List of largest domes
A dome is a self-supporting structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere.
Every dome in the world which was the largest dome of its time is listed below. The defining criterion is in each case the inner diameter of the largest circular cross-section of the dome.
This list excludes dome-shaped structures that are not self-supporting such as The O2 in London which is 365 m (1,198 ft) in diameter and supported by masts.
Worldwide
Below is a list of buildings that have held the title of the largest dome in the world.
Held record | Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Notes | Refs. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m | ft | ||||||
1250 BC– 1st century BC |
14.5 | 47.6 | Treasury of Atreus | Mycenae, Greece | City state of Mycenae | Corbel dome | [1] |
1st century BC– 19 BC |
21.5 | 70.5 | Temple of Mercury | Baiae, Italy | Roman Empire | First monumental dome | [2][3] |
19 BC–start of 2nd century | 25.0 | 82.0 | Baths of Agrippa, "Arco della Ciambella" |
Rome, Italy | Roman Empire | First Thermae in Rome with a domed central building[4] | [4] |
Start of 2nd century–128 | 30.0 | 98.4 | Baths of Trajan | Rome, Italy | Roman Empire | Half dome | [5] |
128–1436 | 43.4 | 142.4 | Pantheon | Rome, Italy | Roman Empire | Largest unreinforced solid concrete dome in the world till present. Archetype of Western dome construction to this day. | [2][6][7] |
1436–1871 | 42.05 | 138.0 | Santa Maria del Fiore | Florence, Italy | Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence | Largest brick and mortar dome in the world till present. Octagonal dome. Architect Filippo Brunelleschi. (45.52 m (149.3 ft) diagonal) | |
1871–1913 | 66.85 × 56.49 | 219+1⁄3 × 185+1⁄3 | Royal Albert Hall | London, England | Lucas Brothers | Wrought iron and glazed eliptical dome. Architects Captain Francis Fowke and Major-General Henry Y. D. Scott | [8][9] |
1902–1913 | 61.0 | 200.1 | West Baden Springs Hotel | West Baden, Indiana, USA | Lee Wiley Sinclair | Architect Harrison Albright | [22] |
1913–1930 | 65.0 | 213.3 | Centennial Hall | Wrocław, Poland | German Empire | Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Max Berg | [10] |
1930–1955 | 65.8 | 215.9 | Wholesale Market Leipzig | Leipzig, Saxony, Germany | Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Franz Dischinger | [11] | |
1955–1957 | 101.5 | 333.0 | Bojangles' Coliseum | Charlotte, North Carolina, USA | Thompson and Street | Structural Steel dome. Architect Odell and Associates | [12] |
1957–1963 | 109 | 357.6 | Belgrade Fair – Hall 1 | Belgrade, Serbia | Belgrade Fair | World's largest prestressed concrete dome | [13] |
1963–1965 | 121.9 | 399.9 | Assembly Hall | Champaign, Illinois, USA | University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign | Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Max Abramovitz | [14] |
1965–1975 | 195.5 | 641.4 | Astrodome | Houston, Texas, USA | H.A. Lott, Inc. | First domed sports stadium in the world with more than 20,000 seats[15] | [16][15] |
1975–1992 | 207.0 | 679.1 | Caesars Superdome | New Orleans, Louisiana, USA | Blount International[17] | Structural steel frame.[18] Architect Nathaniel Curtis | [15] |
1984-1985 | 236.5 | 775.9 | Istra dome | Istra, Moscow region, Russia | [19][circular reference] | Structural steel frame. VNIIEM | [19] |
1992–2001 | 256.0 | 839.9 | Georgia Dome | Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Brasfield & Gorrie | Tensegrity structure | [20] |
2001–2009 | 274.0 | 899.0 | Ōita Stadium | Ōita, Japan | Kisho Kurokawa | Retractable roof | [21] |
2009–2013 | 275.0 | 902.2 | AT&T Stadium | Arlington, Texas, USA | HKS, Inc. | Retractable roof | |
2013–present | 310.0 | 1,017.1 | Singapore National Stadium | Tanjong Rhu, Kallang, Singapore | Dragages | Retractable roof; Architect – Arup Associates + DPA |
By continent
Below is a list of buildings that have held the title of the largest dome on their continent.
