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Russian Black Sea Fleet
Template:Lang-ru
Chernomorsky flot
Great emblem of the Black Sea fleet
ActiveMay 13, 1783 – present
Allegiance
Branch Russian Navy
RoleNaval warfare;
Amphibious military operations;
Combat patrols in the Black Sea;
Naval presence/diplomacy missions in the Mediterranean and elsewhere
Size25,000 (including marines)[1]
c. 39-41 surface warships (surface combatants, amphibious, mine warfare) plus support and auxiliaries
7 submarines (of which 2 in the Mediterranean as of March 2022)[2][3]
Part of Russian Armed Forces
Garrison/HQSevastopol (HQ), Feodosia (Crimea)
Novorossiysk, Tuapse, Temryuk (Krasnodar Krai)
Taganrog (Rostov Oblast)
AnniversariesMay 13
EngagementsBattle of Kerch Strait
Crimean War
Russo-Japanese War
World War I
Russian Civil War
World War II
Yom Kippur War
Russo-Georgian War
Russo-Ukrainian War
2014 annexation of Crimea
Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Commanders
Current
commander		Adm. Igor Osipov
Notable
commanders		Grigory Potemkin
Adm. Fyodor Ushakov
Adm. Alexander Menshikov
Adm. Yevgeni Alekseyev
Adm. Alexander Kolchak
Adm. Ivan Yumashev
Adm. Filipp Oktyabrskiy
Adm. Lev Vladimirsky
Fleet Adm. Sergey Gorshkov
Fleet Adm. Vladimir Kasatonov
Adm. Vladimir Masorin
Navies of Russia

The Black Sea Fleet (Template:Lang-ru, Chernomorsky flot) is the fleet of the Russian Navy in the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Mediterranean Sea. The Black Sea Fleet, and other Russian ground and air forces in occupied Crimea, are subordinate to the Southern Military District of the Russian Armed Forces.

The fleet traces its history to its founding by Prince Potemkin on May 13, 1783. The Russian SFSR inherited the fleet in 1918; with the founding of the Soviet Union in 1922, it became part of the Soviet Navy. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Black Sea Fleet was partitioned with Ukraine and the Russian Federation receiving title to most of the fleet and its vessels in 1997.

The Black Sea Fleet has its official primary headquarters and facilities in the Russian-occupied city of Sevastopol in Crimea, a de jure territory of Ukraine. The remainder of the fleet's facilities are based in various locations on the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, including Krasnodar Krai, Rostov Oblast and Crimea. The current commander, Admiral Igor Vladimirovich Osipov, has held his position since May 2019.

History

Map of the Black Sea and surrounding region
The Black Sea

Imperial Russian Navy

Russian fleet under the command of Admiral Fyodor Ushakov, sailing through the Bosphorus
Ivan Aivazovsky. Black Sea Fleet in the Bay of Theodosia, Crimea, just before the Crimean War
The Russian Black Sea Fleet after the battle of Sinope, 1853

The Black Sea Fleet is considered to have been founded by Prince Potemkin on May 13, 1783, together with its principal base, the city of Sevastopol. Formerly commanded by such legendary admirals as Dmitry Senyavin and Pavel Nakhimov, it is a fleet of enormous historical and political importance for Russia. During the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792 Russian control over Crimea was confirmed and Russian naval forces under the command of Admiral Fyodor Ushakov defeated the Turkish fleet at the Battle of Kerch Strait in 1790, preventing the Turks from landing a force in Crimea.[4]

During the French Revolutionary Wars, the Black Sea Fleet was initially deployed under the command of Admiral Ushakov, in conjunction with the Turks, against French forces during the Siege of Corfu. The victory led to the establishment of the Septinsular Republic with the island of Corfu then serving as a base for Russian naval units in the Mediterranean operating against the French.

Turkey, encouraged by the French, went to war with Russia in the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-1812. The Russian fleet (deploying from the Baltic, but joining some vessels of the Black Sea Fleet already in the Mediterranean prior to the outbreak of war)[5] under the command of Admiral Dmitry Senyavin played an instrumental role in this conflict securing victories at both the Battle of the Dardanelles (1807) and the Battle of Athos.

After the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars, the Russians, together with the British and French, intervened in the Greek War of Independence defeating the Turkish fleet at the Battle of Navarino in 1827 and helping to secure Greek independence (though once again, the Russian fleet was compelled to deploy from the Baltic). Turkish closure of the Dardanelles Straits then sparked a renewed Russo-Turkish conflict from 1828 to 1829 which led to the Russians gaining further territory along the eastern Black Sea.

The restriction imposed on the Black Sea Fleet by Turkish control of the Straits was influential in motivating Russia from time-to-time to attempt to secure control of the passage, which became a recurrent theme in Russian policy. From 1841 onward the Russian fleet was formally confined to the Black Sea by the London Straits Convention.[6]

However, within the Black Sea itself, the Turks found themselves at a naval disadvantage in relation to the Russian Black Sea Fleet. In 1853, the Black Sea Fleet destroyed Turkish naval forces at the Battle of Sinop after the Turks had declared war on Russia. Nevertheless, during the ensuing Crimean War, the Russians were placed on the defensive and the allies were able to land their forces in Crimea and, ultimately, capture Sevastopol.[6]

As a result of the Crimean War, one provision of the 1856 Treaty of Paris was that the Black Sea was to be a demilitarized zone similar to the Island of Åland in the Baltic Sea. This hampered the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 and in the aftermath of that conflict, Russia moved to reconstitute its naval strength and fortifications in the Black Sea.[7]

The Black Sea Fleet would play an instrumental political role in the 1905 Russian Revolution with the crew of the battleship Potemkin revolting in 1905 soon after the Navy's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War. The revolt acquired a symbolic character in the lead up to the Russian Revolutions of 1917 and after, as portrayed in the 1925 film by Sergei Eisenstein, Battleship Potemkin. Lenin wrote that the Potemkin uprising had had a huge importance in terms of being the first attempt at creating the nucleus of a revolutionary army.[citation needed]

World War I and Russian Civil War

During World War I, there were a number of encounters between the Russian and Ottoman navies in the Black Sea. The Ottomans initially had the advantage due to having under their command the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben, but after the two modern Russian dreadnoughts Imperatritsa Mariya and Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya had been built in Mykolaiv, the Russians took command of the sea until the Russian government collapsed in November 1917. German submarines of the Constantinople Flotilla and Turkish light forces would continue to raid and harass Russian shipping until the war's end.

