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File:SaltPitAfghanistan.jpg
The Salt Pit in Afghanistan

Black site is a military term that has been used by United States intelligence agencies to refer to any classified facility whose existence or true purpose is officially denied by the US government. Recently the term has gained notoriety in describing secret prisons, generally outside of the mainland U.S. territory and legal jurisdiction, and with little or no political or public oversight. It can refer to the facilities that are controlled by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) used by the U.S. in its "War on Terror" to detain suspected enemy combatants. One of the alleged purpose is to detain suspected terrorists outside of the Intelligence Oversight Act which authorizes Congressional supervision.[citation needed] Other purposes, according to the February 2007 European Parliament report, includes detaining suspects while CIA flights used in the extraordinary rendition program make their way through European territory [1].

US President George W. Bush acknowledged the existence of secret prisons operated by the CIA during a speech on September 6, 2006.[2] A claim that the black sites existed was made by The Washington Post in October 2005 and before by human rights NGOs. Many European countries have officially denied they are hosting Black Sites to imprison terrorists or cooperating in the US extraordinary rendition program. No countries have confirmed that they are hosting black sites. However, according to the EU report, adopted on February 14, 2007 by a vast majority of the European Parliament (382 MEPs voting in favour, 256 against and 74 abstaining), the CIA operated 1,245 flights, and stated that it was not possible to contradict evidence or suggestions that secret detention centres were operated in Poland and Romania. This 2007 report "regrets that European countries have been relinquishing control over their airspace and airports by turning a blind eye or admitting flights operated by the CIA which, on some occasions, were being used for illegal transportation of detainees" [1][3].

A presidential directive allows the agency to capture and hold specific classes of suspects without accounting for them to the public, or revealing the conditions they face in the prisons. Opponents of this practice charge that US officials have ordered (or deliberately overlook) prisoner abuse. Apart from the hundred CIA detainees, Swiss politician Dick Marty's January 2006 report concluded that another hundred had been kidnapped on European territory and rendered to other countries, some of which use torture.

An investigation on the origins of the leaks has also been opened by the U.S. Justice Department to investigate what may have been illegal release of classified information.

Detainees

Main article: Detainees in CIA custody

The list of those thought to be held by the CIA include suspected al-Qaeda members Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, Nurjaman Riduan Isamuddin, Ramzi Binalshibh and Abu Zubaydah. The total number of ghost detainees is presumed to be at least one hundred, although the precise number cannot be determined because fewer than 10% have been charged or convicted. However, Swiss senator Dick Marty's memorandum on "alleged detention in Council of Europe states" stated that about 100 persons have been kidnapped by the CIA on European territory and subsequently rendered to countries where they may have been tortured. This number of 100 persons does not overlap, but adds itself to the U.S.-detained 100 ghost detainees.[4]

A number of the alleged detainees listed above were transferred to the U.S.-run Guantanamo Bay prison on Cuba in the fall of 2006. With this publicly announced act, the United States government de facto also acknowledged the existence of secret prisons abroad in which these prisoners were held.

Suspected black sites

Asia

In Thailand, the Voice of America relay station in Udon Thani was reported to be a black site. Former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra has denied these reports.[5]

Middle East

In Afghanistan, the prison at Bagram Air Base was initially housed in an abandoned brickmaking factory outside Kabul known as the "Salt Pit" [6], but later moved to the base some time after a young Afghani died of hypothermia after being stripped naked and left chained to a floor. During this period, there were several incidents of torture and prisoner abuse, though they were related to non-secret prisoners, and not the CIA-operated portion of the prison. At some point prior to 2005, the prison was again relocated, this time to an unknown site. Metal containers at Bagram Air Base were reported to be black sites.[7] Some Guantanamo detainees report being tortured in a prison they called "the dark prison", also near Kabul.[8] Also in Afghanistan, Jalalabad and Asadabad have been reported as suspected sites.[9]

In Iraq, Abu Ghraib was disclosed as also working as a black site, and was the center of an extensive prisoner abuse scandal.[10] Additionally, Camp Bucca (near Umm Qasr) and Camp Cropper (near the Baghdad International Airport) were reported.