Europe
Held record | Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Notes | Refs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m | ft | ||||||
1250 BC–1st century BC | 14.5 | 47.57 | Treasury of Atreus | Mycenae, Greece | City state of Mycenae | Corbel dome | [1] |
1st century BC– 19 BC |
21.5 | 70.54 | Temple of Mercury | Baiae, Italy | Roman Empire | First monumental dome | [2][3] |
19 BC–109 AD | 25.0 | 82.02 | Baths of Agrippa, 'Arco della Ciambella' |
Rome, Italy | Roman Empire | First Thermae in Rome with a domed central building | [4] |
109– 128 |
30.0 | 98.43 | Baths of Trajan | Rome, Italy | Roman Empire | Half dome | [5] |
128–1436 | 43.4 | 142.39 | Pantheon | Rome, Italy | Roman Empire | Largest unreinforced solid concrete dome in the world till present. Archetype of Western dome construction to this day | [2][6][7] |
1436–1871 | 45.52 | 149.34 | Santa Maria del Fiore | Florence, Italy | Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence | Architect Filippo Brunelleschi; first double-dome structure of the Renaissance, set the standards for all renaissance and baroque domes; to this day the largest brick and mortar dome ever built. | |
1871–1913 | 66.85 × 56.49 | 219+1⁄3 × 185+1⁄3 | Royal Albert Hall | London, England | Lucas Brothers | Wrought iron and glazed eliptical dome. Architects Captain Francis Fowke and Major-General Henry Y. D. Scott | [8][9] |
1913–1930 | 65.0 | 213.25 | Centennial Hall | Wrocław, Poland | German Empire | Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Max Berg | [10] |
1930–1957 | 65.8 | 215.88 | Leipzig Market Hall | Leipzig, Germany | German Empire | Two reinforced concrete domes. Architect Franz Dischinger | [11] |
1957–present | 109.0 | 357.61 | Belgrade Fair – Hall 1 | Belgrade, Serbia | Belgrade Fair | World's largest prestressed concrete dome | [13] |
In the first half of the 1980s a dome with a diameter of 234 metres (768 ft) was built near Istra, Russia. It collapsed on January 25, 1986. [1]
In 1990, the 129-metre (423 ft) diameter building named "Kupolen" (the Dome) was completed in Borlänge, Sweden. Originally an exposition hall with a few stores at ground level, today a mall in three levels.[2]
North America
Held record | Diameter | Name | Location (all USA) | Builder | Notes | Refs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m | ft | ||||||
1864–1867 | 29.0 | 95.14 | United States Capitol | Washington, D.C. | United States | Architect Thomas U. Walter | [22] |
1867–1902 | 46 | 150.92 | Mormon Tabernacle | Salt Lake City, Utah | Architect Henry Grow. Largely built without nails. | [23] | |
1902–1955 | 61.0 | 200.13 | West Baden Springs Hotel | West Baden, Indiana | Lee Wiley Sinclair | Architect Harrison Albright | [24] |
1955–1963 | 101.5 | 333.01 | Charlotte Coliseum[a] | Charlotte, North Carolina | Thompson and Street | Structural Steel dome. Architect Odell and Associates | [12] |
1963–1965 | 121.9 | 399.93 | Assembly Hall[b] | Champaign, Illinois | University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign | Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Max Abramovitz | [14] |
1965–1975 | 195.5 | 641.40 | Astrodome | Houston, Texas | H.A. Lott, Inc. | First domed sports stadium in the world with more than 20,000 seats[15] | [16][15] |
1975–1992 | 207 | 679.13 | Caesars Superdome[c] | New Orleans, Louisiana | Blount International[17] | Structural steel frame.[18] Architect Nathaniel Curtis Largest completely enclosed dome structure from 1975 to 1992 and again since 2017 | [15] |
1992–2009 | 256.0 | 839.90 | Georgia Dome[d] | Atlanta, Georgia | Georgia World Congress Center Authority | Tensegrity structure, was largest completely enclosed dome structure from 1992 to 2017. | [20] |
2009–present | 275.0 | 902.23 | AT&T Stadium[e] | Arlington, Texas | HKS, Inc. | Retractable roof |
- ^ Now known as Bojangles' Coliseum. Not to be confused with the second Charlotte Coliseum, a non-domed indoor arena that no longer exists.