In 1918, some elements of the fleet were interned by the Central Powers as a result of their advance into South Russia. In the April Crimea operation, the goal of both Ukrainians and Germans was to get control over the Black Sea Fleet, anchored in Sevastopol. Former Chief of Staff Mikhail Sablin raised the colours of the Ukrainian National Republic on 29 April 1918,[8] and moved a portion of the Ukrainian fleet (two battleships and fourteen destroyers) to Novorossiysk in order to save it from capture by the Germans.

The Russian Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol, c. 1916

He was ordered to scuttle his ships by Lenin but refused to do so. Most ships returned to Sevastopol, where they first came under German control. In November 1918 they came under Allied control who later gave the ships to Wrangel's fleet of the Whites.

In 1919, following the collapse of the Central Powers' occupation in Western Russia, the Red Fleet of Ukraine was established out of certain remnants of the Russian Imperial Fleet. However, subsequently these elements were either scuttled or captured by the Western Allies. During the ensuing Russian Civil War, the chaotic political and strategic situation in southern Russia permitted the intervening Western allies to occupy Odessa, Sevastopol and other centres with relative ease.

Most of the ships of the Black Sea Fleet became part of the "Russian Squadron" of Wrangel's armed forces. Following the defeat of anti-Bolshevik forces and the evacuation of Crimea by White forces, the fleet itself sailed to Tunisia. Out of those ships, some passed to the French Navy while others were sold as scrap.

Soviet Navy

With the defeat of the anti-Bolshevik Armed Forces of South Russia, the Soviet government took control of all naval elements. The few ships that remained in the Black Sea were scrapped in the 1920s and a large scale new construction programme began in the 1930s. Over 500 new ships were built[citation needed] during that period and a massive expansion of coastal infrastructure took place. The Black Sea Fleet was commanded by Vice Admiral F.S. Oktyabrskiy on the outbreak of war with Germany in June 1941.

World War II

Main articles: Soviet Navy surface raids on Western Black Sea, Black Sea Campaigns (1941–44), Soviet Black Sea Fleet during the Battle of Stalingrad, and Romanian Navy during World War II

During World War II despite the scale of the German/Axis advance in southern Russia, and the capture of Crimea by Axis forces in mid-1942, the Fleet, though badly mauled, gave a credible account of itself as it fought alongside the Red Army during the Siege of Odessa and the Battle of Sevastopol.[9]

Soviet hospital ship Armenia was sunk on 7 November 1941 by German aircraft while evacuating civilians and wounded soldiers from Crimea. It has been estimated that approximately 5,000 to 7,000 people were killed during the sinking, making it one of the deadliest maritime disasters in history. There were only 8 survivors.[10]

Cold War

With the end of World War II, the Soviet Union effectively dominated the Black Sea region. The Soviet Union controlled the entire north and east of the Black Sea while pro-Soviet regimes were installed in Romania and Bulgaria. As members of the Warsaw Pact, the Romanian and Bulgarian navies supplemented the strength of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet.[11] Only Turkey remained outside the Soviet Black Sea security regime and the Soviets initially pressed for joint control of the Bosporus Straits with Turkey; a position which Turkey rejected.[12]

In 1952, Turkey decided to join NATO, placing the Bosporus Straits in the Western sphere of influence. Nevertheless, the terms of the Montreux Convention limited NATO's options with respect to directly reinforcing Turkey's position in the Black Sea. The Soviets, in turn, had some of their naval options in the Mediterranean restricted by the Montreux Convention limitations.[13]

In the later post-war period, along with the Northern Fleet, the Black Sea Fleet provided ships for the 5th Operational Squadron in the Mediterranean, which confronted the United States Navy during the Arab-Israeli wars, notably during the Yom Kippur War in 1973.[14]

Monument to Heroes of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet Squadron 1941–1944 in Sevastopol, featuring the list of 28 military ships that distinguished themselves in battles with Nazi invaders

In 1988 Coastal Troops and Naval Aviation units of the Black Sea Fleet included:[15]

  • Danube Flotilla:
    • 116th River Ship Brigade (Izmail, Odessa Oblast)
  • 112th Reconnaissance Ship Brigade (Lake Donuzlav (Mirnyy), Crimean Oblast)
  • 37th Rescue Ship Brigade (Sevastopol, Crimean Oblast)
  • Marine and Coastal Defense Forces Department
    • 810th Marine Brigade (Sevastopol, Crimean Oblast)
    • 362nd independent Coastal Missile Regiment (Balaklava, Crimean Oblast)
    • 138th independent Coastal Missile Regiment (Chernomorsk, Crimean Oblast)
    • 417th independent Coastal Missile Regiment (Sevastopol, Crimean Oblast)
    • 51st independent Coastal Missile Regiment (Mekenzerye, Crimean Oblast)
  • Naval Air Forces Department of the Black Sea Fleet
    • 2nd Guards Maritime Missile Aviation Division (Gvardeyskoye, Crimean Oblast)(three regiments of maritime attack Tu-22M2s[16]
      • 5th Maritime Missile Aviation Regiment (Veseloye, Crimean Oblast) – disbanded 15.11.94.
      • 124th Maritime Missile Aviation Regiment (Gvardeskoye, Crimean Oblast) – disbanded 1993.
      • 943rd Maritime Missile Aviation Regiment (Oktiabrske) – disbanded 1996.
    • 30th independent Maritime Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (Saki-Novofedorovka, Crimean Oblast)(Tu-22P)
    • 318th independent Anti-Submarine Aviation Regiment (Lake Donuzlav, Crimean Oblast)
    • 78th independent Shipborne Anti-Submarine Helicopter Regiment (Lake Donuzlav, Crimean Oblast)
    • 872nd independent Shipborne Anti-Submarine Helicopter Regiment (Kacha, Crimean Oblast)
    • 917th independent Transport Aviation Regiment (Kacha, Crimean Oblast)
    • 859th Training Center for Naval Aviation (Kacha, Crimean Oblast)