An Israeli newspaper reported Al Jafr prison in Jordan as a black site.[11]

Black sites have also been reported in Alizai, Kohat,[9] and Peshāwar, Pakistan.

Africa

Some reported sites in Egypt, Libya, and Morocco [12][13], as well as Djibouti [14]

Indian Ocean

The U.S. Naval Base in Diego Garcia was reported to be a black site, but UK and U.S. officials have denied these reports.[15][16]

Europe

Several European countries (particularly the former Soviet satellites and republics) have been accused of and denied hosting black sites: the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Armenia, Georgia, Latvia, and Bulgaria[8]. Slovakian ministry spokesman Richard Fides said the country had no black sites, but its intelligence service spokesman Vladimir Simko said he would not disclose any information about possible Slovakian black sites to the media. EU Justice commissioner Franco Frattini makes an unprecedented call for the suspension of voting rights for any member state found to have hosted a CIA black site.

The interior minister of Romania, Vasile Blaga, has assured the EU that the Mihail Kogălniceanu Airport was used only as a supply point for equipment, and never for detention, though there have been reports to the contrary. A fax intercepted by the Onyx Swiss interception system, from the Egyptian Foreign Ministry to its London embassy stated that 23 prisoners were clandestinely interrogated by the U.S. at the base.[17][18][19]

There are other reported sites in the Ukraine[20], who denied hosting any such sites [21], and Macedonia.[8]

Mobile sites

  • U.S. warship USS Bataan[22][23][24]- By definition as a U.S. military vessel, this is not technically a "black site" as defined above. However, it has been used by the United States military as a temporary initial interrogation site (after which, prisoners are then transferred to other facilities, possibly including black sites).

Issue development

The Washington Post on December 26, 2002 reported about a secret CIA prison in one corner of Bagram Air Force Base (Afghanistan) consisting of metal shipping containers.[3] On March 14, 2004, The Guardian reported that three British citizens were held captive in a secret section (Camp Echo) of the Guantánamo Bay complex.[29] Several other articles reported the retention of ghost detainees by the CIA, alongside the other official "enemy combatants". However, it was the revelations of the Washington Post, in a November 2, 2005 article, that would start the scandal. The newspaper revealed that the U.S. government was detaining more than 100 terrorism suspects in eight secret facilities.[30] According to current and former intelligence officials and diplomats, there is a network of foreign prisons that includes or has included sites in several European democracies, Thailand, Afghanistan, and a small portion of the Guantánamo Bay prison in Cuba - this network has been labeled by Amnesty International as "The Gulag Archipelago", in a clear reference to the novel of the same name by Russian writer and activist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. At the request of U.S. officials, the Post declined to publish the names of the Eastern European countries involved.[31]

The accusation that several EU members may have allowed the United States to hold, imprison or torture detainees on their soil has been a subject of controversy in the European body, who announced in November 2005 that any country found to be complicit could lose their right to vote in the council.[32]

Village's March 2005 accusations

In the 26 February-4 March 2005 edition of Ireland's Village magazine, an article titled "Abductions via Shannon" claimed that Dublin and Shannon airports in Ireland were "used by the CIA to abduct suspects in its 'war on terror'". The article went on to state that a Boeing 737 (registration number N313P, later reregistered N4476S) "was routed through Shannon and Dublin on fourteen occasions from 1 January 2003 to the end of 2004. This is according to the flight log of the aircraft obtained from Washington DC by Village. Destinations included Estonia (1/11/03); Larnaca, Sale, Kabul, Palma, Skopje, Baghdad, Kabul (all 16 January 2004);Marka (10 May 2004 and 13 June 2004). Other flights began in places such as Dubai (2 June 2003 and 30 December 2003), Mitiga (29 October 2003 and 27 April 2004), Baghdad (2003) and Marka (8 February 2004, 4 March 2004, 10 May 2004), all of which ended in Washington DC.