- ^ Now known as State Farm Center.
- ^ Has since been renamed from the Mercedes-Benz Superdome to the Caesars Superdome.
- ^ Demolished in 2017.
- ^ Originally known as Cowboys Stadium.
South America
Held record | Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Notes | Refs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m | ft | ||||||
1902–1913 | Palace of the Argentine National Congress | Buenos Aires, Argentina | Government of Argentina | Bronze-plated dome. Architect Vittorio Meano | |||
1960 | 38 | 124.6 | Palace of the Brazilian National Congress | Brasília, Brazil | Government of Brazil | Architect Oscar Niemeyer | [25] |
Asia
Held record | Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Notes | Refs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m | ft | ||||||
2nd century–150 | 11.5 | 37.73 | Red Hall | Pergamon, Turkey | Brick | [26] | |
150–1312 | 23.85 | 78.25 | Zeus Asklepios Temple | Pergamon, Turkey | Earliest monumental brick dome[27] | [28] | |
1312–1659 | 25.6 | 83.99 | Dome of Soltaniyeh | Soltaniyeh, Zanjan, Iran | Persian architects, Ilkhanate era | Persian architects were building double-shell domes at the start of the 5th century, but the Dome of Soltaniyeh is the earliest such architecture extant, dating to 1312; over 100 years before Brunelleschi used the same technique to build the Dome of Florence. Brunelleschi also used the same octagonal supporting walls design of Soltaniyeh for his dome. Soltaniyeh is the 3rd largest brick dome in the world after Florence Duomo and Hagia Sophia. Hagia Sophia is older than Soltaniyeh, but it is a single layer brick dome. | |
1659–1934 | 44.0 | 144.36 | Gol Gumbaz | Bijapur, India | Sultanate of Bijapur | Mausoleum of Muhammad Adil Shah II (1627–57) of the Sultanate of Bijapur | [29] |
1934–1960 | 60.0 | 196.85 | Novosibirsk Opera and Ballet Theatre | Novosibirsk, Soviet Union | Reinforced concrete | ||
1937–1960 | 45 | 147.64 | Phsar Thom Thmei | Phnom Penh, Cambodia | Jean Desbois and Wladimir Kandaouroff | Reinforced concrete. Known as the "Central Market" in English. | [30] |
1960–2001 | 108 | 354.33 | Araneta Coliseum | Quezon City, Philippines | J. Amado Araneta | Also known as the Big Dome, it opened as the world's biggest indoor venue in 1960. | |
2001–2013 | 274 | 898.95 | Ōita Stadium | Ōita, Japan | Kisho Kurokawa | Known as the Big Eye. | |
2013–present | 310.0 | 1,017.06 | Singapore National Stadium | Singapore Sports Hub, Singapore | Dragages | Retractable roof; Architect: Arup Associates and DPA |
Africa
Held record | Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Notes | Refs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m | ft | ||||||
1988–1997 | 90 | 295.28 | Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro | Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast | Ivory Coast | Modeled after the St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; world's tallest dome | [31][circular reference] |
1997–2018 | 140.0 | 459.32 | Coca-Cola Dome | Johannesburg, South Africa | Sports arena | [32] | |
2018-present | 247 | 810.37 | Dunamis Glory Dome | Abuja, Nigeria | Dunamis Church | Said to be the biggest church auditorium in the world. Size of three football pitches[33] | [33] |
Australia
Held record | Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Notes | Refs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m | ft | ||||||
1913–1959 | 34.75 | 114.01 | State Library of Victoria | Melbourne, Victoria. | Designed by Norman G. Peebles | ||
1959-1988 | 47.4 | 155.51 | The Shine Dome | Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. | Designed by Sir Roy Grounds | ||
1988–present | 133.0 | 436.35 | Burswood Superdome | Perth, Western Australia |
By structure
Below is a list of buildings that have held the title of the largest dome in terms of their structure.
