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Anthony Wayne
5th Senior Officer of the United States Army
In office
April 13, 1792 – December 15, 1796
PresidentGeorge Washington
Preceded byArthur St. Clair
Succeeded byJames Wilkinson
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Georgia's 1st district
In office
March 4, 1791 – March 21, 1792
Preceded byJames Jackson
Succeeded byJohn Milledge
Personal details
Born(1745-01-01)January 1, 1745
Easttown Township, Province of Pennsylvania
DiedDecember 15, 1796(1796-12-15) (aged 51)
Fort Presque Isle, Erie, Pennsylvania
Resting placeSt. David's Episcopal Church, Radnor
Political partyAnti-Administration party
SpouseMary Penrose
ChildrenMargretta Wayne, Isaac Wayne
RelativesIsaac Wayne (father)
Samuel Van Leer (brother in-law)
OccupationSoldier
NicknameMad Anthony
Military service
Allegiance United States of America
Branch/service Continental Army
U.S. Army
Years of service1775–1783
1792–1796
Rank Major general
Battles/warsAmerican Revolutionary War

Northwest Indian War

Anthony Wayne (January 1, 1745 – December 15, 1796) was an American soldier, officer, statesman, and Founding Father of English descent. He adopted a military career at the outset of the American Revolutionary War, where his military exploits and fiery personality quickly earned him promotion to brigadier general and the nickname "Mad Anthony". He later served as the Senior Officer of the Army on the Ohio Country frontier and led the Legion of the United States.

Wayne was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, and worked as a tanner and surveyor after attending the College of Philadelphia. He was elected to the Pennsylvania General Assembly and helped raise a Pennsylvania militia unit in 1775. During the Revolutionary War, he served in the Invasion of Quebec, the Philadelphia campaign, and the Yorktown campaign. His reputation suffered after defeat in the Battle of Paoli, but he won wide praise for his leadership in the 1779 Battle of Stony Point. He was promoted to major general in 1783 but retired from the Continental Army soon after. Anthony Wayne was a member of the Society of the Cincinnati of the state of Georgia.[1] In 1780, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.[2]

After the war, Wayne settled in Georgia on land that had been granted to him for his military service. He briefly represented Georgia in the U.S. House of Representatives, then returned to the Army to accept command of U.S. forces in the Northwest Indian War. His forces defeated the Northwestern Confederacy, an alliance of several Indian tribes supplied by British, at the 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers, and he masterminded the Treaty of Greenville which ended the war.

Early life

Wayne was one of four children born to Isaac Wayne, who had immigrated to Easttown, Pennsylvania, from Ireland, and Elizabeth Iddings Wayne. He was part of a Protestant Anglo-Irish family; his grandfather was a veteran of the Battle of the Boyne, where he fought for the Williamite side.[3]

Wayne was born on January 1, 1745, on his family's Waynesborough estate.[4] During his upbringing, Wayne would clash with his father's wishes that he become a farmer.[5] He was educated as a surveyor at his uncle's private academy in Philadelphia as well as at the College of Philadelphia, although he did not earn a degree. In 1765, Benjamin Franklin sent him and some associates to work for a year surveying land granted in Nova Scotia, and he assisted with starting a settlement the following year at The Township of Monckton.[6] Wayne was an avid reader and often quoted Caesar and Shakespeare at length while serving in the military.[7] In 1767, he returned to work in his father's tannery while continuing work as a surveyor. He became a prominent figure in Chester County and served in the Pennsylvania legislature from 1774 to 1780. His sister Hannah married his neighbor and fellow United States Army officer Samuel Van Leer, whose family was prominent in the anti-slavery cause.[8][9][10]

He married Mary Penrose in 1766, and they had two children. Their daughter Margretta was born in 1770, and their son Isaac Wayne, who was born in 1772, later became a U.S. representative from Pennsylvania.[11] Wayne would go on to have romantic relationships with other women throughout his life, including Mary Vining, a wealthy woman in Delaware, and he and his wife Mary eventually became estranged.[12][13]

American Revolution

A statue of General Wayne stands in Fort Wayne's Freimann Square

Wayne raised a militia unit in 1775 and became colonel of the 4th Pennsylvania Regiment in 1776. He and his regiment were part of the Continental Army's unsuccessful invasion of Canada where he was sent to aid Benedict Arnold. Wayne commanded a successful rear-guard action at the Battle of Trois-Rivières and then led the distressed forces on Lake Champlain at Fort Ticonderoga and Mount Independence. His service led to his promotion to brigadier general on February 21, 1777. According to historians, Wayne earned the name "Mad Anthony" because of his angry temperament, specifically during an incident when he severely punished a skilled informant for being drunk.[14][15]

