Mahendra of Nepal

His Majesty King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev
His Majesty in royal dress
King of Nepal
Reign	13 March 1955 – 31 January 1972
Coronation	2 May 1956
Predecessor	Tribhuvan
Heir apparent	Birendra
Born	(1920-06-11)11 June 1920 Narayanhity Royal Palace Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal
Died	31 January 1972(1972-01-31) (aged 51) Diyalo Bangala, Bharatpur, Kingdom of Nepal
Burial	Pashupatinath Temple
Spouse	Crown Princess Indra Rajya Lakshmi Devi (m. 1940–1950, her death) Queen Ratna Rajya Lakshmi Devi (m. 1952–1972, his death)
Issue (Details)	Shanti Singh, Rani of Bajhang Princess Sharada Birendra, King of Nepal Gyanendra, King of Nepal Princess Shobha Prince Dhirendra
Names म.वी.वि.शाह (English: MBB Shah) Regnal name Shree Paanch Maharajadhiraj Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev
Dynasty	Shah dynasty
Father	Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah
Mother	Kanti Rajya Lakshmi Devi
Religion	Hinduism
Occupation	Author

Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev (Template:Lang-ne; 11 June 1920 – 31 January 1972) was the King of Nepal from 13 March 1955 until his death in 1972. Following the 1960 Nepal coup d'état, King Mahendra established the Panchayat system. He ruled as a constitutional monarch for about five years, later becoming an absolute monarch after the introduction of the Panchayat system in 1962, during which Nepal Rastra Bank, Supreme Court, and the new constitution were created. During his reign, Nepal saw a period of industrial, political, transportation, and economic change. King Mahendra constructed various highways and airports that connected Nepal to the rest of the world.

Early life

King Mahendra was born in the year 11 June 1920 (1977 B.S) at the Narayanhiti Palace to King Tribhuvan of Nepal. King Mahendra was the eldest child of King Tribhuvan and Queen Kanti. Under the Rana dynasty, the power of the king was reduced to that of a figurehead. Although Tribhuvan was nominally king since 1911, the royal family had been held captive in Narayanhiti Palace since the rise of the prominent Rana dynasty. In 1940, He married Indra Rajya Lakshmi, granddaughter of Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana and daughter of General Hari Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana. Mahendra had three sons, Birendra, Gyanendra, and Dhirendra and three daughters Shanti, Sharada, and Shobha. His first wife, Crown Princess Indra died in 1950. In 1952, after the death of his queen, Mahendra married Indra's younger sister, Ratna Rajya Lakshmi Devi. This marriage produced no children as King Mahendra had married on the condition his personal life should not hinder his national duties and the queen agreed to be childless.

In 1951 King Tribhuvan launched a successful political movement against the Ranas and established Nepal as a constitutional monarchy. Mahendra was not happy that King Tribhuvan had reduced the rights of the monarchy in the 1951 (2007 B.S) Interim Constitution while bidding farewell to the Rana dynasty after the 2007 revolution.

Early reign

Mahendra of Nepal in Coronation, 1955

Mahendra became the king of Nepal as the successor of King Tribhuvan. When King Tribhuvan left for Europe for treatment, Mahendra got the authority from the then King Tribhuvan. He inherited the throne aged 34 as a constitutional monarch. He became king on 13 March 1955 but his coronation took place on 2 May 1956 due to the one year mourning period of death of his father.

Tanka Prasad Acharya's Cabinet

On January 27 1956 (Magha 13, 2012 B.S) King Mahendra appointed Acharya as the Prime Minister of Nepal. The first five-year plan was launched during his tenure as prime minister. During his time, Nepal Rastra Bank and the Supreme Court were established. Acharya's tenure is also seen as a golden age for Nepal in foreign relations. In addition to establishing diplomatic relations with many countries, the government was able to establish close ties with the Chinese government. The Chinese government had provided Rs 60 million to Nepal on 7 October 1956 (Ashwin 22, 2013 B.S). Tanka Prasad Acharya resigned as Prime Minister in July 1957(Ashadha 2014 B.S).

Kunwar Indrajit Singh's cabinet

Kunwar Indrajit Singh was appointed Prime Minister by King Mahendra in 1957 (2014 B.S) His cabinet included Education Minister Mahakavi Laxmi Prasad Devkota. He was later replaced by a government led by Suvarna Samsher Rana. According to General Nara Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana, he was dismissed by King Mahendra because he tried to stage a coup against the king and relegate him to a ‘puppet king’, just like in the Rana days.

Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 1958

BP Koirala taking oath as 22nd Prime minister of Nepal

King Mahendra had promulgated the constitution in 1958(2015 B.S) to take the country towards a parliamentary system. This constitution was announced on Falgun 1, 2015. The 2015 election was held in accordance with this constitution

General Election 1958

In order to elect 109 representatives to the House of Representatives, the lower house of the Parliament of Nepal, the first democratic election of Nepal was held in 45 days from Falgun 7, 2015 till Chaitra 21, 2015. B.S. This election was held in accordance with the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2015, which was implemented on Falgun 1, 2015 B.S.

BP Council of Ministers

The Nepali Congress, which emerged as the largest party in the election, elected party president B. P. Koirala as the leader of the parliamentary party and fielded him as Nepal's prime minister. On Jestha 13, 2016 B.S. Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala of the Nepali Congress took the oath of office before the then King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah. The first assembly of the house took on 1 July 1959 (Ashadha 17, 2016 B.S.)

1960 coup d'état

Main article: 1960 Nepal coup d'état

On 15 December 1960, King Mahendra used his emergency powers and took charge of the State once again claiming that the Congress government had fostered corruption, promoted party above national interest and failed to maintain law and order. The King suspended the constitution, dissolved the elected parliament, dismissed the cabinet, imposed direct rule and imprisoned the then-prime minister B. P. Koirala and his closest government colleagues. Political parties were outlawed.

Panchayat system (1962–72)

King Mahendra and Queen Ratna in 1957

On 13 April 1961, Mahendra made a televised appearance, in which he introduced Panchayat, a partyless political system of village, district and national councils. King Mahendra then promulgated a new constitution in December 1962 institutionalizing the Panchayat system. The Panchayat System was a party-less guided democracy in which the people could elect their representatives, while real power remained in the hands of the monarch. Dissenters were called anti-national elements.