Held record | Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Notes | Refs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m | ft | ||||||
Stone | |||||||
1250 BC–150/175 AD | 14.5 | 48 | Treasury of Atreus | Mycenae, Greece | City state of Mycenae | Corbel dome | [1] |
150/175 –2006 | 15.0 | 49.2 | Western Thermae | Gerasa, Jordan | Roman Empire | One of the earliest voussoir domes with square ground plan[34] | [34] |
2006-present | 85.15 | 279.4 | Global Vipassana Pagoda | Mumbai, India. | Global Vipassana Foundation | The stone dome was completed in October 2006. The monument was officially inaugurated on February 8, 2009. Architect/Structural Engineer/ Sompura/ Proof Consultant: Parvez Dumasia/ Nandadeep Building Center/ Late. Chandubhai Trivedi/ Prof. Jangid (IIT Bombay) | [35] |
Concrete | |||||||
1st century BC– 1st century BC |
6.52 | 21.4 | Stabiae Thermae, Laconicum |
Pompeii, Italy | Roman Empire | Cone vault (early form of a dome). Oldest known concrete dome[3] | [3] |
1st century BC– 19 BC |
21.5 | 71 | Temple of Mercury | Baiae, Italy | Roman Empire | First monumental dome[3] | [2] |
128–present | 43.4 | 142 | Pantheon | Rome, Italy | Roman Empire | Largest unreinforced solid concrete dome in the world till present.[6] Archetype of Western dome construction to this day[2][7] | [2] |
Masonry | |||||||
2nd century–150 | 11.5 | 38 | Red Hall | Pergamon, Turkey | Roman Empire | Brick | [26] |
150–beginning of the 4th century | 23.85 | 78.2 | Zeus Asklepios Temple | Pergamon, Turkey | Roman Empire | Earliest monumental brick dome[27] | [28] |
Beginning of 4th century–563 | 24.15 | 79.2 | Rotunda of St. George | Thessaloniki, Greece | Roman Empire | Radially laid bricks[27] | [27] |
1312 -present | 24.5 | 80 | Dome of Soltaniyeh | Soltaniyeh, Iran | Ilkhanate | Dome of Soltaniyeh, with a diameter of 24.5 metres (80 ft) is the earliest existing double-shell dome and the 3rd largest brick dome in the world after the domes of Florence Cathedral and Hagia Sophia | |
563–1436 | 31.5 | 103 | Hagia Sophia | Istanbul, Turkey | Byzantine Empire | First pendentive dome in history. First completed in 537, rebuilt in 563 after earthquake. Architects Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus | |
1436–present | 45.0 | 147.6 | The Duomo | Florence, Italy | City state of Florence | First double-dome structure of the Renaissance. | [36] |
Clay hollowware | |||||||
Beginning of 3rd century–216 | 12.0 | 39.4 | Thermae of Aquae Flavianae | El Hammam, Algeria | Roman Empire | Earthenware pipes put together | [33] |
216–present | 35.08 | 115.1 | Baths of Caracalla, Caldarium |
Rome, Italy | Roman Empire | Amphorae put together | [37] |
Wood | |||||||
691–1781 | 20.40 | 66.9 | Dome of the Rock | Jerusalem | Umayyad Empire | [22] | |
1781–1957 | 36.0 | 118.1 | St. Blaise's Abbey | St. Blaise, Baden-Württemberg, Germany | Pierre Michel d'Ixnard | Third-widest dome in Europe at the time of its construction[38] | [38][39] |