On September 11, 1777, Wayne commanded the Pennsylvania Line at the Battle of Brandywine, where they held off General Wilhelm von Knyphausen in order to protect the American right flank. The two forces fought for three hours until the American line withdrew and Wayne was ordered to retreat.[16] He was then ordered to harass the British rear in order to slow General William Howe's advance towards Pennsylvania. Wayne's camp was attacked on the night of September 20–21 in the Battle of Paoli. General Charles Grey had ordered his men to remove their flints and attack with bayonets in order to keep their assault secret.[17] The battle earned Grey the sobriquet of "General Flint", but Wayne's own reputation was tarnished by the significant American losses, and he demanded a formal inquiry in order to clear his name.

On October 4, 1777, Wayne again led his forces against the British in the Battle of Germantown. His soldiers pushed ahead of other units, and the British "pushed on with their Bayonets—and took Ample Vengeance" as they retreated, according to Wayne's report.[18] Wayne and General John Sullivan advanced too quickly, however, and became entrapped when they were two miles (3.2 km) ahead of other American units. They retreated as Howe arrived to re-form the British line. Wayne was again ordered to hold off the British and cover the rear of the retreating body.

After winter quarters at Valley Forge, Wayne led the attack at the 1778 Battle of Monmouth, where his forces were abandoned by General Charles Lee and were pinned down by a numerically superior British force. Wayne held out until relieved by reinforcements sent by General George Washington. He then re-formed his troops and continued to fight.[19] The body of British Lt. Colonel Henry Monckton was discovered by the 1st Pennsylvania Regiment, and a legend grew that he had died fighting Wayne.

In July 1779, Washington named Wayne to command the Corps of Light Infantry, a temporary unit of four regiments of light infantry companies drawn from all the regiments in the main army. His successful attack on British positions in the Battle of Stony Point was the highlight of his Revolutionary War service. On July 16, 1779, he replicated the bold attack used against him at Paoli and personally led a nighttime bayonet attack lasting 30 minutes. His three columns of about 1,500 light infantry stormed and captured British fortifications at Stony Point, a cliff-side redoubt commanding the southern Hudson River. The battle ended with around 550 prisoners taken, with fewer than 100 casualties for Wayne's forces. Wayne was wounded during the attack when an enemy musket ball gashed his scalp. The success of this operation provided a small boost to the morale of the army, which had suffered a series of military defeats, and the Continental Congress awarded him a medal for the victory.[15]

On July 21, 1780, Washington sent Wayne with two Pennsylvania brigades and four cannon to destroy a blockhouse at Bulls Ferry opposite New York City in the Battle of Bull's Ferry. Wayne's troops were unable to capture the position, suffering 64 casualties while inflicting 21 on the Loyalist defenders.[20]

A letter from Anthony Wayne to Israel Shreve, 1780.

On January 1, 1781, Wayne served as commanding officer of the Pennsylvania Line of the Continental Army when pay and condition concerns led to the Pennsylvania Line Mutiny, one of the most serious of the war. He successfully resolved the mutiny by dismissing about half the line. He returned the Pennsylvania Line to full strength by May 1781. This delayed his departure to Virginia, however, where he had been sent to assist General Lafayette against British forces operating there, and the line's departure was delayed once more when the men complained about being paid in the nearly worthless Continental currency.

On July 4, General Charles Cornwallis departed Williamsburg for Jamestown, planning to cross the James River en route to Portsmouth. Lafayette believed he could stage an attack on Cornwallis's rear guard during the crossing. Cornwallis anticipated Lafayette's plan and laid an elaborate trap. Wayne led a small scouting force of 500 at the 1781 Battle of Green Spring to determine the location of Cornwallis, and they fell into the trap; only a bold bayonet charge against the numerically overwhelming British enabled his forces to retreat. The action reinforced the perception among contemporaries that justified the moniker "Mad" to describe Wayne.[21] During the Yorktown campaign, Wayne was shot in the leg; the lead musket ball was never removed from his leg.[22]

After the British under Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown, Wayne went farther south and disbanded the British alliance with Indian tribes in Georgia. He then negotiated peace treaties with both the Creeks and the Cherokees, for which Georgia rewarded him with a large rice plantation. While there he suffered a bout of malaria.[23] He was promoted to major general on October 10, 1783.