In 1989, the 126th Motor Rifle Division at Simferopol was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet from the Odessa Military District. Also that year, the 119th Fighter Aviation Division, with the 86th Guards, 161st, and 841st Guards Fighter Aviation Regiments, joined the Fleet from the 5th Air Army.[17] The 86th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment became part of the Moldovan Air Force upon the breakup of the Soviet Union. The 841st at Meria airport (between Poti and Batumi in the Adjar ASSR) (Georgian SSR) became the 841st independent Guards Anti-Submarine Helicopter Regiment in May 1991 and was disbanded in October 1992.[18]

After the fall of the Soviet Union

With the fall of the Soviet Union and the demise of the Warsaw Pact, Russia's strategic position in the Black Sea was severely weakened. The military importance of the fleet was degraded due to significant funding cuts, the loss of territory, the loss of former Warsaw Pact allies and the loss of its major missions. The loss of Crimea reinforced these developments and saw the Black Sea Fleet now located in a foreign country with which its assets were divided.[19]

In 1992, the major part of the personnel, armaments and coastal facilities of the Fleet fell under formal jurisdiction of the newly independent Ukraine as they were situated on Ukrainian territory. Later, the Ukrainian government ordered the establishment of its own Ukrainian Navy based on the Black Sea Fleet; several ships and ground formations declared themselves Ukrainian.

However, this immediately led to conflicts with the majority of officers who appeared to be loyal to Russia. According to pro-Ukrainian sailors they were declared "drunkards and villains" and they and their families were harassed.[20] They have also claimed that their names were branded "traitors to Russia" on local graffiti.[20] Simultaneously, pro-Russian separatist groups became active in the local politics of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the Sevastopol municipality where the major naval bases were situated, and started coordinating their efforts with pro-Moscow seamen.

Joint Fleet and its partition

To ease the tensions, the two governments signed an interim treaty, establishing a joint Russo-Ukrainian Black Sea Fleet under bilateral command (and Soviet Navy flag) until a full-scale partition agreement could be reached. Formally, the Fleet's Commander was to be appointed by a joint order of the two countries' Presidents. However, Russia still dominated the Fleet unofficially, and a Russian admiral was appointed as Commander; the majority of the fleet personnel adopted Russian citizenship. Minor tensions between the Fleet and the new Ukrainian Navy (such as electricity cut-offs and sailors' street-fighting) continued.

Some major ships (including the flagship) of the Soviet and Russian Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol, August 2007

On 28 May 1997, Russia and Ukraine signed several agreements regarding the fleet including the Partition Treaty, establishing two independent national fleets and dividing armaments and bases between them.[21] Ukraine also agreed to lease major parts of its facilities to the Russian Black Sea Fleet until 2017.[22] However, permanent tensions on the lease details continued. The Fleet's main base was still situated in the Crimean port city of Sevastopol. In 2009 the Yushchenko Ukrainian government declared that the lease would not be extended and that the fleet would have to leave Sevastopol by 2017.[23]

In 2010 the Russian leasehold was renegotiated with an extension until 2042 and an option for an additional five years until 2047 plus consideration of further renewals. This deal proved controversial in Ukraine.[24][25][26][27][28]

In this regard, relations between Russia and Ukraine over the status of the Fleet continued to be strained. In an August 2009 letter to then Russian President Medvedev, former Ukrainian President Yushchenko complained about alleged "infringements of bilateral agreements and Ukrainian legislation"[29]

Vladimir Putin with Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma on board the Black Sea Fleet's flagship Moskva, July 2001

In June 2009, the head of the Ukrainian Security Service said that after December 13, 2009, all officers from the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) represented at the (Russian) Black Sea Fleet would be required to leave Ukraine. From then the Security Service of Ukraine would ensure the security of the (Russian) Black Sea Fleet and Russian sailors on Ukrainian territory.[30]

However, according to the Russian Foreign Ministry the employees of the FSB, working at the Black Sea Fleet facilities, were to remain on Ukrainian territory "in line with bilateral agreements".[31] In 2010, based on an agreement between Ukrainian and Russian governments military counterintelligence officers from the Federal Security Service returned to the (Russian) Black Sea Fleet base.[32]

In October–November 2009, the (Russian) Black Sea Fleet complained about illegal inspection of (non-boat) transport vehicles owned by the fleet by the Sevastopol State Auto Inspectorate and Ukrainian security officers, calling them "disrespect for the status of the Russian military units and an unfriendly step aimed at worsening the Russian-Ukrainian relations".[33][34]

Despite these differences, joint exercises between the Ukrainian Navy and the (Russian) Black Sea Fleet were resumed after a seven-year interval with a command-staff exercise in June 2010.[35] In May 2011, Russian-Ukrainian at-sea naval "Peace Fairway" (Farvater Mira) exercises resumed.[36]

Georgia in the Fleet partition

The newly independent nation of Georgia, which also hosted several bases of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet when it was the Georgian SSR, also claimed a share of the Fleet, including 32 naval vessels formerly stationed at Georgia's Black Sea port of Poti. Not a CIS member at that time, Georgia was not, however, included in the initial negotiations in January 1992. Additionally, some low-importance bases situated in the Russian-backed breakaway autonomy of Abkhazia soon escaped any Georgian control.[37]

In 1996, Georgia resumed its demands, and the Russian refusal to allot Georgia a portion of the ex-Soviet navy became another bone of contention in the progressively deteriorating Georgian-Russian relations. This time, Ukraine endorsed Tbilisi's claims, turning over several patrol boats to the Georgian Navy and starting to train Georgian crews, but was unable to include in the final fleet deal a transfer of the formerly Poti-based vessels to Georgia.[37] Later, the rest of the Georgian share was decided to be ceded to Russia in return for diminution of debt.

