usage, the term "superiority complex" is used to refer to an overly high opinion of oneself.

Alfred Adler

Alfred Adler was the first to use the term superiority complex. He claimed that a superiority complex essentially came from the need to overcome underlying feelings of inferiority: an inferiority complex.[5] Throughout his works Adler intertwines the occurrence of an inferiority complex and a superiority complex as cause and effect.[6] Among his writings touching on the topic were Understanding Human Nature (1927),[7] and Superiority and Social Interest: A Collection of Later Writings, a collection of twenty-one papers written by Adler and published posthumously in 1964.[8]

Adler distinguished a normal striving to achieve from superiority complexes,[9] the latter being attempts in order to overcompensate a feeling of inferiority.[5] He states that those with an inferiority complex develop a superiority complex to overcome the difficulties presented by the former, primarily by inflating their sense of self-importance in some way.[10] Dreams of heroism, and a false assumption of success,[11] revealed for Adler the reactive nature of such strivings.[12]

While Adler considered what he refers to in his writing as striving for superiority was a universal of human nature,[5] he thought sound-minded individuals do not strive for personal superiority over others, rather for personal ambition and success through work. By contrast, those with an actual superiority complex were riddled with conceited fantasies, and with dreams of immutable supremacy.[13]

Other interpretations

  • In contrast, an edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders that was published about twenty years after Alfred Adler's works disagreed that superiority complex (under the formal name of grandiose delusion in the DSM IV) came solely from the effects of an inferiority complex.[14] The DSM IV states that a second cause to this delusional disorder could stem from an exaggerated emotional state.
  • Ada Kahn has argued that the superiority and inferiority complexes cannot both be found in the same individual, since an individual with a superiority complex truly believes that they are superior to others.[15] She claimed that - whereas an inferiority complex may manifest with the behaviors that are intended to show others that one is superior, such as expensive material possessions, or an obsession with vanity and appearances to conceal feelings of inadequacy - superiority complex sufferers do not always care about image or vanity, since they have innate feelings of superiority, and thus do not usually concern themselves with proving their superiority to others.
  • Vera Hoorens say that those exhibiting the superiority complex have a self-image of supremacy.[16] Whereas individuals with an inferiority complex tend to present themselves in the best light possible, those with a superiority complex may not even attempt to make themselves look good, or to express their superiority to others. They may speak as if they are all-knowing and better than others, but ultimately do not care if others think so or not, much like with the cognitive bias known as illusory superiority.[16] Accordingly, they may be viewed in a negative light by those around them, since they are not concerned with the opinions of others about themselves. Other people may not distinguish between those with low self-opinion who care deeply about the opinion of others, and those with the actual complex, who feel superior and with high self-esteem, and do not care at all about the opinion of others.

Cultural examples

  • Driven to achieve in order to overcompensate his humble origins, and small stature,[17] Picasso was described by his former partner, Fernande Olivier, as possessing a superiority complex: "He said he could only be touched by things to which he felt superior".[18]
  • Beethoven's nobility pretence was the result of a superiority complex;[19] but it was the same complex that fuelled his extraordinary musical achievements. As Ernst Bloch said of the young musician's boastful claims, "This piece of presumption was needed to enable him to become Beethoven".[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ Alfred Adler, The Neurotic Constitution: Outlines of a Comparative Individualistic Psychology and Psychotherapy, trans. Bernard Glueck and John E. Lind (New York: Moffat, Yard & Co., 1917), xvii ("... so the traits of character, especially the neurotic ones, serve as a psychic means and form of expression for the purpose of entering into an account with life, for the purpose of assuming an attitude, of gaining a fixed point in the vicissitudes of life, for the purpose of reaching that security-giving goal, the feeling of superiority.").
  2. ^ "American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language". ahdictionary.com (5th ed.). 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  3. ^ Alfred Adler, The Neurotic Constitution: Outlines of a Comparative Individualistic Psychology and Psychotherapy, trans. Bernard Glueck and John E. Lind (New York: Moffat, Yard & Co., 1917), 327 ("Usually one sees deviations and circuitous paths in following which the sadistic trait seems wholly or in part lost. In this way the neurotic succeeds in gaining superiority over the weak, or he operates on this new line so skillfully as to manage to set up an aggression which enables him to dominate and torture others.").
  4. ^ "superiority complex". Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing. Retrieved 5 October 2020. ...a constellation of behaviors–eg, aggressiveness, assertiveness, self-aggrandization, etc, which may represent overcompensation for a deep-rooted sense of inadequacy.
  5. ^ a b c Adler, Alfred, 1870-1937 (1964-12-30). The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler : a Systematic Presentation in Selections from His Writings (First ed.). New York. ISBN 9780061311543. OCLC 5692434.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ H Mosak, Primer of Adlerian Psychology (2013) p 83
  7. ^ "PsycNET". psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved 2019-11-07.
  8. ^ "PsycNET". psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved 2019-11-07.
  9. ^ R Sharf, Theories of Psychotherapy and Counselling (2011) p. 130
  10. ^ R Scharf, Theories of Psychotherapy and Counselling (2011) p. 130
  11. ^ A Adler, Collected Clinical Works of Alfred Adler (2002) p. 78
  12. ^ H Mosak, Primer of Adlerian Psychology (2013) p 83
  13. ^ R Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind (1987) p. 368 and p. 6
  14. ^ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-IV. American Psychiatric Association., American Psychiatric Association. Task Force on DSM-IV. (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 1994. ISBN 0890420610. OCLC 29953039.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  15. ^ Kahn, Ada P. (2000). Facing fears : the sourcebook for phobias, fears, and anxieties. Doctor, Ronald M. (Ronald Manual). New York: Checkmark Books. ISBN 0816039925. OCLC 42603180.
  16. ^ a b Hoorens, Vera (December 1995). "Self-Favoring Biases, Self-Presentation, and the Self-Other Asymmetry in Social Comparison". Journal of Personality. 63 (4): 793–817. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00317.x. ISSN 0022-3506.
  17. ^ J Richardson A Life of Picasso Vol I (London 1992) p. 48-9
  18. ^ Quoted in J Richardson A Life of Picasso Vol II (London 1996) p. 189
  19. ^ Max Graf, From Beethoven to Shostakovich (2013)
  20. ^ Quoted in M Solomon, Beethoven Essays (London 1988) p. 55
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