Adopted on the second anniversary of the royal coup and founded on the idea of having a system "suitable to the soil", the new constitution, created a four-tier Panchayat System. There were 4,000 village assemblies at the local level, electing nine members of the village assemblies, who in turn elected a mayor . Each village assemblies sent a member to sit on one of seventy-five district panchayat, representing from forty to seventy villages; one-third of the members of these assemblies were chosen by the town panchayat. Members of the district panchayat elected representatives to fourteen zone assemblies functioning as electoral colleges for the National Panchayat in Kathmandu. In addition, there were class organizations at village, district, and zonal levels for peasants, youth, women, elders, laborers, and ex-soldiers, who elected their own representatives to assemblies. The National Panchayat of about ninety members could not criticize the royal government, debate the principles of partyless democracy, introduce budgetary bills without royal approval, or enact bills without approval of the king. Mahendra was supreme commander of the armed forces, appointed (and had the power to remove) members of the Supreme Court, appointed the Public Service Commission to oversee the civil service, and could change any judicial decision or amend the constitution at any time. To many of the unlettered citizens of the country, the king was a spiritual force as well, representing the god Vishnu upholding dharma on earth. Within a span of ten years, the king had, in effect, reclaimed the unlimited power exercised by Prithvi Narayan Shah in the eighteenth century.

At first, the Nepali Congress leadership propounded a non-violent struggle against the new order and formed alliances with several political parties, including the Gorkha Parishad and the United Democratic Party. Early in 1961, however, the king had set up a committee of 4 officials from the Central Secretariat to recommend changes in the constitution that would abolish political parties and substitute a "National Guidance" system based on local panchayat led directly by the king.

The first elections to the National Panchayat took place in March and April 1963. Although political parties officially were banned and the major opposition parties publicly refused to participate, about one-third of the members of the legislative were associated with the Nepali Congress. Support of the king by the army and the government bureaucracy prevented opposition to his rule from developing within the Panchayat System. Real power came from the king's secretariat, and in the countryside influence rested in the offices of zonal commissioners and their official staffs or the parallel system of development officers. The Nepali Congress leadership made increasingly conciliatory statements and began to announce its faith in democratic ideals under the leadership of the king. In 1968 the king began to release political prisoners, including B. P. Koirala, who was freed on 30 October. At this point, a three-way split developed in the Nepali Congress. B.P. Koirala went to India, where he headed a wing committed to democratic revolution and violent overthrow of the Panchayat System. He was a symbol for youth but powerless politically. Subarna Shamsher's wing continued to advocate local cooperation with the king outside the Panchayat System. A third wing tried to work within the Panchayat System in the expectation that it would evolve into a democratic system. The disunity of the political opposition left King Mahendra to do as he wished.

Attempts to overthrow Regime

There were multiple struggles and attempts to remove the king from power both before and during the panchayat regime. However below were some significant attempts.

1957 coup d'état attempt

King Mahendra used his residual power of Royal prerogative of mercy and pardoned KI Singh in 1955 when he was declared a traitor and rebellion against the state by former state powers. He was then allowed to enter the country and listening to his nationalist view, Kunwar Inderjit Singh was appointed Prime Minister by King Mahendra in 1957. He tenure was mostly spent in attempts to curtail his enemies while he also tried to stage a coup against the king with the help of the army. However, the head of the army, General Nar Shamsher, being loyal to the king informed him about the coup and KI Singh was immediately dismissed.

Janakpur bomb Incident

On January 22, 1962, King Mahendra visited the Janaki Temple after completing his eastern tour. Arvind Kumar Thakur and other anti-panchayat youths under the leadership of Durgananda Jha threw a bomb at the car he was traveling in when he was returning to the arena after performing religious visit. Fifty nine people were arrested on the charge of their involvement in the incident and a special court was formed to investigate the incident. The court found three people, Durgananda Jha, Arvind Kumar Thakur and Dal Singh Thapa, guilty on July 3, 1962. They were slapped death penalty on grounds of treason and rebellion on September 4, 1963 after the introduction of new Nation's Legal Code (Muluki Ain ) in 17 August 1963 since the old law did not allow the punishment of a person of brahmin descent. On January 29 1964, Durgananda Jha was hanged till death while Arvind Kumar Thakur and Dal Singh Thapa had their sentenced changed to life time imprisonment.

Notable works and Improvements

Promotion of Nationality

The current flag institutionalized by the constitution

King Mahendra's role in the promotion of nationalism has been unforgettable. In nearly two centuries since Prithvi Narayan Shah, Nepal was administered as a single political entity from Kathmandu and was treated as a single country by its neighbouring powers including like China, India and Tibet but its citizens never had a unified sense of "Nepali-ness". Even the citizens of the country did not know where and what Nepal was. calling Kathmandu valley as Nepal, lower plains around Birgunj, Biratnagar area as Madesh, upper gorkha region as Gorkha, and western Nepal as Khas and even the king as Gorkhali King rather than a king of Nepal. It is said that Nepal was built before, but Nepal as a political boundary and country was institutionalized by King Mahendra. Before 1960, foreigners were free to purchase land in Nepal. After coup d'état of 1960, King Mahendra banned foreigners from purchasing land in Nepal. At that moment there was no single mother language used by the whole nation, and Nepalese were increasingly influenced from foreign languages. Indian cultures, Indian cinemas, teaching of Hindi language in the schools were all the signs leading towards the amalgamation of Nepal into India. Mahendra was uncomfortable with the widespread changes happening in the country: a diverse elected cabinet under BP Koirala; political parties in the Terai advocating for an autonomous province; and Hindi, lingua franca of the people of Indian origin, being spoken in Parliament. The king was troubled by how democracy had allowed people to assert their identity and culture forcing communalism, regionalism, and other anti-national motives . When Hindi dominance was increasing in communities, he devised the policy of national language by selecting Khas Kura as the national language as it was the lingua franca and made it nationwide. The language was transformed from lingua franca, to official language and then later to national language. By establishing the Nepal Rastra Bank, King Mahendra made Nepali currency compulsory throughout the kingdom. At that time, 90 percent of Indian currency was in circulation in Nepal. By creating a distinct language, distinct currency, distinct dress, distinct political system and distinct religious identity from those of the neighbouring nations, Mahendra created a distinct identity of the people which in turn promoted national unity and nationality. King Mahendra personally funded 2 lakh 50 thousand rupees to build a martyr's gate at Bhadrakali ,Kathmandu in order to honor the great martyrs who died for the rights and democracy of the people during the rana regime.

He is also credited for introducing country's first national anthem by giving official recognition to Shriman Gambhir.The constitution introduced by King Mahendra in 1962 introduced the modern national flag of the country which is being used till today. In 1955 King Mahendra appointed a commission headed by famous writer Balkrishna Sama to make nominations of National heroes of Nepal since ancient times on the basis of their contributions to the nation.

Diplomatic campaign

King Mahendra of Nepal met with Chivu Stoica in 1967 in Bucharest, Romania.