Russia employed part of the fleet during the 2008 Georgian conflict. Russian units operating off Georgia's breakaway Abkhazia region resulted in a reported skirmish and sinking of a ship of the Georgian Navy. Since the 2008 South Ossetia war the Russian Black Sea Fleet has not taken part in any joint naval exercises involving Georgian warships.[38] However, such a statement has little meaning since the Georgian Navy has ceased to exist (early 2009 it was merged with the Georgian coast guard).[39]

Russo-Ukrainian War

Russian annexation of Crimea
Main articles: Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and Russo-Ukrainian War

The 2014 political crisis in Ukraine rapidly engulfed Crimea where pro-Russian separatist sentiment was strong.[40][41][better source needed] When the Russian Government determined to seize Crimea, specialist Russian military units appear to have played the central role. In March, the Ukrainians claimed that units of the 18th Motor Rifle Brigade, 31st Air Assault Brigade and 22nd Spetsnaz Brigade were deployed and operating in Crimea, instead of Black Sea Fleet personnel, which violated international agreements signed by Ukraine and Russia.[42][43] Nevertheless, at minimum the Black Sea Fleet played a supporting role including with respect to preventing the departure of Ukrainian naval vessels from Crimea.[44] Other sources suggested that the 810th Naval Infantry Brigade of the Fleet was also involved.[45]

After the 2014 Crimean crisis, the Ukrainian Armed Forces and the Ukrainian Navy were evicted from their bases and subsequently withdrew from Crimea.[46] Russia then moved to integrate several vessels from the Ukrainian Navy into the Black Sea Fleet. According to sources from Black Sea Fleet Headquarters, inspections of all ships were to be done by the end of 2014.[47] Fifty-four out of sixty-seven ships of the Ukrainian Navy have been transferred to the Black Sea Fleet, with St. Andrew flags raised on them.[48]

On 8 April 2014 an agreement was reached between Russia and Ukraine to return Ukrainian Navy materials to Ukraine proper.[49] The greater portion of the Ukrainian naval ships and vessels were then returned to Ukraine but Russia suspended this process after Ukraine did not renew its unilaterally declared ceasefire on 1 July 2014 in the conflict in the Donbas.[50] According to the fleet commander Aleksandr Vitko, this happened because the vessels were old "and, if used [by Ukraine], could hurt its own people".[51]

From that point, Russia proceeded to consolidate its military position in Crimea, which it now regards as an integral part of the Russian Federation, though this position is not one supported by most of the international community.

Strengthening of the Fleet
Exercises of the air defense system regiment of the army corps of the Black Sea Fleet

The Russian seizure of Crimea in 2014 changed the situation and role of the Black Sea Fleet significantly. Analysis undertaken by Micheal Peterson of the US Naval War College suggests that since the Russian seizure of Crimea, the modernization of Russian shore-based assets and of the Black Sea Fleet itself has assisted in re-establishing Russian military dominance in the region. Specifically Peterson argues: "Russian maritime dominance in the Black Sea is back. The shift was made possible by Moscow's 2014 seizure of Crimea and subsequent buildup of combat and maritime law enforcement capabilities in the region".[52]

Prior to the annexation of Crimea, divergent announcements were made concerning the future composition of the fleet. In June 2010, Russian Navy Commander-in-Chief Admiral Vladimir Vysotsky announced that Russia was reviewing plans for the naval modernization of the Black Sea Fleet. The plans include 15 new warships and submarines by 2020.[53][54] These vessels were to partially replace the reported decommissioning of Kerch, Ochakov (decommissioned in 2011 and sunk as a blockship in 2014), several large support ships, and a diesel-electric submarine. Also in 2010, Russian Navy Headquarters sources said that, by 2020, six frigates of the Project 22350 Admiral Gorshkov class, six submarines of Project 677 Lada class, two large landing ships of Project 11711 Ivan Gren class and four class-unspecified ships would be delivered. Due to the obsolescence of the Beriev Be-12 by 2015, they would be replaced with Il-38s. Sukhoi Su-24M aircraft were planned to be upgraded to Su-24M2 at the same time.[55][56][57]

Since the annexation of Crimea, the composition of the Black Sea Fleet has shifted to focus on the Improved Kilo-class submarines instead of the Lada, the Admiral Grigorovich-class frigates and at least three new classes of missile corvettes (the Steregushchiy, Karakurt and Buyan-M classes). The deployment of the Admiral Gorshkov-class frigate with the Black Sea Fleet was still anticipated, though in reduced numbers.[58] The replacement of the Black Sea Fleet's Soviet-era missile boats and corvettes with vessels of more modern design has been a priority since 2010. A similar modernization is also taking place in the Baltic Fleet and the Caspian Flotilla. Utilizing Russia's internal waterways provides the Russian Navy with the capacity to transfer both corvettes and other light units, such as landing craft, among its three western fleets and the Caspian Flotilla as may be required.[59] Analysis in May 2022 suggested that it may be feasible for the Russian Navy even to move its Kilo-class submarines between the Black Sea and the Baltic via the internal waterways.[60]

The projection of power into the Mediterranean has also returned as a significant role for the Black Sea Fleet with the reconstitution of the Russian Navy's 5th Operational Squadron. Both the Black Sea Fleet and the Caspian Flotilla have supported Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War with units from the former now routinely deployed into the Mediterranean.[61][62][63] The deployment of submarines from the Black Sea Fleet to the Mediterranean has become a routine occurrence (though the need to send them for "maintenance" in the Baltic, so as to comply with terms of the Montreux Convention, lengthens the timeframe of such deployments significantly).[64] In late 2021 it was reported that one of the new Priboy-class helicopter assault ships, the Mitrofan Moskalenko, had been earmarked to enter service with the Black Sea Fleet in the latter 2020s in the role of fleet flagship. If confirmed such a deployment would significantly enhance the fleet's power projection capabilities.[65]