1957–1977 | 91.4 | 300 | Brick Breeden Fieldhouse | Bozeman, Montana, United States | Montana State University – Bozeman | Second-largest dome in United States at the time of its construction[40] | [40] |
1977–1983 | 153.0 | 502.0 | Walkup Skydome | Flagstaff, Arizona, United States | Northern Arizona University | Geodesic dome | |
1983–1991 | 161.5 | 530 | Tacoma Dome | Tacoma, Washington, United States | City of Tacoma, WA | Geodesic dome | |
1991–present | 163.4 | 536 | Superior Dome | Marquette, Michigan, United States | State of Michigan/Northern Michigan University | Geodesic dome | |
Cast iron | |||||||
1811–1881 | 39.0 | 128.0 | Bourse de commerce (ex Halle aux blés) | Paris, France | First French Empire | Architect François-Joseph Bélanger; Engineer François Brunet | [41] |
1881–present | 46.9 | 154 | Devonshire Royal Hospital | Buxton, England, United Kingdom | Cotton Famine Relief Fund | Converted from a horse stables to a hospital. Slate-covered iron frame. Architect Robert Rippon Duke | [42] |
Wrought iron | |||||||
1871– | 66.85 × 56.49 | 219+1⁄3 × 185+1⁄3 | Royal Albert Hall | London, England, United Kingdom | Lucas Brothers | Wrought iron and glazed elliptical dome. Architects Captain Francis Fowke and Major-General Henry Y. D. Scott | [8][9] |
Steel | |||||||
1902–1965 | 59.45 | 195.0 | West Baden Springs Hotel | West Baden, Indiana, United States | Lee Wiley Sinclair | Steel and glass dome. Architect Harrison Albright | [24] |
1965–1975 | 195.5 | 641 | Astrodome | Houston, Texas, United States | H.A. Lott, Inc. | First domed sports stadium in the world with more than 20,000 seats[15] | [16][15] |
1975–2013 | 207.0 | 679.1 | Louisiana Superdome | New Orleans, Louisiana, United States | Blount International[17] | Structural steel frame.[18] Architect Nathaniel Curtis | [15] |
2013–present | 310.0 | 1,017.1 | Singapore National Stadium | Singapore Sports Hub, Singapore | Dragages | Retractable roof. Architect: Arup Associates & DPA | |
Reinforced concrete | |||||||
1913–1930 | 65.0 | 213.3 | Centennial Hall | Wrocław, Poland | Architect Max Berg | [10] | |
1930–1957 | 65.8 | 216 | Leipzig Market Hall | Leipzig, Saxony, Germany | Architect Franz Dischinger | [11] | |
1957–1963 | 100.6 | 330 | Palazzetto dello sport | Rome, Italy | 1960 Summer Olympics | Consulting Engineer Pier Luigi Nervi | [14] |
1963–1971 | 121.9 | 400 | Assembly Hall | Champaign, Illinois, United States | University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign | Architect Max Abramovitz | [14] |
1971–1976, 2000–present | 134.1 | 440 | Norfolk Scope | Norfolk, Virginia, United States | City of Norfolk | Consulting Engineer Pier Luigi Nervi | [14] |
1976–2000 | 201.17 | 660 | Kingdome | Seattle, Washington, United States | King County | Reinforced concrete dome. Architects Naramore, Skilling & Praeger | [43] |
Famous large domes
Below is a list of large domes which are considered particularly important for various reasons but have never held the title of the largest dome in the world.