Civilian life

Statue of Wayne at Valley Forge, facing toward his home in nearby Paoli, Pennsylvania

Georgia

After the war, Wayne returned to Pennsylvania and served in the state legislature for a year in 1784. He then moved to Georgia and had a short-lived career in private business running two rice plantations with an total area of 1,134 acres (459 hectares).[24] The plantations, Richmond and Kew, were situated on the Savannah River and had been confiscated from British loyalist Alexander Wright, son of the governor of the Province of Georgia, James Wright.[25][26] While Wayne's wife and family maintained their lives in Pennsylvania, Wayne became a Georgia citizen in November 1788.[27][28] The plantations were officially given to Wayne in 1786 and received loans from Dutch bankers for repairs after years of abandonment during a titling process.[5][29] Male slaves would clear land while female slaves would plant rice crops.[5] Wayne also had a personal slave named "Caesar" that he named after his favorite historical figure, Julius Caesar.[12] Wayne quickly fell into debt running the plantations. His wife abandoned him after rumors of a relationship between Wayne and General Nathanael Greene's wife Catherine spread.[30] Wayne's businesses were ultimately unsuccessful because he made poor business decisions and acquired large debts, later begging various acquaintances to assist him with making payments. Wayne eventually sold the plantations with their livestock, equipment, and slaves. Historians later cited his being too relaxed with his workers; his frequent trips away also contributed to the short-lived endeavor. Wayne always referred to slaves as workers and provided refuge from punishment in Georgia. Wayne was also horrified when he saw harsh punishment en route to other camps during the Revolution. Wayne spent more time socializing in Savannah or in politics instead of working his private business.[31] As a civilian, Wayne found himself bankrupt, abandoned by his wife, and removed from office.[32][27][33][34]

Political career

Initially a supporter of Republicanism, Wayne ultimately believed that the United States should have a strong centrally-controlled government, stronger banks, manufacturing, and an army and navy. Like most federalists, he favored centralization, federalism, modernization, and protectionism; he joined the Federalist Party, aligning himself with the supporters of Washington.[31] Wayne was a delegate to the state convention that ratified the United States Constitution in 1788. In 1791, he served a year in the 2nd United States Congress as a representative of Georgia's 1st congressional district.[35] A House committee determined that electoral fraud had been committed in the 1790 election, but they implicated local magistrates rather than Wayne. Wayne still lost his seat because he failed the residency qualifications. A special election was held on July 9, 1792, sending John Milledge to fill Wayne's vacant seat, and Wayne declined to run for re-election in 1792.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

Later military career

Main article: Northwest Indian War
18th-century print of Wayne

Interested in maintaining his interests in Georgia, Wayne wrote to President Washington in the spring of 1789 asking to "organize & discipline a Legionary Corps", writing that "Dignity, wealth, & Power" in the Untied States could only be achieved by the military.[36] United States Secretary of War Henry Knox would agree with Wayne in July 1789 writing "the sword of the Republic only, is adequate to guard a due administration of Justice, and the preservation of the peace", believing that treaties with Native Americans were worthless.[36] At a time of his life when Wayne experienced a shameful political and personal status, President Washington would recall Wayne from civilian life to lead an expedition in the British-led Northwest Indian War, with Wayne holding a grudge against Native Americans at the time of his appointment.[12][37] The war had been a disaster for the United States up to that point. The British refused to leave the ceded land and continued their involvement in Native American politics. Lieutenant Colonel James Wilkinson's idea of raids had triggered tribes to unite during St. Clair's defeat, "the most decisive defeat in the history of the American military"[38] and its largest defeat ever by Native Americans.[39] The death of Major General Richard Butler, Wayne's closest friend during the revolution, during St. Clair's defeat made Wayne particularly upset.[40] Many American Indians in the Northwest Territory had sided with the British in the Revolutionary War, but the British had ceded any sovereignty over the land to the United States in the Treaty of Paris of 1783. The British were known for persuading Indians to fight for them and continued to do so.[41] The United States formally organized the region in the Land Ordinance of 1785 and negotiated treaties allowing settlement, but the Northwestern Confederacy refused to acknowledge them. After the treaties, American settlers started to flood the region. The Indians living in the region quickly became embroiled in conflicts while defending their land from American settlers. The confederacy achieved major victories in 1790 and 1791 under the leadership of Blue Jacket of the Shawnees and Little Turtle of the Miami tribe. They were encouraged to refuse peace treaties and supplied by the British, who had refused to evacuate their own fortifications in the region as stipulated in the Treaty of Paris, saying that the American refusal to pay the debt agreements in the treaty meant that the treaty was not yet in effect.