Also significant is the build-up of Russian surface-to-surface and surface-to-air missile assets in the region. Dmitry Gorenburg of the Centre for Naval Analysis (CNA) has noted that: "Russia's expanded military footprint in Crimea allows it to carry out a range of operations that it was not capable of prior to 2014. The deployment of S-400, Bastion, and Bal missiles allows the Russian military to establish an anti-access/area-denial zone (A2/AD) covering almost all of the Black Sea. By using a combination of ground-based and ship-based missiles, backed with strong electronic warfare capabilities, the Russian military can inhibit military movement into the Black Sea and deny freedom of action to an opponent if it does make it into the theater. The long-range sea-, air-, and ground-launched missiles deny access, while shorter-range coastal and air defense systems focus on the area denial mission. The result is several interlocking air defense zones".[66]

Ongoing technological upgrades of this already robust SAM network are planned for the 2020s.[67] Others, such as Michael Kofman of CNA, argue that while there is no A2/AD doctrine or term in Russian military strategy, Russian forces nevertheless are organized at an operational and strategic level to deploy a wide range of overlapping defensive and offensive capabilities that extend beyond just one theatre of operations like the Black Sea.[68]

The evident American response to the dense shore-based anti-ship and air defence capabilities that Russia has developed in the Black Sea region, and elsewhere, has been to place greater emphasis on striking at potential Black Sea and other targets utilizing stand-off air-launched cruise missiles deployed on American long-range bombers.[69] Additionally, the United States, the United Kingdom and Turkey have entered into contracts to supply new corvettes, missile-armed fast attack craft, patrol boats and unmanned air vehicles to the Ukrainian Navy.[70]

In 2020, the Black Sea Fleet obtained seven new warships and auxiliary ships, including corvette Grayvoron, patrol ship Pavel Derzhavin, seagoing tug Sergey Balk, as well as a harbour tugs and three hydrographic survey vessels. In 2021, the same number of vessels should enter service.[71]

Russo-Ukrainian naval standoff

On 29 January 2021, three US naval vessels entered the Black Sea for the first time in three years.[72] On 1 February, the Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky argued for NATO membership for Ukraine.[73] On 19 March, another significant US naval deployment to the Black Sea took place, as cruiser USS Monterey and destroyer USS Thomas Hudner entered the sea on 19 and 20 March respectively.[74][75] Prior to the scheduled deployment, on 12 March Russian cruiser Moskva made an exit to sea and on 19 March all six submarines of the Black Sea Fleet went to sea, which was an unprecedented event.[76][77]

Russian ground forces also started a buildup on the border with Ukraine. On 2 April, Zelensky had his first telephone conversation with Biden, and on 6 April he called NATO's Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg pressuring NATO to speed up Ukrainian path to the membership.[78] On 8 April, Russia started moving ten of its Caspian Flotilla warships to the Black Sea. Six amphibious and three artillery boats of Serna and Shmel classes, as well as a hydrographic boat GS-599, were reported in transit, while Black Sea Fleet frigate Admiral Essen conducted an artillery exercise, usually done to raise the readiness for the amphibious landing.[79][80][81][82][83] The same day, the US decided to send two warships to the Black Sea.[84]

On 9 April 2021, tensions rose further and Ukraine promised not to attack the separatists, while Russia considered intervening to prevent bloodshed.[85][86] On the same day, two Black Sea Fleet corvettes, Vishny Volochyok and Gravoron, conducted an exercise.[87] The two US destroyers were clarified by Turkey to be USS Roosevelt and USS Donald Cook, while Putin stressed the importance of the Montreux Convention in a telephone conversation with Turkish president Recep Erdogan.[88][89] On 14 April, the deployment of the two US destroyers was cancelled.[90] On 17 April, amphibious ships Aleksandr Otrakovsky and Kondoponga of the Northern Fleet and Kaliningrad and Korolyov of the Baltic Fleet strengthened the amphibious warfare capabilities of the Black Sea Fleet.[91] On 30 April, the cruiser Moskva fired a Vulkan anti-ship missile for the first time.[92]

In November, further tensions started amidst the build-up of Russian ground forces on the Ukraine border. On 2 November, the destroyer USS Porter[93] entered the Black Sea, followed on 25 November by the destroyer USS Arleigh Burke.[94] In late October, the Russian Black Sea fleet held a large exercise with a cruiser, a frigate and three corvettes.[95]

Incident with HMS Defender
Main article: 2021 Black Sea incident

On 23 June 2021, the United Kingdom's HMS Defender undertook a freedom of navigation patrol through the disputed waters around the Crimean Peninsula.[96] The Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation and border guards said they fired warning shots from coast guard patrol ships and dropped bombs from a Sukhoi Su-24 attack aircraft in the path of Defender after, according to the Russian Defence Ministry, it had allegedly strayed for about 20 minutes as far as 3 km (2 miles) into waters off the coast of Crimea, which Russia annexed in 2014 in a move mostly unrecognised internationally.[97][98] The UK military denied any warning shots were fired and said the ship was in innocent passage in Ukraine's territorial sea, later clarifying that heavy guns were fired three miles astern and could not be considered to be warning shots.[99][100][101]

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Main article: 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

A build-up of Russian forces around Ukraine and in Belarus began toward the end of 2021, ostensibly for exercises. In February 2022, the Black Sea Fleet was reinforced by six landing ships: three Ropucha-class vessels (Minsk (127), Korolev (130) and Kaliningrad (102)) were drawn from the Baltic Fleet while two (Georgy Pobedonosets (016) and Olenegorsky Gornyak (012)) came from the Northern Fleet. The Ivan Gren-class landing ship, Pyotr Morgunov (117) also deployed to the Black Sea from the Northern Fleet.[102] The 22nd Army Corps (subordinate to the Black Sea Fleet) was also reinforced, including by the 247th Regiment of the 7th Guards Mountain Air Assault Division as well as by the 56th Guards Air Assault Regiment, subordinate to the same division.[103] On the eve of the conflict, it was reported that the headquarters of the 58th Combined Arms Army had deployed to Crimea commanding between 12 and 17 battalion tactical groups.[104][105]