The role played by Mahendra in establishing Nepal in the international arena is important. From the thought of achieving membership of the United Nations to establishing Nepal as a zone of peace major attributions goes to King Mahendra. Adopting the principle of Panchsheel and non-aligned foreign policy, he maintained diplomatic relations with neighboring countries and kept them in balance. King Mahendra established diplomatic relations with 45 countries to show the world that Nepal is an independent nation.

In 2012 B.S, Nepal also became a member of the United Nations. Rishikesh Shah then became the Permanent Representative to the United Nations. On Magha 13, 2012 B.S, King Mahendra appointed Acharya as the Prime Minister of Nepal. He established friendly relations by visiting China and Japan. Under his guidance and policy, Nepal was elected as a Member of United Nations Security Council in 1969. Nepal was elected in the Security Council the second time again in 1988. Nepal established its image as a committed member of the UN and Nepal was well recognized by the member countries. During that time King Mahendra invited the UN Secretary General U Thant to Nepal and involved him in the development of Lumbini as a Birthplace of Lord Buddha. Nepal’s active role and the role she played on the Security Council twice are the proof of a success policy guided by the King.

King's tenure is also seen as a golden age for Nepal in foreign relations. In addition to establishing diplomatic relations with many countries, the government was able to establish close ties with the Chinese government. He pursued a foreign policy of neutrality between China and India. One of the historical diplomatic achievement of king Mahendra is his success in Nepal-China Boundary Treaty of 1961. The border adjustments was made on grounds of equality by performing land-swapping with Nepal gaining more land than it gave. After the treaty Nepal gained 302.75 square kilometer more land from China.

Development policy

Stamp introduced for promoting Back to the Village National Campaign

King Mahendra introduced five years government plans to plan and oversee development in the country. Seeing the importance of planning in better development, the king established the National Planning Commission in 2013 BS. The highway built by the king has greatly contributed to the all round socio-economic development of the country. He launched the Back to the Village National Campaign in 1967 which was one of his largest rural development efforts. He established Nepal Sports Council to oversee the development of the sports activities in the country. For the first time the industrial policy of 1957 formally recognized the responsibility of the government in "promoting, assisting and regulating" industrial development in the country and the First Plan intended to establish state monopolies in the fields of transportation, telecommunication, hydro-electric power generation and irrigation, and to run some big industries, such as cement, sugar, cigarettes, textiles, iron and steel He introduced Company Act for the first time in Nepal on 1964 to facilitate and manage the industrialization of the economy. Following the promulgation of Nepal Electricity Corporation Act 2019, Nepal Electricity Corporation (NEC) came into operation in 1962 which was the main authority for responsible for providing electricity to the citizens. The provision of planning for five years known as the five year plan started during his reign.

Economic reforms

Before 1956, Nepal did not have its own foreign currency reserve but rather maintained it in central bank of India. For getting the foreign currency amounts required to bear the expenses of Nepalese Embassies and treatment expenses of King, an application had to be submitted to the Reserve Bank of India. One of the problems that distressed Nepalese economy was the circulation of two types of currency, Nepalese and Indian simultaneously. Nepal had a dominant use of Indian rupee. Exchange rates between the Indian and Nepali currency were fixed by local traders. Between 2007 to 2011 B.S, Nepal's economic dependence on India was 95 percent. Seeing this , King Mahendra, established a central bank on 26 April 1956 in order to reduce dependence on India, replace Indian currency being circulated in the market and strengthen the countries' sovereignty by making Nepal independent in foreign currency exchange. Mahendra had managed to bring this dependency below 60 percent.

The responsibility of notes issuance was transferred from "Sadar Muluki khana" (Central Treasury) to the NRB. On 19 Feb. 1960, NRB released its first bank notes in the denomination of Mohru 1. The Nepal Rastra Bank Act, 1955 and Later, the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1963 and Nepal’s choice for a fixed exchange rate with Indian Currency along with supporting government policies contributed significantly in stabilizing confidence in both the domestic currency and in exchange rate among the local traders. Additionally, during this decade, the national policy of relations with foreign institution were implemented which created the foundation for membership with international organization such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) in 1961. Because of these policies, Nepal succeeded in the circulation of the new Nepalese rupee as the legal tender in Nepal's Terai region which was predominated by Indian currencies and facilitated for the elimination of the dual currency period in 1964 in the country and making Nepal independent in foreign currency exchange. Many financial institutions, such as Rastriya Banijya Bank, Rastriya Beema Sansthan, Nepal Co-operative Banks among others were gradually established to make the Nepalese economy more engaging and sustainable.

Industrialization of economy

In July 1959, Nepal Industrial Development Corporation started serving as an industrial finance organization to expand Nepalese industries and services, including hotels, and industrial estates. He also laid the foundation of the economy development by building physical infrastructure with the help of foreign aids. The foundation for the industrial estates (IEs) was laid with the establishment of Balaju Industrial Area in 1963 (2018 BS) with the technical and financial assistance from the United States of America (USA). Patan Industrial Area, Hetauda Industrial Area, Dharan Industrial Area, Birgunj Sugar Mill, Nepal Oil Corporation, Janakpur Cigarette Factory, Bansbari leather Shoe Factory, Himal Cement Industry and Balaju Textile Industries were all established during his time. Salt Trading Corporation was established in 1963 (2020 BS), with objective to make iodized table salt accessible to all citizens. Later, again to deal with the import and export for the purpose of rendering support to the economic development of the country Mahendra established National Trading Limited. On 12 March 1969, (Falgun 29, 2025 B.S) with the help of Chinese aid, Mahendra inaugurated Nepal's First Brick and Tile Factory in Harisiddhi which started its production two months later in Baishakh 17 2026 BS.

Similarly, he started the era of stocks and bonds by issuing the first Government Bond in 1964.

During the Cold War, Nepal tried to boost the economy by creating an environment of economic cooperation between the two neighbouring sides.

Contribution to Health

Prasuti Griha, the first maternity hospital of Nepal

The death of the first wife of King Mahendra due to birth complications led to the building of the kingdom's first maternity hospital, Paropakar Shree Panch Indra Rajya Lakshmi Maternity Hospital later renamed as Paropakar Maternity and Women's Hospital, commonly known as the Prasuti Griha, on the grounds of Charburja Durbar on 17 August 1959. Kanti Children's Hospital was established as a general hospital in 1963 with the economic aid from USSR and was later specialized mainly for children in 1968. In 1964, Royal Drugs laboratory was established to perform scientific research and analysis of drugs as well as development of new drugs. Also, Nepal Ausadhi Limited was established in 1972 with technical collaboration with United Kingdom. In the same year, Institute of Medicine (IOM) was established under Tribhuvan University with the purpose of producing and training all categories of medical manpower required for the nation which immediately initiated courses for Auxiliary Nurse Midwives and Community Medical Assistants. The first ayurvedic school, Rajakiya Ayurvedic Bidyalaya was also established in this year.