According to the article, the same aircraft landed in Guantanamo on September 23 2003 "having travelled from Kabul to Szymany (Poland), Mihail Kogălniceanu (Romania) and Salé (Morocco)." It had been used "in connection with the abduction in Skopje, Macedonia, of Khalid El-Masri, a German citizen of Lebanese descent, on 31 December 2003, and his transport to a US detention centre in Afghanistan on 23 January 2004."

In the article, it was noted that the aircraft's registration showed it as being owned by Premier Executive Transport Services, based in Massachusetts, though as of February 2005 it was listed as being owned by Keeler and Tate Management, Reno, Nevada (US). On the day of registration transference, a Gulfstream V jet (number N8068V) used in the same activities, was transferred from Premier Executive Transport Services to a company called Baynard Foreign Marketing.

Human Rights Watch's allegations

On November 3 2005, Tom Malinowski of the New York-based Human Rights Watch cited circumstantial evidence pointing to Poland and Romania hosting CIA-operated covert prisons. Flight records obtained by the group documented the Boeing 737 'N4476S' leased by the CIA for transporting prisoners leaving Kabul and making stops in Poland and Romania before continuing on to Morocco, and finally Guantánamo Bay in Cuba.[33][34] Such flight patterns might corroborate the claims of government officials that prisoners are grouped into different classes being deposited in different locations. Malinowski's comments prompted quick denials by both Polish and Romanian government officials as well as sparking the concern of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), who called for access to all foreign terrorism suspects held by the United States.

Investigations in Spain concerning CIA flights

In November 2005, Spanish newspaper El Pais reported that CIA planes had landed in the Canary Islands and in Palma de Mallorca. An attorney opened up an investigation concerning these landings which, according to Madrid, were made without official knowledge, thus being a breach of national sovereignty.[35][36][37]

Investigations in France concerning CIA flights

The French attorney general of Bobigny opened up an instruction in order "to verify the presence in Le Bourget Airport, on July 20, 2005, of the plane numbered N50BH." This instruction was opened following a complaint deposed in December 2005 by the Ligue des droits de l'homme (LDH) NGO ("Human Rights League") and the International Federation of Human Rights Leagues (FIDH) NGO on charges of "arbitrary detention", "crime of torture" and "non-respect of the rights of war prisoners". It has as objective to determine if the plane was used to transport CIA prisoners to Guantanamo Bay detainment camp and if the French authorities had knowledge of this stop. However, the lawyer defending the LDH declared that he was surprised that the instruction was only opened on January 20, 2006, and that no verifications had been done before. On December 2, 2005, conservative newspaper Le Figaro had revealed the existence of two CIA planes that had landed in France, suspected of transporting CIA prisoners. But the instruction concerned only N50BH, which was a Gulfstream III, which would have landed at Le Bourget on July 20 2005, coming from Oslo, Norway. The other suspected aircraft would have landed in Brest on March 31, 2002. It is investigated by the Canadian authorities, as it would have been flying from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada, via Keflavík in Iceland before going to Turkey [38].

Investigations in Portugal concerning CIA flights

Portugal opened up an investigation concerning CIA flights in February 2007, on the basics of declarations by Socialist MEP Ana Gomes and by Rui Costa Pinto, journalist of Visão review. The Portuguese general prosecutor, Cândida Almeida, head of the Central Investigation and Penal Action Department (DCIAP), announced the opening of investigations on February 5, 2007. They will be centered on the issue of "torture or inhuman and cruel treatment," and instigated by illegationsn of "illegal activities and serious human rights violations" made by MEP Ana Gomes to the attorney general, Pinto Monteiro, on January 26, 2007 [39].