Washington was also under congressional investigation and needed to raise a larger army to protect the borders against the British and their allied tribes. He felt his best choice was to recruit Wayne to take on this daunting task despite Wayne being the opposite of Washington in many ways, in that Wayne made quick decisions, had a fiery personality, and drank to excess. However he was also known for being loyal to Washington and his country. Injured, with swollen legs and recurring malaria, Wayne accepted command of the new Legion of the United States in 1792.[42] Under the direction of Washington's policies, Wayne battled American Indians he encountered, destroying their villages and food stocks before the winter in order to make them more vulnerable to the elements.[15]

Legion of the United States

Wayne established Fort Lafayette on September 4, 1792, as a frontier settlement from Fort Pitt.[43] Wayne established a basic training facility at Legionville to prepare professional soldiers for the reorganized army, stating that the area near Pittsburgh was "a frontier Gomorrah" that distracted troops.[43] Using the Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States authored by Prussian military officer Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, Wayne began to train his troops.[43] This was the first attempt to provide basic training for regular Army recruits, and Legionville was the first facility established expressly for this purpose. Wayne set up a well-organized structure of sub-legions led by brigadier generals, seen as forerunners of today's brigade combat teams.[44] Wayne was a strict disciplinarian and executed several troops for offenses.[43] He required his soldiers to adhere to a sharp dress code, with each sub-legion having a distinctive cap and regimental standards with their unit colors.[45] Each day troops received half a gill of whiskey with their rations and an extra one for the best shooters. Barrels of rum, whiskey, wine, flour, and rations were stockpiled at various forts and traveled with Wayne's legion.[45] On April 7, 1793, Wayne's troops moved to Fort Washington in Ohio and continued their intense training while also entrenching themselves to repel potential attacks.[43]

On December 24, 1793, Wayne dispatched a force to Ohio to establish Fort Recovery at the location of St. Clair's defeat as a base of operations.[43] Friendly Native Americans help Wayne recover a cannon that had been buried nearby by the attackers, with it being reestablished at the fort.[43] The fort became a magnet for military skirmishes in the summer of 1794, with an attack led by Miami chief Little Turtle failing after two days and resulting in Blue Jacket becoming war leader.[43] In response, the British built Fort Miami to block Wayne's advance and to protect Fort Lernoult in Detroit. Wayne's army continued north, building strategically defensive forts ahead of the main force. British officer Alexander McKee provided strategic battle advice to the western confederacy beforehand.[46]

On August 3, 1794, a tree fell on Wayne's tent at Fort Adams in northern Mercer County. He was knocked unconscious, but he recovered sufficiently to resume the march the next day to the newly-built Fort Defiance on August 8, 1794.[43][47] After observing Wayne's activities for two years, Little Turtle declared that Wayne was "the Chief that does not sleep" and advised fellow Indians to answer calls for peace, though British agents and Blue Jacket were opposed.[43] On August 20, 1794, Wayne mounted an assault on the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers near modern Maumee, Ohio, which was a decisive victory for the U.S. forces, effectively ending the war. It was later discovered that a British company under Lieutenant Colonel William Caldwell had dressed as Native Americans and participated in the battle.[48] Following the battle, Wayne used Fort Defiance as a base of operations, ordering his troops to destroy Native American crops and villages within a radius of 50 miles (80 km) around the fort.[43][49]

Wayne used Fort Deposit as a base of operations because of its proximity to Fort Miami. Wayne's army encamped for three days in sight of Fort Miami. Wayne attempted to provoke the fort's British commander, Major William Campbell by destroying McKee's post as well as Native American crops and villages within sight of Fort Miami before withdrawing.[50] When Campbell asked the meaning of the encampment, Wayne replied that the answer had already been given by the sound of their muskets. The next day, Wayne rode alone to Fort Miami and slowly conducted an inspection of the fort's exterior walls. The British garrison debated whether to engage Wayne, but in the absence of orders and with Britain already being at war with France, Campbell declined to fire the first shot at the United States.[51] Neither Campbell nor Wayne was willing to be the one to start a second war, and the Legion finally departed for Fort Recovery.