Malaria Eradication Project in the Terai region was launched for the first time in 1958 AD with the help of USAID. After it's success several other projects to control and prevent Smallpox, Tuberculosis and Leprosy was initiated in successive years. Programs to prevent Nutritional disorders, and Family Planning, maternal and child health issues were also launched in successive years.

Various health centers were established between 1955 to 1958 such as in Dailekh (1955), Ramnagar Bhutaha,sunsari (1956) and Chainpur, Sankhuwasabha (1957). Biratnagar Hospital, Dang Hospital and Baglung Hospital were also opened between 1955-1958. In 1958, government announced to build one health center in each 105 electoral constituency and announced to establish zonal hospitals in all 14 zones in 1961. Within this policy the numbers reached 32 for hospitals and 104 for health centers in the public sector In the year 1963.

Similarly in this period, hospitals funded by various NGO missions were established such as Scheer Memorial Hospital in banepa (1957), Pokhara Shining Hospital in Kaski (1957), Amp Pipal Hospital in Gorkha (1957), Okhaldhunga Hospital in Okhaldhunga (1963), Bulingtar Hospital in Nawalparasi (1962) and United Mission Hospital in Palpa(1954),Anandban Leprosy Hospital in patan (1963), Green Pasteur Hospital in kaski (1957) and Dadeldhura Leprosy Hospital in Dadeldhura.

Agriculture Development

To support animal husbandry and agriculture and to modernize the traditional agriculture Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS) was established in 1957 as an independent institute for the motive of training agriculture technicians which was later brought under Tribhuvan University's management. In 1964, to process sugar from sugar cane, Birgunj Sugar Mill was established with economic aid from the then Soviet Union in Parsa. Visioning better future prospects of the Tea industry in Nepal, in 1965 a Tea plantation Estate, Soktim Tea was set up in the plains of Jhapa District. Nepal Tea Development Corporation was established in 1966 by Government of Nepal to aid the development of Tea industry. Agriculture Supply Corporation , which was later split into Nepal Food Corporation, Krishi Samagri Company Ltd. and National Seed Company Ltd was established in 1965 to distribute high quality agricultural inputs such as seeds, and agro-chemicals at a price accessible to the farmers across the country. In order to provide credit to farmers and people of rural areas, financial institutions dedicated to agriculture development, Agricultural Development Bank was established in 1967 . This bank has also been executing Small Farmer Development Program (SFDP) for motive of poverty alleviation in rural areas. Agricultural Tools Factory was initially established in Birgunj in 1967 and later also in Biratnagar to produce required agricultural tools for the farmers in cheap cost within the country with the technical and economic aid of Soviet Union. Dhan Chamal Company was established to produce rice produced from the fields of newly extended agriculture region after the extinction of malaria in the Terai region. Eradication of Malaria in the Terai region and the land settlement programs contributed to a massive movement of population from the hills into the Terai, resulting in a large increase in the area devoted to agriculture.

In late 1950s, king Mahendra gave a direct order to make feasibility studies of agricultural development in various parts of the country. In the early 1960s, buckwheat and millet were the main agriculture products in Mustang, which were easy to produce but were extracting very little income since rice and wheat were the main products beyond its borders. The then government of Nepal invested in apple farming for the first time in several areas around the region like mustang and Baitadi, by setting up a regional agricultural outpost in 1966 which was later restructured as the Temperate Horticulture Development Center. Along with the horticulture expert Pasang Sherpa and help of the Nepali army, government tested different varieties of the fruit on various qualities parameters, while disseminating the most successful cultivated ones to local farmers. The technical and economic assistance provided to the farmers, as well as harvest and grooming tools and equipment promoted apples and agro products in Marpha, Jomsom and Thak Khola villages of Mustang and introduced this region as the apple farmland of the country. According to the Companies Act, "The Timber Corporation of Nepal Limited" (TCN), later restructured as Nepal Forest corporation, was established in 1960 to systematically collect and chop firewood produced by forest management and supply it to the general public.

Tourism development

He also focused on the development of tourism in Nepal. Apparently, he built many houses, rest houses, Taverns and water taps in this beautiful country. Under his reign, Nepal was first open to the foreign people laying the foundation of tourism in the nation. The first tourist group aside from the Foreign Diplomat and Bureaucrats arrived for the first time during his reign. In 1959 Nepal became the member of International union of Official travel organization, now known as World Tourism Organization. In the same year, a separate directorate for tourism was setup by the government and a general plan for organization of tourism of Nepal was prepared with cooperation with the Government of France. In 1960 the first handicraft exhibition was performed with the royal approval. In 1964, the King travelled to Rara Lake and penned his famous poem Rara Ki Apsara since he got mesmerized by beauty of Rara. His visit and the famous poem afterwards brought this lake to limelight and the reader of the poem started visiting the lake. The royal family established Soaltee hotel in 1965 and was inaugurated by King Mahendra in 1966. Similarly, Annapurna Hotel was also established in 1965 with cooperation with foreign diplomats and tourists by the royal family. The hotel tax act was first time devised in 1960 defining hotel, restaurants, casinos and bringing them under the jurisdiction of law. Also, the first professional trekking took place in 196o when Mahendra opened the Himalayas to tourists for trekking. The first tourism act was enacted in 1964 with the motive of increasing foreign tourist and the first Travel agency “Mountain Travel Nepal” was established immediately afterwards. With his initiation, Nepal association of Travel agents was established in 1966. In the same year, eight members of the hotels together established Hotel association of Nepal (HAN) which became the one of the main contributor to governmental decisions making regarding tourism. The first casino for the purpose of promoting tourist was established during his reign in 1968. The five year plan of 1965-1970 devised a plan to dedicate a commission for recognizing and promoting the tourism of the country. Under this plan, a high level Tourism development board was later established in 1969 After being member of the United Nations, King Mahendra invited the UN Secretary General U Thant to Nepal and involved him in the development of Lumbini as a Birthplace of Lord Buddha. .With this initiation, a 13 nation International Lumbini development Committee was established in New York to develop the Ancient Lumbini area. It was in his time the famous Hippie trail started in Nepal and Nepal's existence started being known to the outside world. The famous Mahendra Cave in Pokhara got his name after he officially inaugurated it and since then it is one of the most visited places in Pokhara. In 1972 a tourism master plan was created emphasizing public-private partnership model with the view of creating more jobs and more revenue to the government. Under this master plan, Hotel management and tourism training center (HMTTC) was established with the economic and technical assistance of ILO and UNDP with the motive to produce skilled workers inside the country in 1972 which was later renamed as Nepal Academy of Tourism and Hotel Management. Later the establishment of Royal Nepal Airlines and opening of Himalayan trek for the first time brought more influx of tourist.