One of the most critic voice against the scarce collaboration provided by the Portuguese government to the European Parliament Commission which investigated CIA flights, Ana Gomes declared that, although she had no doubt that permission of these illegal flights were frequent during Durão Barroso (2002-2004) and Santana Lopes (2004-2005)' governments, "during the [Socialist] government of José Sócrates [2005-], 24 flights which passed through Portuguese territory" are registered [40]. Active in the TDIP commission, Ana Gomes complained about the Portuguese state's reluctance to provide information, leading her to tensions with the Foreign minister, Luís Amado, member of the same party. Ana Gomes declared herself satisfied with the opening of the investigations, but underlined that she had alwa&ys claimed that a parliamentary inquiry would be necessary [39].

On the other hand, journalist Rui Costa Pinto was heard by the DCIAP, as she had written an article, refused by Visão, about flights passing by Lajes Field, a Portuguese airbase used by the US airforces, in the Azores Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page)..

The European investigation

File:Comint-switzerland.jpg
Report regarding the Egyptian fax intercepted on 10 November 2005 by the Swiss Onyx interception system, as published in the Swiss press

The European Union (EU) as well as the Council of Europe pledged to investigate the allegations. On November 25 2005, the lead investigator for the Council of Europe, Swiss lawmaker Dick Marty announced that he had obtained latitude and longitude coordinates for suspected black sites, and he was planning to use satellite imagery over the last several years as part of his investigation. On November 28, 2005, EU Justice Commissioner Franco Frattini asserted that any EU country which had operated a secret prison would have its voting rights suspended.[41] In a preliminary report, Dick Marty declared that it was "highly unlikely that European governments, or at least their intelligence services, were unaware" of the CIA kidnapping of a "hundred" persons on European territory and their subsequent rendition to countries where they may be tortured [4].

On April 21 2006 the New York Times reported that European investigators said they had not been able to find conclusive evidence of the existence of European black sites.[42]

The Onyx-intercepted fax

In its edition of January 8, 2006, the Swiss newspaper Sonntagsblick published a document intercepted on November 10 by the Swiss Onyx interception system (similar to the UKUSA's ECHELON system). Purportedly sent by the Egyptian embassy in London to foreign minister Ahmed Aboul Gheit, the document states that 23 Iraqi and Afghan citizens were interrogated at Mihail Kogălniceanu base near Constanţa, Romania. According to the same document, similar interrogation centers exist in Bulgaria, Kosovo, Macedonia, and Ukraine [20].

The Egyptian Foreign Ministry later explained that the intercepted fax was merely a review of the Romanian press done by the Egyptian Embassy in Bucharest. It probably referred to a statement by controversial Senator and Great Romania party leader Corneliu Vadim Tudor.[43]

The Swiss government did not officially confirm the existence of the report, but started a judiciary procedure for leakage of secret documents against the newspaper on 9 January 2006.

The European Parliament's February 14, 2007 report

The European Parliament's report, adopted by a large majority (382 MEPs voting in favour, 256 against and 74 abstaining) passed on February 14, 2007 concludes that many European countries tolerated illegal actions of the CIA including secret flights over their territories. The countries named were: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. [1] The report...

"denounces the lack of co-operation of many member states and of the Council of the European Union with the investigation," "Regrets that European countries have been relinquishing control over their airspace and airports by turning a blind eye or admitting flights operated by the CIA which, on some occasions, were being used for illegal transportation of detainees; Calls for the closure of [the US military detention mission in] Guantanamo and for European countries immediately to seek the return of their citizens and residents who are being held illegally by the US authorities; Considers that all European countries should initiate independent investigations into all stopovers by civilian aircraft [hired by] the CIA; Urges that a ban or system of inspections be introduced for all CIA-operated aircraft known to have been involved in extraordinary rendition." [44]

The report criticized a number of European countries (including Austria, Italy, Poland, Portugal and the UK) for their "unwillingness to co-operate" with investigators.and the action of secret services for lack of cooperation with the Parliaments' investigators and acceptal of the illegal abductions. The European Parliament voted a resolution condemning member states which accepted or ignore the practice. According to the report, the CIA had operated 1,245 flights, many of them to destinations where suspects could face torture. The Parliament also called for the creation of an independent investigation commission and the closure of Guantanamo camp. According to Italian Socialist Giovanni Fava, who drafted the document, there was a "strong possibility" that the intelligence obtained under the extraordinary rendition illegal program had been passed on to EU governments who were aware of how it was obtained. The report also uncovered the use of secret detention facilities used in Europe, including Romania and Poland. The report defines extraordinary renditions as instances where "an individual suspected of involvement in terrorism is illegally abducted, arrested and/or transferred into the custody of US officials and/or transported to another country for interrogation which, in the majority of cases involves incommunicado detention and torture".