Wayne planned for another large battle against the Native Americans and the British while the Legion was at full strength. Wayne arrived at Kekionga unopposed on September 17, 1794, and razed the Miami capital, selecting the site for a new U.S. fort, Fort Wayne.[43][52] Wayne wanted a strong fort, capable of withstanding a possible attack by the British from Fort Detroit. Fort Wayne was finished by October 17 and was capable of withstanding 24-pound cannon. Although the Native Americans did not re-form into a large army, small bands continued to harass the Legion's perimeter, scouts, and supply trains.[53]

Anthony Wayne letter to Colonel Meigs, November 25, 1795

Wayne then negotiated the Treaty of Greenville between the tribal confederacy — which had experienced a difficult winter – and the United States, which was signed on August 3, 1795. The U.S. stated the land was already ceded to the French or British in previous wars. The treaty gave most of Ohio to the United States and cleared the way for the state to enter the Union in 1803. At the meetings, Wayne promised the land of "Indiana", the remaining land to the west, to remain Indian forever.[37] Wayne read portions of the Paris treaty, informing them that the British were encouraging them to fight for land and forts the British already ceded to the United States.

Upon his return from Philadelphia, he brought with him food supplies for the Natives and made sure crops were planted again.[7] Wayne was recorded as close with the Natives, and many began calling him "Father" instead of the ghost or black snake. Wayne later began to focus on tension with the French and Spanish, but he died a year after the signing of the treaty. In the subsequent decades, settlers would continue pushing natives further westward, with the Miami people later saying that fewer than one hundred adults survived twenty years after the treaty.[37][54][clarification needed]

Betrayal by Wilkinson

Throughout the campaign, Wayne's second in command, General James Wilkinson, secretly tried to undermine him. Wilkinson wrote anonymous negative letters to local newspapers about Wayne and spent years writing negative letters to politicians in Washington, D.C. Wayne was unaware as Wilkinson was recorded as being extremely polite to Wayne in person. Wilkinson was also a Spanish spy at the time and even served as an officer.[55] In December 1794, Wilkinson secretly instructed suppliers to delay rations and send just enough to keep the army alive in hopes of preventing progress.[31] Secretary of War Henry Knox eventually alerted Wayne about Wilkinson, and Wayne began an investigation. Eventually, Spanish couriers carrying payments for Wilkinson were intercepted. Wayne's suspicions were confirmed, and he attempted to court-martial Wilkinson for his treachery. However, Wayne developed a stomach ulcer and died on December 15, 1796; there was no court-martial. Instead Wilkinson began his first tenure as Senior Officer of the Army, which lasted for about a year and a half. He continued to pass on intelligence to the Spanish in return for large sums in gold.[56]

Death and legacy

Wayne died during a return trip to Pennsylvania from a military post in Detroit. It has been speculated but never proven that Wilkinson had him assassinated. Wilkinson benefited from his death and was made commander.[57][58] Wayne was buried at Fort Presque Isle where the modern Wayne Blockhouse stands. His son, Isaac Wayne, disinterred the body in 1809 and had the corpse boiled to remove the remaining flesh from the bones.[59] He then placed the bones into two saddlebags and relocated them to the family plot in the graveyard of St. David's Episcopal Church in Wayne, Pennsylvania.[60] The other remains were reburied but were rediscovered in 1878, giving Wayne two known grave sites.[59]

Historians and publications credit him as a hero who could claim victory against innumerable odds.[citation needed][who?] He was known for his military exploits and fearlessness in the field of battle while fighting against the British. He was sometimes considered overly aggressive as a military leader and was an advocate of Julius Caesar's tactics.[33][61] Wayne was later praised by President Theodore Roosevelt as America's best fighting general.[62]

More recently Wayne's legacy has been criticized due to his actions against Native Americans. Historian Rob Harper and publication Indian Country Today, made similar statements, e.g. "It was General Mad Anthony Wayne who led the first wave" of Indian removal in the United States, writing that the Miami people "maintain that celebrating Wayne glosses over and ignores his role in the genocide of Native Americans".[63] At a February 2019 city council meeting in Fort Wayne, Indiana, the 6-3 approval of an Anthony Wayne Day was criticized by City Councilman Glynn Hines, who stated Wayne's actions were part of a "genocide of Native Americans".[64][63][65]