The Russian invasion of Ukraine began on February 24 and it was initially reported that this included an amphibious landing at Odessa by elements of Russian Naval Infantry and the Black Sea Fleet.[106] However, the report of a landing at Odessa on February 24 subsequently proved to be false.[107] On February 24, the cruiser Moskva and the patrol ship Vasily Bykov bombarded Snake Island in the Danube Delta and captured it from its Ukrainian garrison.[108] On February 26 it was reported that Russian forces made an amphibious assault at Mariupol utilizing half of their landing ships in the Black Sea. A second Russian amphibious group was said still to be positioned in the vicinity of Odessa.[109]

On February 28, Turkey indicated that it was closing the Dardanelles Straits to all foreign warships for the duration of the conflict. Turkish Foreign Minister, Mevlut Cavusoglu, argued that the move was consistent with terms of the Montreux Convention. An exception would be allowed for Russian ships returning from the Mediterranean to Black Sea bases where they were registered.[110][111]

As of early March the Ukrainian navy was confirmed to have lost two vessels: the frigate Hetman Sahaidachny, scuttled by its crew to avoid capture,[112] and the patrol vessel Sloviansk, reported sunk by Russian action on March 3.[113] On March 7 it was reported that the Russian patrol ship Vasily Bykov may have been damaged by Ukrainian shore-based multiple-launch rocket fire.[114] However, the ship was subsequently reported as having entered Sevastopol on March 16 with no obvious damage.[115]

On March 14, the Russian source RT reported that the Russian Armed Forces had captured about a dozen Ukrainian ships in Berdyansk. The vessels reported as captured included two Gyurza-M-class artillery boats (including Akkerman), the Matka-class missile boat Pryluky, a Project 1124P (Grisha II)-class corvette (likely an already decommissioned vessel given the absence of active ships of this class in the Ukrainian navy), a Zhuk-class patrol boat, a Yevgenya-class minesweeper, the Polnocny-class landing ship Yuri Olefirenko and a Ondatra-class landing craft.[116]

On March 19, 2022, the Deputy Commander of Russian Black Sea Fleet Captain First Rank Andrey Nikolaevich Paliy was reportedly killed in action near Mariupol in Ukraine.[117][118] On March 24, the Ukrainian military hit and destroyed the Russian Tapir-class landing ship Saratov at the Port of Berdiansk.[119] Two Ropucha-class landing ships were possibly damaged in the same attack.[120]

On March 30 it was reported that, as part of an operation by Russian special forces, the Ukrainian navy Project 1824B reconnaissance ship Pereyaslav was reportedly hit by gunfire at the mouth of the Dnieper river. The extent of the damage was unknown.[121]

On 13 April 2022, Moskva, the fleet's flagship, was severely damaged after an explosion. The Ukrainian government claimed it had hit the ship with two Neptune cruise missiles.[122] The Russian government claimed the damage was a result of an ammunition explosion.[123] According to the Russian government, everyone on the ship was evacuated.[124] On 14 April, the Russian Ministry of Defence confirmed the ship had sunk.[125] On 15 April, a United States senior defense official confirmed that the ship was hit by two Ukrainian Neptune missiles about 65 nautical miles south of Odessa.[126] On May 6 a letter from the Black Sea Fleet's prosecutor general's office to the family of one of the sailors lost on the Moskva was made public. Families will not be receiving compensation as "the sinking took place in international waters by accident".[127]

In early May, Ukraine claimed to have destroyed two Russian Raptor-class patrol boats along with a Serna Class landing craft using a Ukrainian Baykar Bayraktar TB2 Unmanned Air Combat Vehicle (UCAV) near Snake Island in the Black Sea.[128]

On May 8, Ukrainian officials released footage showing the destruction of two Raptor-class patrol boats and the damaging of a third one, adding that 46 Russian crew members were killed during the operation.[129]

On May 12, Ukrainian news media carried reports that, according to the Odesa military spokesman, the Russian logistics vessel Vsevolod Bobrov was on fire near Snake Island in the Black Sea.[130][131][132] Russia denied the claims.[133] Three days later, a US-backed media outlet carried photographs of the ship unharmed moored at Sevastopol.[134] The ship was also seen with the Pantsir-S mobile surface-to-air missile system on board while docked in Sevastopol.[135]

On May 15, four Kalibr missiles launched from the Black Sea hit Ukrainian military facilities at Yavoriv, near Lviv. The attack was "probably" carried out by submarines.[136] Lviv region's Governor Maxim Kozitsky acknowledged that the target was "completely destroyed".[137]

On May 17, the Ministry of Defense of Russia reported that seaborne Kalibr missiles struck railway facilities at Starichi station near Lviv the night before. The attack was aimed at NATO weapons deliveries to Ukraine.[138][139] Governor Maxim Kozitsky confirmed the damage on railway infrastructure. The command of the Ukrainian Air Defence claims the shooting down of three missiles in the area.[140]

On June 17, Russian rescue tug Vasily Bekh was reportedly sunk due to two hits by anti-ship missiles (putatively of type Harpoon) while carrying personnel, weapons, and ammunition to resupply Russian-occupied Snake Island.[141]