Controversy

The revelation of such black sites adds to the controversy surrounding U.S. policy regarding 'enemy combatants'. According to government sources, the detainees are broken into two groups. Approximately 30 detainees are considered the most dangerous or important terrorism suspects and are held by the CIA at black sites under the most secretive arrangements. The second group is comprised of more than 70 detainees who may have originally been sent to black sites, but were soon delivered by the CIA to intelligence agencies in Middle Eastern and Asian countries such as Afghanistan, Morocco, and Egypt. A further 100 ghost detainees kidnapped on European territory and rendered to other countries must be counted, according to Swiss senator Dick Marty's report of January 2006. This process is called 'extraordinary rendition'. Marty also underlined that European countries probably had knowledge of these covert operations. Furthermore, the CIA apparently financially assists and directs the jails in these countries. While the U.S. and host countries have signed the United Nations Convention Against Torture, CIA officers are allowed to use what the agency calls 'enhanced interrogation techniques'. These have been alleged to constitute "severe pain or suffering" under the UN convention, which would be a violation of the treaty and thus U.S. law.

The fourteen European countries Marty listed as collaborators in "unlawful inter-state transfers" are Britain, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Bosnia, Macedonia, Turkey, Spain, Cyprus, Ireland, Greece, Portugal, Romania and Poland. Named airport bases include Glasgow Prestick Airport, Shannon, Ramstein and Frankfurt (Germany), Aviano Air Base (Italy), Palma de Mallorca (Spain), Tuzla Air Base (Bosnia-Herzegovina), Skopje (Macedonia), Athens (Greece), Larnaca (Cyprus), Prague (Czech Republic), Stockholm, as well as Rabat (Morocco) and Alger (Algeria) [45]. Polish Prime Minister Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz characterized the accusation as "libel", while Romania similarly said there was no evidence. Britain's Tony Blair said that the report "added absolutely nothing new whatever to the information we have."[46] Poland and Romania received the most direct accusals, as the report claims the evidence for these sites is "strong." The report cites airports in Timişoara, Romania, and Szymany, Poland, as "detainee transfer/drop-off point[s]." Eight airports outside Europe are also cited.

U.S. administration response

Responding to the allegations, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice stated on December 5 that U.S. had not violated any country's sovereignty in the rendition of terrorism suspects, and that individuals were never rendered to countries where it was believed that they might be tortured. Some media sources have noted her comments do not exclude the possibility of covert prison sites operated with the knowledge of the "host" nation,[47] or the possibility that promises by such "host" nations that they will refrain from torture may not be genuine.[48] Indeed, on September 6 2006 President Bush finally publically admitted the existence of the secret prisons[49] and that many of the detainees held there were being transferred to Guantanamo Bay[50].

In December 2002, The Washington Post reported that "the capture of al Qaeda leaders Ramzi Binalshibh in Pakistan, Omar al-Faruq in Indonesia, Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri in Kuwait and Muhammad al Darbi in Yemen were all partly the result of information gained during interrogations." The Post cited "U.S. intelligence and national security officials" in reporting this.[51]