Transportation development

Mahendra Highway in Itahari

Earlier, Nepalis were compelled to travel via Indian territory while visiting from one district to another district. King Mahendra ended this situation by constructing a highway with foreign assistance. King Mahendra had initially requested India to build this highway. However, when India refused, they sought the help of the Soviet Union. India was also attracted after the road from Dhalkebar to Pathalaiya was built by Soviet Union, the Mechi section from Dhalkebar (Jhapa to Janakpur) was constructed by India, while the Hetauda-Narayanghat section was constructed by the Asian Development Bank, the Narayanghat -Butwal section by the United Kingdom and the Butwal-Kohalpur section by India. In 1961, King Mahendra laid the foundation stone for the construction of the Mahendra Highway (also called East-West Highway) at Gaindakot. The highway has greatly contributed to the all round socio-economic development of the country. In his efforts to diversify Nepal’s connectivity beyond India, he created Kodari road link with China’s Tibet Araniko Highway . India was furious when China said it would build the Kodari Highway. The highway construction was started in June 1963 and completed with Chinese aid in April 1967 (2024 B.S.) Again, with the aid of Indian government, Tribhuvan Rajpath from Hetauda to Thankot was built. This Rajpath was famously known as "By road" when lots of Indians using this road to travel to Kathmandu. Similarly, another major Highway, the Prithvi Highway was also built under King Mahendra’s plan in 1967 (2024 BS). This highway connects Naubise near Kathmandu to Prithvi Chowk, Pokhara. Kanti Highway, a 92 Kilometer feeder road connecting Lalitpur to Hetauda was started in 1954 by King Mahendra. In 1964, with the help of USAID, Kathmandu-Hetauda ropeway was started to reduce the cost of goods transportation from India.

On 15 June 1955, Tribhuvan International Airport was inaugurated by Mahendra and later named in memory of his father. In 1957 , depart of aviation was established and it started its first scheduled service in 1958.However, there were no any airports inside the country other than Tribhuvan International Airport and to remain sustained it required various airports to be built. This led to the policy of building airports inside the country. Under this policy, Bhairahawa Airport later renamed as Gautam Buddha Airport, Biratnagar Airport, Bharatpur Airport and Dhangadhi Airport,Pokhara Airport, Simara Airport was established in 1958. In 1959 Rajbiraj Airport was officially inaugurated. In the same year His Majesty's Government started Royal Nepal Airlines Cooperation (RNAC) as a public undertaking. However it was only in 1963(2019 B.S), when King Mahendra enacted Nepal Airlines Corporation Act, Royal Nepal Airlines was effectively established. Funds were temporarily transferred from development of suspension bridge to establishment of the airline when the Soviets promised to help with the civil aviation after the King's state visit to the Soviet Union. Under his leadership, Nepal became the member of ICAO in 1960. Janakpur Airport and Palungtar Airport was established in 1960 and Nepalgunj Airport and Meghauli Airport in the Chitwan District was established next year in 1961. Bhadrapur Airport was established in 1963, Surkhet Airport in 1966, Syangboche Airport at Solukhumbu was established in 1971 and Rumjatar Airport and Tumlingtar Airport established in 1972. After, the establishment of country own airlines, air service agreement was needed for which first air service agreement was made in 1963. Mahendra also established Sajha Bus Yatayat in order to provide cheap and accessible transport to the local people in 1961.

Buildings and structures

Old Narayanhiti Palace ca 1920, demolished in 1958

He built the modern Narayanhiti Palace after the demolition of the old palace from the old Rana architecture . King Mahendra also built Ratna Mandir, the Lakeside palace for Queen Ratna in 1956.Nepal's first golf course, the Royal Nepal Golf Club (RNGC) at Tilganga, Kathmandu, was inaugurated on 2022 BS. by him. He is also given credit for the construction of Dasrath Stadium in Kathmandu. Diyalo Bangla, a palace for the former royal family was constructed in Bharatpur, Chitwan to allow former royal family members to relax and hunt wild animals during their visit.

The Koshi River Barrage, a product of multiple ideas to control monsoon floods was constructed during his reign between 1959 and 1963 with the motive of irrigation of agricultural fields, flood control and generation of hydroelectricity. In 1959, king Mahendra and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru jointly inaugurated and laid foundation of Koshi Barrage. Koshi Barrage was believed to be biggest water project of south Asia at the time of its construction.

A similar dam, the Gandaki river dam was built between the period of 1959 to 1964 on the border between India and Nepal at Gandak for the purpose of flood control, irrigation and hydropower generation. In 1956 (2013 BS), the first 1728 KW diesel plant of the country was established for the coronation of king Mahendra which opened the door for supply of electricity to the public and made it more accessible. Hydro Power generated at Trishuli Hydropower Station, Sunkoshi Hydro Power Project, Panauti Hydro Power, Kulekhani Hydro Power are some of the few power projects built during King Mahendra’s rule. He is also credited for the vision of Kathmandu water project also known as Melamchi Water Supply Project though his early demise could not bring the plan into implementation. The first bridge connecting Nepal with China was also built during his reign in 1964.

Educational reforms

IOE, Central Campus, Pulchowk

At the beginning of king's reign the literacy rate of the country was estimated to be 5 percent and it reached 10 percent in 1960 while it reached 18 percent in 1971. After the 1960 coup, efforts were made to establish an education system. Nepal 's 1965's education plan and 1971's education plan hastened the educational development in the country. The All Round National Education Committee was established in 1961, and the National Education Advisory Board in 1968 in order to implement and refine the education system. In the year 1971 (2028 BS), it was King Mahendra who formulated the education policy of the nation and implemented it by making the Education Act. In this year, Nepal’s own education came into operation as an integral part of the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1970-75) designed to address individual as well as societal needs towards the goals of national development. This new education system boycotted foreign books and education system. Furthermore, he wrote books named Mahendra Malla for schools to give priority to Nepal and Nepali language and boycotted Indian Books. The introduction of the first University of the country, Tribhuvan University was the landmark contributions made by King Mahendra in reforming education sector. At that time King Mahendra's family raised 16 lakh rupees by selling gold jewelries in order to fund the project. He later modernized Tribhuvan University, creating conditions for higher education in Nepal, and displaced Indian books from the curriculum. In addition to that, one of the famous public school, Ratna Rajya Campus was established during his reign. He also started production of books in Nepal with the introduction of Jana Shiksha Samagri Kendra Limited. King Mahendra's diplomacy also made arrangements to send Nepali students to study in Russia on scholarships.