Commanders

# Rank Name Year
1 VADM Aleksey Fedotovich Klokachev 1783
2 VADM Yakov Filippovich Sukhotin 1784 – 1785
3 RADM Nikolay Semenovich Mordvinov 1785 – 1789
4 RADM Marko Ivanovich Voynovich 1789 – 1790
5 RADM Fyodor Fyodorovich Ushakov 1790 – 1792
# ADM Nikolay Semenovich Mordvinov 1792 – 1799
6 ADM Vilim Petrovich Fondezin 1799 – 1802
7 ADM Aleksandr Ivanovich de Travers 1802 – 1811
8 ADM Roman Romanovich Gall 1811
9 VADM Nikolay Lvovich Yazykov 1811 – 1816
10 ADM Aleksey Samuilovich Greig 1816 – 1833
11 ADM Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev 1834 – 1851
12 ADM Morits Borisovich Berg 1851 – 1855
13 VADM Nikolay Fedorovich Metlin Sep 1855 – Dec 1855
14 VADM Aleksandr Ivanovich Panfilov Jan 1856 – Aug 1856
15 RADM Grigoriy Ivanovich Butakov Aug 1856 – Jan 1860
16 VADM Bogdan Aleksandrovich Glazenap 1860 – Jan 1871
17 ADM Nikolay Andreyevich Arkas 1871 – 1881
18 ADM Mikhail Pavlovich Manganari 1881 – 1882
19 VADM Aleksey Alekseyevich Peshchurov 1882 – 1890
20 RADM Roman Andreevich Grenkvist 1890
21 VADM Nikolay Vasilyevich Kopytov 1891 – 1898
22 VADM Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev 1898
23 VADM Sergey Petrovich Tyrtov May 1898 – 1903
24 VADM Yakov Appolonovich Giltebrandt 1903
25 VADM Nikolay Illarionovich Skrydlov 1903 – 1904
26 VADM Aleksandr Khristianovich Kriger 1904
27 VADM Grigoriy Pavlovich Chukhnin 1904 – 1906
28 RADM Ivan Konstantinovich Grigorovich 1906
29 VADM Nikolay Illarionovich Skrydlov 1906 – 1907
30 RADM Genrikh Faddeevich Tsyvinskiy 1907
31 RADM Robert Nikolayevich Viren 1907 – 1908
32 VADM Ivan Fyodorovich Bostrem 1908 – 1909
33 VADM Vladimir Simonovich Sarnavskiy 1909 – 1911
34 VADM Ivan Fyodorovich Bostrem 1911
35 RADM Pavel Ivanovich Novitskiy 1911
36 VADM Andrey Avgustovich Ehbergard 1911 – Jun 1916
37 VADM Aleksandr Vasilyevich Kolchak Jun 1916 – Jun 1917
38 (Acting) RADM Veniamin Konstantinovich Lukin Jun 1917 – Jul 1917
39 RADM Aleksandr Vasilyevich Nemitts Jul 1917 – Dec 1917
40 RADM Mikhail Sablin 1918
41 Captain 1st Rank Aleksandr Ivanovich Tikhmenev 1918
42 Captain 1st Rank Aleksandr Ivanovich Sheykovskiy 1919
43 Captain 1st Rank Aleksey Vladimirovich Dombrovskiy May 1920 – Oct 1920
44 Ehduard Samuilovich Pantserzhanskiy Nov 1920 – Nov 1921
45 Andrey Semenovich Maksimov Nov 1921 – Jul 1922
46 Aleksandr Karlovich Vekman Jul 1922 – May 1924
47 Mikhail Vladimirovich Viktorov May 1924 – Dec 1924
48 Ehduard Samuilovich Pantserzhanskiy Dec 1924 – Oct 1926
49 Vladimir Mitrofanovich Orlov Oct 1926 – Jun 1931
50 Fleet Flag Officer 2nd Rank Ivan Kuz'mich Kozhanov Jun 1931 – Aug 1937
51 Fleet Flag Officer 2nd Rank Petr Ivanovich Smirnov-Svetlovskiy Aug 1937 – Dec 1937
52 Fleet Flag Officer 2nd Rank Ivan Stepanovich Yumashev 1938 – Mar 1939
53 VADM Filipp Sergeyevich Oktyabrskiy Mar 1939 – Apr 1943
54 VADM Lev Anatol'evich Vladimirskiy Apr 1943 – Mar 1944
55 VADM Filipp Sergeyevich Oktyabrskiy Mar 1944 – Nov 1948
56 ADM Nikolai Efremovich Basistiy Nov 1948 – Aug 1951
57 ADM Sergey Georgiyevich Gorshkov Aug 1951 – Jul 1955
58 VADM Viktor Aleksandrovich Parkhomenko Jul 1955 – Dec 1955
59 ADM Vladimir Afanasyevich Kasatonov Dec 1955 – Feb 1962
60 ADM Serafim Evgeniyevich Chursin Feb 1962 – Dec 1968
61 ADM Viktor Sergeyevich Sysoyev Dec 1968 – Mar 1974
62 ADM Nikolay Ivanovich Khovrin Mar 1974 – April 1983
63 ADM Aleksey Mikhailovich Kalinin Apr 1983 – Jul 1985
64 ADM Mikhail Nikolayevich Khronopulo Jul 1985 – Oct 1991
65 ADM Igor Vladimirovich Kasatonov Oct 1991 – Dec 1992
66 ADM Eduard Dmitriyevich Baltin Dec 1992 – Feb 1996
67 ADM Viktor Andreyevich Kravchenko Feb 1996 – Jul 1998
68 ADM Vladimir Petrovich Komoyedov Jul 1998 – Oct 2002
69 ADM Vladimir Vasilyevich Masorin Oct 2002 – Feb 2005
70 ADM Aleksandr Arkadyevich Tatarinov Feb 2005 – Jul 2007
71 VADM Aleksandr Dmitrievich Kletskov Jul 2007 – Jul 2010
72 VADM Vladimir Ivanovich Korolyov Jul 2010 – Jun 2011
73 VADM Aleksandr Nikolayevich Fedotenkov Jun 2011 – May 2013
74 ADM Aleksandr Viktorovich Vitko[142] May 2013  – June 2018
75 VADM Aleksandr Alekseevich Moiseev[143] June 2018 – May 2019
76 ADM Igor Vladimirovich Osipov[144] May 2019  – present