In a September 29, 2006 speech, President Bush stated "Once captured, [ Abu Zubaydah, Ramzi Binalshibh, and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed] were taken into custody of the Central Intelligence Agency. The questioning of these and other suspected terrorists provided information that helped us protect the American people. They helped us break up a cell of Southeast Asian terrorist operatives that had been groomed for attacks inside the United States. They helped us disrupt an al Qaeda operation to develop anthrax for terrorist attacks. They helped us stop a planned strike on a U.S. Marine camp in Djibouti, and to prevent a planned attack on the U.S. Consulate in Karachi, and to foil a plot to hijack passenger planes and to fly them into Heathrow Airport and London's Canary Wharf."[52]

On April 21 2006, Mary O. McCarthy, a longtime CIA analyst, was fired for leaking classified information to a Washington Post reporter, Dana Priest, who was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for her revelations concerning the CIA's black sites. Some have speculated that the information allegedly leaked may have included information about the camps.[53] McCarthy's lawyer, however, claimed that McCarthy "did not have access to the information she is accused of leaking." [54] The Washington Post, however, has put in doubt the black sites connection with her dismissal, positing instead that McCarthy "had been probing allegations of criminal mistreatment by the CIA and its contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan", and became convinced that "CIA people had lied" in a meeting with US Senate staff in June 2005.[55]

United Nations response

On May 19, 2006, the United Nations Committee Against Torture (the U.N. body that monitors compliance with the United Nations Convention Against Torture, the world's anti-torture treaty) recommended that the United States cease holding detainees in secret prisons and stop the practice of rendering prisoners to countries where they are likely to be tortured. The decision was made in Geneva following two days of hearings at which a 26-member U.S. delegation defended the practices.[56] PDF file of report