Completion date |
Diameter | Name | Location | Builder | Notes | Refs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m | ft | ||||||
c. 64 | 13.48 | 44.2 | Domus Aurea | Rome, Italy | Roman Empire | First dome with a polygonal ground plan (octagon). First in palace architecture[3] | [3] |
563 | 31.87 | 104.6 | Hagia Sophia | Istanbul, Turkey | Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire | First pendentive dome in history. First completed in 537, rebuilt in 563 after earthquake. Architects Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus | [44] |
1227 | 21.0 × 16.9 | 68.9 × 55.4 | St. Gereon's Basilica | Cologne, Germany | Bishop or city? | Oval shape. Largest occidental dome built between Hagia Sophia and the Duomo. | [45] |
1405 | 18.2 | 60 | Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasavi | Türkistan, Kazakhstan | Tamerlane | Double dome | |
1557 | 27.2 | 89 | Süleymaniye Mosque | Istanbul, Turkey | Ottoman Empire | Architect Mimar Sinan | |
1575 | 31.25 | 102.5 | Selimiye Mosque | Edirne, Turkey | Ottoman Empire | Architect Mimar Sinan | [46] |
1626 | 42.3 | 139 | St Peter's Basilica | Rome, Italy | Holy See | Architect Michelangelo Buonarroti; Worlds tallest dome until 1990 and tallest dome interior (including lantern) at present; Two layer dome | [3] |
1641 | 31.9 | 105 | Taj Mahal | Agra, India | Mughal Empire | Double dome; inner dome has diameter of 17.7 m (58 ft).[47] | [48] |
1710 | 30.8 | 101 | St. Paul's Cathedral | London, England | Christopher Wren | Double dome. The two domes are separated by a cone over the top of the inner which helps support the outer. | [49] |
1732 | 37.15 × 24.80 | 121.9 × 81.4 | Sanctuary of Vicoforte | Vicoforte, Piemonte, Italy | House of Savoy | Largest elliptic dome in the world. Architects Ascanio Vitozzi and Francesco Gallo. | |
1781 | 36.0 | 118.1 | St. Blaise's Abbey | St. Blaise, Baden-Württemberg, Germany | Pierre Michel d'Ixnard | Third-widest dome in Europe at the time of its construction[38] | [38][39] |
1871 | 36.6 | 120 | Mosta Dome | Mosta, Malta | Giorgio Grognet de Vassé | Third-largest unsupported dome in the world | [50][51][52] |
1894 | 31.0 | 101.7 | Marble Church | Copenhagen, Denmark | Frederick V | Built from 1749 to 1894 by three different architects, with no construction done from 1770 to 1877 | [53] |
1904 | 15.24 | 50.0 | Rhode Island State House | Providence, Rhode Island, USA | Fourth-largest unsupported marble dome in the world. | [54][55] | |
1904-1912 | 18.0 | 59.1 | Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia | Sofia, Bulgaria | Bulgarian people | Groundbreaking - 3 March 1882, completed 1904-1912, consecrated 1924; The cathedral has gold-plated domes. It is believed to be among the 10 largest Eastern Orthodox church buildings and the largest completed Orthodox Cathedral located in Southeast Europe. | [56][57][58] |
1944 | 61.0 | 200.1 | V-2 Bunker La Coupole | Wizernes, France | Nazi Germany | Reinforced concrete dome, 5m thick | [59][60] |
1952 | 27 | 89 | Rotunda of Xewkija | Xewkija, Gozo, Malta | Architect: Joseph D'Amato. The dome is 75 m (246 ft) high. Calculated weight: 45,000 t (44,000 long tons; 50,000 short tons). Circumference: 85 m (279 ft). | ||
1960 | 108.0 | 354.3 | Araneta Coliseum | Quezon City, Philippines | J. Amado Araneta | Also known as the Big Dome, it opened as the world's biggest indoor venue in 1960. | |
1988 | 51.8 | 170 | Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Mosque | Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia | Biggest mosque in Malaysia, second biggest in South East Asia. Also known as Blue Mosque. Can accommodate up to 16,000 worshippers. | ||
2005 | 21.3 | 70 | Long Island Green Dome | Baiting Hollow, New York, USA | Kevin Michael Shea | Largest residential wood geodesic dome in North America. It is a home and attraction site advocating sustainable living. | |
2009 | 78 | 256 | Medgidia clinker storage facility | Medgidia, Romania | [61] | ||
2014 | 227 × 179 | 745 × 587 | Philippine Arena | Bocaue, Philippines | Iglesia ni Cristo | Oval shape. Dome of the largest indoor arena by capacity in the world. | [62] |
See also
References
- ^ a b c Treasury of Atreus at Structurae
- ^ a b c d e f g Robert Mark, Paul Hutchinson: "On the Structure of the Roman Pantheon", Art Bulletin, Vol. 68, No. 1 (1986), p.24
- ^ a b c d e f g h Rasch 1985, p. 118
- ^ a b c Werner Heinz: "Römische Thermen. Badewesen und Badeluxus im römischen Reich", München 1983, ISBN 3-7774-3540-6, p.60-64
- ^ a b Rasch 1985, p. 119
- ^ a b c "Romanconcrete.com". Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2006-12-29.