In order to produce skilled workers inside the country, Pulchowk Engineering Campus was established in 1966 with assistance from Government of India and Thapathali Engineering Campus was established in 1967 with technical assistance of Germany. Later in 1972, these two institutes were brought under the umbrella of Tribhuvan university to constitute the Institute of Engineering. These two engineering institution are still regarded as one of the best engineering institution in the county.

Information and Communication development

The telephone service in the country was initially, exclusively aimed for use in the Palaces of feudal Rana rulers. However, since the day of coronation of King Mahendra, the first distribution of telephone line was made available to the general public. Beginning in 1959, with support from USAID, Nepal developed 1,000 telephone lines in the capital. It also established its first public exchange in 1962 and converted its manual exchange into the country's first automatic telephone exchange within 1964. In 1961 (2018 BS) Rastriya Samachar Samiti commonly abbreviated as RSS, was established under the Rastriya Samachar Samiti Act, 2019 B.S, with a view to facilitate news for newspapers and broadcasting media. It is still one of the major source of news and photos in the nation. Understanding the value of newspaper in spreading knowledge and information, he modernized Gorkhapatra and converted it from weekly newspaper it to a daily newspaper in 1961. Similarly, to address the English language influence and increment of foreign tourists, The Rising Nepal was established on 16 December 1965 (1 Poush 2022 BS) by the then Panchayat Government. In 1971, Nepal received its first telex service. He increased tower infrastructures so that Radio Nepal could reach all corners of the country.

Political reforms

Former political division of Nepal: 14 zones and 75 districts

After the 1962 war between China and India, Chinese troops occupied mountain areas east and west of Nepal in an attempt to resolve border disputes with India by simply occupying disputed territories. The reversal, Indian armed force were deployed in the country's norther border. and Indian diplomats were involved in the ministry as well as every decisions made by the Nepalese Government. King Mahendra played an important role to oust the Indian armed force from Nepali territory. .Moreover there were multiple representatives from India claiming that Nepal cannot handle its foreign policy and defense policy on its own. King Mahendra removed all the Indian representatives and politicians from the ministry and only kept Nepalese representatives. He was the first king to introduce constitution as the fundamental law in the country. King Mahendra incorporated the phrase ‘Hindu Kingdom’ in the newly introduced constitution. He scientifically divided Nepal into 14 administrative zones with 75 districts in it. In order to perform proper administration and to secure decentralization of power to every zone, each zones were appointed a zonal commissioners. This was the first decentralization of power in history of Nepal. There were more than 4000 villages and 35 municipalities. Every village was divided into nine wards and every municipalities were divided between 9-35 wards as per the size of the town. During his rule an extensive legal and judicial reforms were carried out. In order to provide good governance and social justice to people he nullified Royal courts and introduced local courts in 1961 through introduction of two new acts Petty States and Rulers Act and royal court nullification act (Nepali: राज्य रजौटा ऐन, २०१७ र राज्य अदालत उन्मूलन ऐन, २०१७) and introduced Supreme court in Nepal on 21 May 1956. Even though royalty act removed many smaller kings, it still recognized 17 small kings including that of Salyan, Bajhang, Jajarkot, Mustang, Bhirkot, Malneta and Darna. King Mahendra publicly declared his will for rule of law in the nation. The Legal Practitioners Act, in 1968 was introduced to institutionalize this willingness of a systematic rule. He introduced the separation of power within the state by dividing legislative power to the Rastriya Panchayat , executive power to the Council of ministers and judicial power to the Supreme Court. The Commissions of Inquiry Act introduced in 1969 opened the legal means through which government could appoint various investigative committees for the purpose of making inquiries into matters of national importance He also established the Office of the Auditor General in Nepal by appointing the first auditor general in 1963 according to the Nepalese constitution of 1958. Section 77 and Section 78 of Part 13 of 1962 constitution provided a provision for establishment of Public Service Commission to employ and train government officials in the country. Section 78 (a b c) of Part 13 (a) of the same constitution made the arrangement of the Election Commission which later became the sole authority to regulate and conduct elections in the country.

Social reforms

In 17 August 1963 a new legal code was promulgated replacing the Muluki Ain of 1854 with the new Muluki ain. The Muluki Ain (people’s code) and made attempt to break untouchables, caste discrimination and policy of gender-discrimination. He then introduced the Nepal Civil Service Act to develop employee skills, ending the long era of the Panjani practice. Nepal Public Commission was established under this act for reforming and developing the civil service. In 2012 B.S, with the enactment of the Police Act, there were attempts to boost the morale of the army. National Police Academy was established under this act. In 1963,a Central Police Training Centre was established to train and reform the police. Rajya reform abolished special privileges of some aristocratic elites in western Nepal. The new panchayat system managed to bring 50,000 to 60,000 people into a single system of representative government in a way that had been rendered impossible for the elite-based political parties. Nepal was able to carry out its second plan (1962–65) and third plan (1965-70), and to begin the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1970–75). The electricity produced in the country at the beginning was exclusively aimed for use in the Palaces of feudal rulers. However, since the day of coronation of King Mahendra, electricity became more open and accessible to the public. He was also the first ruler to bring high class brahmin rulers under the equal rule of punishment.

Promotion of Art, History and culture

National Dance Academy

In order to preserve the local traditions, religion and culture, way of life, festivals and languages, he had established the Royal Nepal Academy (Nepali:- नेपाल राजकीय प्रज्ञा प्रतिष्ठान) and National Dance Academy(Nepali:- राष्ट्रिय नाचघर) and other institutions. Royal Nepal Academy later renamed as Nepal Academy started translating foreign literature to Nepali language giving access to the people for foreign literature. In his leadership National Numismatic Museum was established in 1962 to preserve the national history and culture. King Mahendra was a great lover of Art. To promote the art and the artist in the nation, he conceived a Public-Private partnership organization and established Nepal Art Council in 1962. In 1961 Nepal Association of fine arts later known as Nepal Academy of Fine Arts (Nepali:नेपाल ललित कला प्रज्ञा प्रतिष्ठान ) was established .This along with Srijana Fine Arts School were some prominent established made to promote contemporary art in the nation. In 1962,Nepal Sahitya Sansthan was established to stimulate public's interest in art and culture through literature. In 1965, panchayat Government initiated a program where actors and directors were sent to India for special training. Later, Mahendra Pragya puraskar was introduced which awarded to contributors of Nepali language, arts and culture every two years. King Mahendra as a chancellor of Nepal academy started the tradition of All Nepal poetry competition on his birthday where winners are awarded with cash prizes. Kaiser Library was established in 1969 A.D. when the ownership of Kaiser Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana's history and books collection came under the ownership of the government. King Mahendra made this property accessible to the public with the donated personal collection by his widow Krishna Chandra Kumari Devi. Furthermore, In 1961, under the instruction of King Mahendra, His Majesty’s Government established Ratna Recording Sansthan to facilitate Nepali artists who otherwise were travelling to Calcutta for recording songs. This corporation paired with Radio Nepal to increase the reach of produced records of Nepali national music. In 1966, on the personal request of King Mahendra, the first private bannered Film, Maitighar was produced in the country. It is said that King Mahendra wrote few songs for the movie and also provided certain funds to make this Nepali film.