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "EU endorses damning report on CIA". BBC. February 14 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-14. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ "Bush: Top terror suspects to face tribunals". CNN / AP. 2006-09-06. Retrieved 2006-09-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ Key excepts of the February 2007 report adopted by the European Parliament
  4. ^ a b Information memorandum II on the alleged secret detentions in Council of Europe state, rapported by Dick Marty, January 22 2006 Cite error: The named reference "Marty" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  5. ^ "Thaksin denies Thailand had 'CIA secret prison'". Bangkok Post.
  6. ^ ""The Salt Pit" CIA Interrogation Facility outsitde Kabul". GlobalSecurity.org. {{cite news}}: Text "http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/afghanistan/saltpit.htm" ignored (help)
  7. ^ a Priest, Dana (December 26, 2002). "U.S. Decries Abuse but Defends Interrogations 'Stress and Duress' Tactics Used on Terrorism Suspects Held in Secret Overseas Facilities". Washington Post. pp. A01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ ""U.S. Operated Secret 'Dark Prison' in Kabul"". Reuters. December 19 2005. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ a b Risen, James (2003-12-18). "Hussein Enters Post 9/11 Web of U.S. Prisons". The New York Times. p. A1. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ White, Josh (March 11, 2005). "Army, CIA Agreed on 'Ghost' Prisoners". Washington Post. pp. A16. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ "Secret CIA centre in Jordan". News24. October 13, 2004. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ Huizinga, Johan (November 25, 2005). "Is Europe being used to hold CIA detainees?". Radio Netherlands. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ "CIA Prisons Moved To North Africa?". CBS News. December 13, 2005. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ Amnesty International (April 5, 2006). "United States of America / Below the radar: Secret flights to torture and 'disappearance'". amnestyusa.org. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ Amnesty International (November 8, 2005). "United States of America / Yemen: Secret Detention in CIA "Black Sites"". YubaNet.com. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ "Developments in the British Indian Ocean Territory"". Hansard. 21 June 2004. Retrieved 2006-06-01.
  17. ^ "Swiss hunt leak on CIA prisons". The Chicago Tribune. January 12 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ "Swiss intercept fax on secret CIA jails". Vive le Canada. January 10 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ "Swiss paper claims proofs of secret US torture camp". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. January 12 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ^ a b Dombey, Daniel (January 10 2006). "CIA faces new secret jails claim". Financial Times. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  21. ^ UPI (March 13 2006). "Ukraine denies hosting secret CIA prisons". United Press International. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ Posner, Michael (2004). "Letter to Secretary Rumsfeld" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  23. ^ "John Walker Lindh Profile: The case of the Taliban American". CNN.com People in the News. Retrieved November 29. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "Myers: Intelligence might have thwarted attacks". CNN. January 9, 2002. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  25. ^ Priest, Dana (December 27, 2004). "Jet Is an Open Secret in Terror War". Washington Post. pp. A01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  26. ^ "CIA Torture Jet sold in attempted cover up". Melbourne Indymedia. December 11, 2004. {{cite news}}: |first= missing |last= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. ^ Grey, Stephen (November 14, 2004). "Details of US 'torture by proxy flights' emerge". Not In Our Name. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ Brooks, Rosa (November 5, 2005). "Torture: It's the new American way". Los Angeles Times. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ^ "Revealed: the full story of the Guantanamo Britons The Observer's David Rose hears the Tipton Three give a harrowing account of their captivity in Cuba". The Guardian. March 14, 2004. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  30. ^ Priest, Dana (November 2, 2005). "CIA Holds Terror Suspects in Secret Prisons". CNN. pp. A01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ^ "The Consequences of Covering Up". FAIR. November 4, 2005. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ^ CNews
  33. ^ "Secret Prisons in Poland and Romania?". DW-World. November 4, 2005. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  34. ^ Sliva, Jan (November 4, 2005). "Nations Urged to Answer Prison Allegations". MagicValley.com. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  35. ^ "El Gobierno canario pide explicaciones sobre vuelos de la CIA en Tenerife". El Pais. 16 November 2005. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  36. ^ "La Fiscalía de Canarias investigará las escalas de vuelos de la CIA en Tenerife y Gran Canaria". El Mundo. 18 November 2005. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  37. ^ "Un supuesto avión de la CIA aterriza en la base portuguesa de Azores". Canarias 7. 28 November 2005. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  38. ^ Template:Fr"La France enquête sur les avions de la CIA". Le Figaro. February 2 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  39. ^ a b "Portugal: Renditions: Judicial investigation into CIA flights begins", Statewatch News Online, February 5-6, 2007 (available here) Template:En icon
  40. ^ Portugal/CIA.- La Fiscalía General abre una investigación sobre los supuestos vuelos ilegales de la CIA en Portugal, Europa Press, February 5, 2007 Template:Es icon
  41. ^ Ames, Paul (November 28, 2005). "EU May Suspend Nations With Secret Prisons". ABC News. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  42. ^ No Proof of Secret C.I.A. Prisons, European Antiterror Chief Says, New York Times, April 21 2006
  43. ^ Axis Information and Analysis. Eurasian Secret Services Daily Review, 28 November 2005.
  44. ^ EU rendition report: Key excerpts, on the BBC News website
  45. ^ See BBC map: Secret CIA jail claims rejected, BBC, June 7, 2006
  46. ^ Secret CIA jail claims rejected, BBC, June 7, 2006
  47. ^ Rupert Cornwell, 'Rendition' does not involve torture, says Rice The Independent on 6 December 2005
  48. ^ Bronwen Maddox, Tough words from Rice leave loopholes, The Times on December 06, 2005
  49. ^ BBC News Bush admits to secret CIA prisons
  50. ^ Reuters, Bush admits CIA held terrorism suspects outside U.S
  51. ^ Dana Priest and Barton Gellman (December 26, 2002). "U.S. Decries Abuse but Defends Interrogations". Washington Post.
  52. ^ White House,Remarks by the President on the Global War on Terror, September 29, 2006
  53. ^ "Colleagues Say C.I.A. Analyst Played by Rules"". New York Times. April 22 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  54. ^ Dismissed CIA Officer Denies Leak Role, Washington Post, April 24, 2006
  55. ^ Washington Post, "Fired Officer Believed CIA Lied to Congress", by R. Jeffrey Smith, May 14, 2006
  56. ^ William Fisher, US Groups Hail Censure of Washington's "Terror War, Inter Press Service on May 20, 2006
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