- ^ a b c Werner Müller: "dtv – Atlas Baukunst I. Allgemeiner Teil: Baugeschichte von Mesopotamien bis Byzanz", 14. Aufl., 2005, ISBN 3-423-03020-8, p.253
- ^ a b c The British Foreign Mechanic and Scientific Instructor. J. Sydal. 23 July 1870. p. 30. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
- ^ a b c "Roof". royalalberthall.com. Royal Albert Hall. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
- ^ a b c UNESCO World Heritage: Centennial Hall in Breslau Archived 2007-02-13 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c Leipzig Market Hall at Structurae
- ^ a b "Survey and Research Report on the Charlotte Coliseum". Archived from the original on 2016-01-18.
- ^ a b "Belgrade Fair (Beogradski Sajam), Hall 1". Archived from the original on 2016-05-30. Retrieved 2019-07-31.
- ^ a b c d e "Reinforced Concrete Thin Shell Sports Facilities". monolithic.com. Archived from the original on 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Encyclopædia Britannica: Astrodome". Retrieved 2022-05-15.
- ^ a b c Encarta: Kuppel. Archived 2009-10-31.
- ^ a b c "Air University: Eagle Biography: Winton M. "Red" Blount". Archived from the original on 2011-12-23. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
- ^ a b c Archrecord.construction.com: Now infamous, Superdome once stood as a great New Orleans landmark Archived 2008-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b """". Archived from the original on 2021-06-20. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
- ^ a b Building Big Databank: Georgia Dome Archived 2017-09-17 at the Wayback Machine, PBS Online/WGBH
- ^ ""Big Bigger Biggest – Series 2: Episode 9 – Dome", Windfall Films Ltd". Archived from the original on 2014-04-08. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
- ^ a b H. Hagedann & Ch. Plato. "Kuppeln historisch" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2007.
- ^ "The Great Mormon Tabernacle at Salt Lake". Scientific American. 8 June 1867
- ^ a b Wayne Curtis: "Back home in Indiana" Archived 2018-11-21 at the Wayback Machine, Preservation, Vol. 59, No. 3 (2007), pp.40-47
- ^ Macedo, Danilo Matoso; da Silva, Élcio Gomes (April 2011). "Ordens tectônicas no Palácio do Congresso Nacional". Vitruvius. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
- ^ a b Rasch 1985, p. 137
- ^ a b c d Rasch 1985, p. 125
- ^ a b Rasch 1985, p. 129
- ^ Manfred Görgens: "Kleine Geschichte der indischen Kunst", DuMont, Köln 1986, ISBN 3-7701-1543-0, p.226
- ^ Phnom Penh Central Market at Structurae
- ^ fr:Basilique Notre-Dame de la Paix de Yamoussoukro
- ^ Coca-Cola Dome: Dimensions of Coca-Cola Dome Archived 2008-06-09 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c Rasch 1985, p. 124
- ^ a b Rasch 1985, p. 126
- ^ "Salient Features – Global Pagoda website". Archived from the original on 2009-02-13. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
- ^ Figures vary. archINFORM Archived 2021-06-20 at the Wayback Machine gives a 45 m (148 ft) wide tambour, while Santa Maria del Fiore at Structurae gives a 43 m (141 ft) diameter of the cupola, others as little as 42 m (138 ft).
- ^ Erwin Heinle, Jörg Schlaich: "Kuppeln aller Zeiten, aller Kulturen", Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-421-03062-6, p.27
- ^ a b c d "Website of the Dom St. Blasien". Archived from the original on 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2008-08-25.
- ^ a b Schnell Kunstführer: "St. Blasien/Schwarzwald", No. 555, Regensburg 2001, ISBN 3-7954-4017-3, p.7
- ^ a b Setterberg, Diana (Spring 2007). "Brick Breeden Fieldhouse: 50 years and going strong". montana.edu. Archived from the original on 4 June 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
- ^ "Bourse de Commerce". structurae.net (in French). Structurae. Archived from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
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