Land reforms

In 1959, The Birta Abolition Act was enacted which gave poor people and farmers ownership to the land they were historically working on. Birta land was then converted into Raikar through this act. The Agricultural Reorganization Act, passed in 1963 emphasized security for tenant farmers and put a ceiling on landholdings. Likewise, land reform act 1964 ended the feudal land ownership practice and secured the right of farmers. This land reform policy led to the confiscation of large Rana estates and provided land to many landless people. Similarly, the Land Survey and Measurement Act was introduced in 1962. It classified land as Abal, Doyam, Sim, and Chahar. This act effectively established a Land Administration Office (Nepali:भूमि प्रशासन कार्यालय). In the meantime, the Land Administration Act, 1966 was promulgated which further reformed the land administration office changing it into Land Revenue office(Nepali: मालपोत कार्यालय). Moreover, He had provided accommodation to ex- soldiers who knew how to wield weapons and Nepalis who were expelled from Burma and set up settlements of Nepalis in the Terai from Jhapa to Kanchanpur so that the Indians would not oppress them. He also provided passport to the people of Manang region and waived custom duty for them so that the people of the region could use their lands to grow herbs and trade in the near by regions. Eradication of Malaria and the land settlement programs contributed to a massive movement of population from the hills into the Terai, resulting in a large increase in the area devoted to agriculture.

Criticism

Killer of Democracy

The main allegation against King Mahendra is that he dissolved the Nepali Congress government and parliament. Democrats accuse him as ‘the murderer of democracy’ as he jailed people who fought for democracy and moved steadily towards authoritarian rule. When asked about this once he replied" I will give my people a strong nation in exchange for democracy. Our main enemy is poverty," King Mahendra made it increasingly clear that he would not accept a multi-party democracy since parties were anti national elements due to their tendency to quarrel frequently. Moreover he criticized and objected King Tribhuvan move to accept democracy and arrangement for a constituent assembly. He said, "The constitution is given by the king. It is not supposed to be made by the people "(translated from Nepali).

Authoritarian Regime

Some critics claim that King Mahendra stole all the development plan of B.P Koirala and establishment himself as a development loving king. They also see his one country one language policy as the height of his absolute abuse of his authority. King Mahendra had views that, a king should take all the rights in his hands, a king should give only the rights that he does not want to take to the people. On the other hand, the pro democrats accepted King's step as a desire to be more powerful to fulfill his wishes. Moreover, people claim that his introduction of reformed Muluki ain was not to bring equality in the society but rather to give death sentence to a brahmin rebellion who tried to assassinate him.

One language, One policy

Mahendra defined nationalism as One Language, One Policy (Nepali:एक देश,एक नरेश, एक भाषा, एक भेष ).The system equated nationalism with the Nepali language, Daura-Suruwal and Hindu religion. Everyone was required to wear a Dhaka topi for official purposes: to acquire their citizenship, passport, and driving license. This was criticized to be one sided as it dominated a country with pluralism and completely ignored the existence of the many peoples within the country. In fact, these narratives were disseminated in the Nepali language textbooks titled as Mahendramala during the panchayat era.

Establishment of institution for the rich

Republicans criticize Mahendra for establishing institution for the good of the rich and being the patron saint of the feudal lords and landlords of the country. Ganesh Man Singh once criticized the panchayat government while establishing Nepal Rastra Bank: "The Central Bank, opened for the benefit of landlords and right-wing traders, does not benefit the poor."(translated from Nepali) Some people even argue that the 1960 coup happened because the then BP Koirala government could not keep the feudal lords happy.

Memorial Construction

Ratna Park entrance

Mahendra was criticized for constructing various memorial in respect of her queen and other family member. However, this trend has been followed even till modern times by modern democratic politicians. Ratna Park a prime example was named after King Mahendra's wife Rani Ratna. According to the plan of the then Rani Ratna Rajyalakshmi, King Mahendra had a park prepared for the children. The king was criticized for naming the park after the planner Ratna and erecting a statue of the queen . It is located in the central part of Kathmandu between Rani Pokhari and Tundikhel. The statue of Ratna Rajyalakshmi in the middle of the park was vandalized by the republic protestors in 2062 BS. The Kathmandu Metropolitan City changed the name of the park to Shankdhar Udyan in 2077 BS. After his marriage to Queen Indra and eventually her death, King Mahendra built a memorial house in the forest of Gokarna in memory of Princess Indra. He used to call it Haven of peace. Similarly, naming various development projects like Prithvi highway, Mahendra highway, Kanti highway, Tribhuvan airport etc. after their family members was seen as his attempt to increase the faithfulness of the citizens towards the royal family.

Second marriage

After the death of his first wife Indra Rajya in 2006, the then Prince Mahendra was in a love affair with sister in law, Ratna, but King Tribhuvan was planning to prevent his son from marrying Rana's daughter Ratna under any circumstances. Prince Mahendra did not like the pressure of his father to marry the girl of his choice. King Tribhuvan, on the other hand, was not in favor of expanding relations with the Rana family, even more so with Shamsher's Clan. King Tribhuvan was outraged by the insult inflicted on him by Juddha Shamsher, but the dispute had been going on for a long time. He married Ratna Rajyalakshmi on 25 January 2009. This created bad relations between him and his father. Some people criticize him for not obeying his father and then king of Nepal. Moreover, some people also criticize him for pre-marriage sterilization of her wife and snatching the right of her wife to be a mother.

Hobbies

Mahendra went in for various activities like noblemen of his era and subsequent eras. MBB Shah (Nepali: म. वी. वि. शाह) is the literary name of King Mahendra. MBB Shah is a more passionate poet of the Romantic section of Nepali poetry. King Mahendra wrote various songs and poems. He is also called the first lyricist of Nepal by some sources. He penned Lolayeka Tee, Gajalu Tee Thula Thula Aakha, Garchin Pukar Aaama, Aakashma Tirmire, Kina Kina Timro Tasbir, ma mare pani mero desh bachi rahos, Rara ki Apsara etc. which were later sung by Gulam Ali and Lata Mangeshkar. He was also fond of hunting and would regularly go to hunting with her queen to different places.