Memorials

Main article: List of memorials to Anthony Wayne

The door in Senate room 128 features a 19th-century fresco painting by Constantino Brumidi named "Storming at Stonypoint, General Wayne wounded in the head carried to the fort".[66] On September 14, 1929, the U.S. Post Office issued a stamp honoring Wayne which commemorated the 135th anniversary of the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The post office issued a series of stamps often referred to as the "Two Cent Reds" by collectors, most of them issued to commemorate the 150th anniversaries of the many events that occurred during the American Revolution. The stamp shows Bruce Saville's Battle of Fallen Timbers Monument.

Descendants and relatives

Wayne's notable relatives and descendants include:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Aimone, Alan Conrad (2005). "New York State Society of the Cincinnati: Biographies of Original Members and Other Continental Officers (review)". The Journal of Military History. 69 (1): 231–232. doi:10.1353/jmh.2005.0002. ISSN 1543-7795. S2CID 162248285.
  2. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
  3. ^ Caust-Ellenbogen, Celia. ""Mad" Anthony Wayne". Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  4. ^ Nelson 1985, pp. 5–6.
  5. ^ a b c "What Almost Bankrupted Gen. Anthony Wayne". Main Line Today. May 20, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2022.
  6. ^ Labaree, pp. 345-350.
  7. ^ a b September 2019, HistoryNet Staff (July 10, 2019). "Book Review: Unlikely General". HistoryNet. Retrieved October 13, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ "TEHS - Quarterly Archives". tehistory.org.
  9. ^ http://files.usgwarchives.net/pa/delaware/history/local/lima0001.txt [bare URL plain text file]
  10. ^ Smith Futhey, J. (2007). "History of Chester County, Pennsylvania, Biographies". History of Chester County, Pennsylvania, Biographies. pp. 687–688. ISBN 9780788443879.
  11. ^ "Anthony and Mary (Penrose) Wayne Family Bible". ACPL Genealogy Center. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  12. ^ a b c Harper, Rob (June 2021). "Across the City Council Divide". Reviews in American History. 49 (2): 222–231.
  13. ^ Nelson 1985, pp. 4–5, 208.
  14. ^ Nelson 1985, p. 125.
  15. ^ a b c Savage, Charlie (July 31, 2020). "When the Culture Wars Hit Fort Wayne". POLITICO. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  16. ^ Nelson 1985, p. 52.
  17. ^ Nelson 1985, pp. 55–58.
  18. ^ Nelson 1985, p. 60.
  19. ^ Lancaster, pp. 195–197.
  20. ^ Boatner, pp. 119–120.
  21. ^ Lancaster, pp. 319–322.
  22. ^ "The Legacy of Anthony Wayne". Yale University Press Blog. May 8, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
  23. ^ "The Nicknaming of General "Mad" Anthony Wayne". Journal of the American Revolution. May 3, 2013. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
  24. ^ "Founders Online: May [1791]". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  25. ^ Rogers Jr., George C. (April 1988). "A Social Portrait of the South at the Turn of the Eighteenth Century". Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. 98, Part 1. American Antiquarian Society: 35–49.
  26. ^ Nelson 1985, pp. 187–208.
  27. ^ a b "Richmond Oakgrove Plantation: Part II". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 24 (2). Georgia Historical Society: 124–144. June 1940.
  28. ^ "RICHMOND OAKGROVE PLANTATION: Part II". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 24 (2). Georgia Historical Society: 124–144. June 1940.
  29. ^ Cite error: The named reference :32 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  30. ^ "Mulberry Grove from the Revolution to the Present Time". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 23 (4). Georgia Historical Society: 315–336. December 1939.
  31. ^ a b c Stockwell, Mary (2018). Unlikely General. Yale University Press. pp. 88–236.
  32. ^ Nelson 1985, pp. 4–5, 208, 187–208.
  33. ^ a b "Wayne, General Anthony | Detroit Historical Society". detroithistorical.org.
  34. ^ "TEHS - Quarterly Archives". tehistory.org.
  35. ^ "Wayne, Anthony, (1745–1796)". bioguide.congress.gov.
  36. ^ a b Cayton, Andrew R L. (June 1992). ""Separate Interests" and the Nation-State: The Washington Administration and the Origins of Regionalism in the Trans-Appalachian West". The Journal of American History. 79 (1): 39.
  37. ^ a b c Savage, Charlie (July 31, 2020). "When the Culture Wars Hit Fort Wayne". Politico. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  38. ^ Landon Y. Jones (2005). William Clark and the Shaping of the West. p. 41. ISBN 9781429945363.
  39. ^ Calloway, Colin G. (June 9, 2015). "The Biggest Forgotten American Indian Victory". What It Means to be American. The Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
  40. ^ Cite error: The named reference :8 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  41. ^ "Roles of Native Americans during the Revolution". American Battlefield Trust. January 21, 2021.
  42. ^ DuVal, Kathleen (May 15, 2018). "'Unlikely General' Review: He Opened the Way West". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Tucker, Spencer (2013). Almanac of American Military History, Volume 1. ABC-Clio. pp. 412–427. ISBN 9781598845303.
  44. ^ Quintin, Brandon (June 24, 2019). "Assessment of the Legion as the Ideal Small Wars Force Structure". Divergent Options. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
  45. ^ a b Stockwell, Mary (2018). Unlikely General. Yale University Press. pp. 56–184.
  46. ^ Sword 2003, p. 296.
  47. ^ Carter, p. 133.
  48. ^ Sword 2003, p. 298.
  49. ^ "Defiance, Ohio - Ohio History Central". ohiohistorycentral.org. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  50. ^ "Defiance, Ohio - Ohio History Central". ohiohistorycentral.org. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  51. ^ Hogeland, pp. 350–351.
  52. ^ Poinsatte, pp. 27–28.
  53. ^ Nelson 1985, pp. 269–270.
  54. ^ Pember, Mary Annette. "Celebrating (not) Mad Wayne Day". Indian Country Today. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  55. ^ "This Day in History: The Secret Plot Against General Mad Anthony Wayne". Taraross. January 25, 2019.
  56. ^ Nelson, 1999
  57. ^ Harrington, Hugh T. (August 20, 2013). "Was General Anthony Wayne Murdered?". Journal of the American Revolution.
  58. ^ "Why I Believe Meriwether Lewis Was Assassinated | History News Network". historynewsnetwork.org.
  59. ^ a b "Wayne Buried in Two Places". Paoli Battlefield. Independence Hall Association. Retrieved October 16, 2019 – via ushistory.org.
  60. ^ Hugh T. Harrington and Lisa A. Ennis. "Mad" Anthony Wayne: His Body Did Not Rest in Peace, citing History of Erie County, Pennsylvania, vol. 1. pp. 211–212. Warner, Beers & Co., Chicago. 1884.
  61. ^ Procknow, Gene (June 20, 2018). "Unlikely General: Mad Anthony Wayne and the Battle for America". Journal of the American Revolution.
  62. ^ Roosevelt, Theodore; Lodge, Henry Cabot. "Hero Tales from American History - The Storming of Stony Point". Together We Teach. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  63. ^ a b Pember, Mary Annette. "Celebrating (not) Mad Wayne Day". Indian Country Today. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  64. ^ Cite error: The named reference :12 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  65. ^ Tran, Louie (March 2, 2019). "'If it wasn't for Anthony Wayne, there may not be a United States of America'; City Council officials share the importance of Anthony Wayne Day". WPTA. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  66. ^ "8 "Gems of the Capitol"". Constantino Brumidi: Artist of the Capitol (PDF). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1998. pp. 106, 109. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  67. ^ "Biography of General Anthony Wayne". www.ushistory.org.
  68. ^ ""Mad" Anthony Wayne | Historical Society of Pennsylvania". hsp.org.
  69. ^ Smith Futhey, J. (2007). "History of Chester County, Pennsylvania, with Genealogical and Biographical". History of Chester County, Pennsylvania, with Genealogical and Biographical. pp. 752–753. ISBN 9780788443879.
  70. ^ "Wayne Family". www.vanleerarchives.org.
  71. ^ "TEHS - Quarterly Archives". tehistory.org.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anthony Wayne.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Anthony Wayne.
Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Anthony Wayne.
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Georgia's 1st congressional district
March 4, 1791 – March 21, 1792 		Succeeded by
Military offices
Preceded by Senior Officer of the United States Army
1792–1796 		Succeeded by
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