Offspring

Nepal Academy's founding Chancellor poet म. वी. वि. शाह's half bodied statue

Name	Birth	Death	Spouse	Children
Princess Shanti	20 November 1940	1 June 2001 (aged 60)	Deepak Jang Bahadur Singh	Binod Singh Pramod Singh Chhaya Devi
Princess Sharada	2 February 1942	1 June 2001 (aged 59)	Khadga Bikram Shah	Bikash Bikram Shah Deebas Bikram Shah Ashish Bikram Shah
King Birendra	29 December 1945	1 June 2001 (aged 55)	Queen Aishwarya	King Dipendra Princess Shruti Prince Nirajan
King Gyanendra	7 July 1947	Living (age 74)	Queen Komal	Crown prince Paras Princess Prerana
Princess Shova	17 January 1949	Living (age 73)	Mohan Bahadur Shahi	None
Prince Dhirendra	14 January 1950	1 June 2001 (aged 51)	Princess Prekshya Jaya Shah Pandey Shirley Greaney	Princess Puja Princess Dilasha Princess Sitashma Shreya Shah Ushaana Laela Shah

Other than his 6 children, King Mahendra also had a son from one of his concubine Gita Gurung, who was born before any other child from his legal marriage. Gita worked in the royal palace as a servant when Mahendra was a prince.

Memorial

Many structures, institutions, locations and honors have been built and introduced in the memory of King Mahendra. Monuments erected in his name were renamed after the restoration of the parliament in 2063 BS and the end of the monarchy in 2065 BS. After the political changes of 2063 BS, an attempt was made to rename the highway built in the name of the king as Lok Marg. Even though the Ratna Park named after his queen was renamed as Shankhadhar Sakhwa Park, Ratna Park is still popular among the people.

Mahendra statue (Durbar Marg)

Rara lake also known as Mahendra Daha

1. Mahendra Highway
2. Mahendra Mala Book
3. Mahendra statue, Durbar Marg (Kathmandu)
4. Mahendra statue, Attariya (Kailali)
5. Mahendra statue, Hanuman Dhoka, (Kathmandu)
6. Mahendra statue, Humde (Manang)
7. Mahendra statue, Bhraga (Manang)
8. Mahendra statue as M.B.B shah (Nepal Academy)
9. Mahendra statue, Mahendra Park(Chandragadhi)
10. Mahendra Park, Chandragadhi, (Jhapa)
11. Mahendra Police Club
12. King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation
13. Mahendra Adarsha Vidhyashram College, Lalitpur
14. Mahendra Ratna Campus, Kathmandu
15. Mahendra Ratna Multiple Campus, Illam
16. Mahendra Multiple Campus, Nepalgunj
17. Mahendra Multiple Campus, Dharan
18. Mahendra Morang Adarsh Multiple Campus
19. Mahendra Sanskrit University
20. Mahendra Cave, Pokhara
21. Mahendra Daha
22. Mahendra Chowk, Biratnagar
23. Mahendra Bus Park, Chitwan
24. Mahendra Adarsha Village Development Committee
25. Mahendranagar Municipality, Sunsari
26. Mahendranagar town, Dhanusha
27. Mahendranagar, Mahakali
28. Shree 5 Mahendra Memorial Eye Hospital
29. Mahendra Museum
30. Mahendranagar Bazaar, Bhimdatta
31. Mahendranagar Airport, Mahendranagar
32. Mahendra Airport, Nepalgunj
33. Mahendra Mala Manapadvi
34. Mahendra Pragya Puraskar
35. Mahendra Manzil, Narayanhiti Palace
36. Mahendra Gold Cup

Death and succession

Mahendra suffered a massive second heart attack whilst on a winter hunting trip in Chitwan where he was attended to by his trusted Physicians Dr Mrigendra Raj Pandey and Dr Sachey Kumar Pahari. King Mahendra was in a stable but critical condition and eventually breathed his last at Diyalo Bangala, the royal palace in Bharatpur on 31 January 1972. The King's body was subsequently flown to Kathmandu by helicopter in preparation for the State Funeral.

His son Birendra ascended the Nepalese throne on 31st January 1972 immediately after his father's death at the age of 27. However, his coronation took place only on 24 February 1975 at the age of 29 due to Hindu ritual for a auspicious date and the astrologers had claimed only that time to be auspicious.

Honors

British Field Marshal

King Mahendra was appointed as a British Field Marshal in 1962.

King Mahendra and Queen's visit to US

Main article: Mahendra's state visit to the USA

King Mahendra and Queen Ratna visited the US in 1960 and 1967. In 1960 they were greeted by President Dwight D. Eisenhower and in 1967 they were greeted by President Lyndon B Johnson and Mrs. Johnson in Washington DC in 1967. The royal couple of Nepal was greeted with the 'guard of honor'.

Other honours were as follows

National

• Sovereign of the Order of Nepal Pratap Bhaskara
• Sovereign of the Order of Ojaswi Rajanya
• Sovereign of the Order of Nepal Taradisha
• Sovereign of the Order of Tri Shakti Patta
• Sovereign of the Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu
• Mahendra Mala Manapadvi (26 February 1961)
• Commemorative Silver Jubilee Medal of King Tribhuvan (11 December 1936)

Foreign

• Iran: Grand Collar of the Order of Pahlavi, 3 July 1960
• Iran: Commemorative Medal of the 2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire, 14 October 1971.
• Japan: Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 19 April 1960
• Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint James of the Sword, 13 July 1960
• France: Grand Cross of the Order of Legion of Honour, 24 February 1956
• Finland: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose, 1958
• Belgium: Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II, 1964
• Germany: Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, 1964
• Kingdom of Laos: Collar of the Order of the Million Elephants and the White Parasol, 1970
• Netherlands Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion, 25 April 1967.
• United Kingdom: Royal Victorian Chain, 26 February 1961
• Philippines: Collar of the Order of Sikatuna, Rank of Raja, April 22, 1971.

Ancestry

Ancestors of Mahendra of Nepal

16. King Surendra Bikram Shah of Nepal 8. Trailokya, Crown Prince of Nepal 17. Trailokya Rajya Lakshmi Devi 4. King Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah Dev of Nepal 18. Jang Bahadur Kunwar Ranaji, 1st Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski 9. Lalit Rajeshwori Rajya Lakshmi Devi 19. Hiranyagarbha Kumari Devi 2. King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah Dev of Nepal 5. Divyeshwari Rajya Lakshmi Devi 1. King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev 6. Arjan Singh Sahib, Raja of Chhatara, Barhgaon and Oudh 3. Kanti Rajya Lakshmi Devi 7. Krishnavati Devi Sahiba

Notes

• ^1 Possibly no heir for the time period of 1911 through 1920. Previous Crown Prince: Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah, from 1906 to 1911.

External links

• Media related to Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev at Wikimedia Commons