Order of battle

The Black Sea Fleet, and other Russian ground and air forces in Crimea, are subordinate to the Southern Military District of the Russian Armed Forces. The Black Sea Fleet is one component of Russian forces in the Southern Military District and is supported by other Russian military formations in the District, including the 4th Air and Air Defence Forces Army.[145] The Russian Coast Guard and National Guard of Russia provide additional armed patrol capabilities, which have also been expanded since the Russian seizure of Crimea to support the enforcement of Russian territorial claims.[146][147]

30th Surface Ship Division

# Type Name Class Year Status
801 Guided Missile Frigate Ladnyy Krivak 1980 Active as of 2022;[148] returned to the fleet in 2021 post-refit[149]
808 Guided Missile Frigate Pytlivyy Krivak 1981 Reported in maintenance as of early 2022[150]
745 Guided Missile Frigate Admiral Grigorovich Admiral Grigorovich 2016 Active;[151] deployed in the Mediterranean as of May 2022[152][153][154]
751 Guided Missile Frigate Admiral Essen Admiral Grigorovich 2016 Active combat operations as of February 2022[155][148][156][157][158]
799 Guided Missile Frigate Admiral Makarov Admiral Grigorovich 2017 Reported as likely to assume the role of fleet flagship following the loss of the cruiser Moskva[159]
535[160] Multi-role Corvette Mercury? (former Retiviy)[161] Steregushchiy Projected 2022 Sea trials reported underway in the Baltic as of May 2022;[162] possible name change from Retiviy to Mercury in 2021[163][164]

4th Independent Submarine Brigade

# Type Name Class Year Base Status
554 Diesel Attack Submarine Alrosa (B-871) Kilo 877V 1990 Sevastopol Active as of 2022[165]
555 Diesel Attack Submarine Novorossiysk (B-261) Improved Kilo 636.3 2014 Novorossiysk Active; deployed in the Mediterranean as of May 2022[152][153][166]
556 Diesel Attack Submarine Rostov na donu (B-237) Improved Kilo 636.3 2014 Novorossiysk Active; returned to the Black Sea from the Mediterranean, February 2022[102][167][168][169]
557 Diesel Attack Submarine Staryy Oskol (B-262) Improved Kilo 636.3 2015 Novorossiysk Active as of 2021[170]
558 Diesel Attack Submarine Krasnodar (B-265) Improved Kilo 636.3 2015 Novorossiysk Active;[171] reported forward deployed in the Mediterranean as of May 2022[152][153][172][173]
559 Diesel Attack Submarine Velikiy Novgorod (B-268) Improved Kilo 636.3 2016 Novorossiysk Active as of 2021[174][175]
560 Diesel Attack Submarine Kolpino (B-271) Improved Kilo 636.3 2016 Novorossiysk Active;[174][176][177] reported in maintenance as of 2022[150]

197th Assault Ship Brigade

# Type Name Class Year Notes
152 Landing Ship Nikolay Filchenkov [ru] Alligator 1975 Reported active by Russian sources as of June 2022.[178]
148 Landing Ship Orsk Alligator 1968 Reported active by Russian sources as of June 2022.[178]
151 Landing Ship Azov Ropucha-II 1990 Reported active by Russian sources as of June 2022[179][178]
142 Landing Ship Novocherkassk Ropucha-I 1987 Active combat operations as of February 2022; may have been damaged at Berdyansk[120][155][180][181] but reported active by Russian sources as of June.[178]
158 Landing Ship Caesar Kunikov Ropucha-I 1986 Active combat operations as of May 2022;[182] may have been damaged at Berdyansk[120][155][179][166] but reported active by Russian sources as of June.[178]
156 Landing Ship Yamal Ropucha-I 1988 Reported active by Russian sources as of June 2022.[178]

Black Sea Fleet amphibious vessels being joined by five additional Ropucha-class: (Minsk (127), Korolev (130) and Kaliningrad (102) from the Baltic Fleet as well as Georgy Pobedonosets (016) and Olenegorsky Gornyak (012) from the Northern Fleet); also deployed to the Black Sea from the Northern Fleet is the Ivan Gren-class vessel Pyotr Morgunov (117); all vessels entered the Black Sea by February 9[102] and as of March 2022 all were reported on active operations as part of the invasion of Ukraine.[155]

388th Marine Reconnaissance Point/1229th Naval Intelligence Center

# Type Name Class Year Notes
677 High-Speed Landing Craft D-296[183] Project 02510 2015 Active (Special Forces)
655 High-Speed Landing Craft D-309[184] Project 02510 2018 Active (Special Forces)

68th Coastal Defense Ship Brigade

149th Antisubmarine Ship Task Force
# Type Name Class Year Notes
059 ASW Corvette Alexandrovets Grisha I 1982
071 ASW Corvette Suzdalets Grisha III 1983 Active as of 2022[185][186]
064 ASW Corvette Muromets Grisha III 1983
150th Minesweeper Task Force
# Type Name Class Year Notes
913 Seagoing Minesweeper Kovrovets Natya I 1974 Active as of 2021[187]
911 Seagoing Minesweeper Ivan Golubets Natya I 1973 Active as of 2022[185][188]
912 Seagoing Minesweeper Turbinist Natya I 1975
601 Seagoing Minesweeper Ivan Antonov Alexandrit 2018 Active as of 2022[187][185]
659 Seagoing Minesweeper Vladimir Emelyanov Alexandrit 2019 Active;[189] deployed in the Mediterranean as of May 2022[152]
631 Seagoing Minesweeper Georgy Kurbatov Alexandrit 2021 Active as of 2022[190]
102nd Anti-Saboteur Squadron[191]
# Type Name Class Year Notes
836 Anti-Saboteur Boat Yunarmeets Kryma Grachonok 2014
837 Anti-Saboteur Boat Kinel Grachonok 2014
844 Anti-Saboteur Boat Pavel Silaev Grachonok 2017 Deployed to the Mediterranean June to November 2021[192][193]
845 Anti-Saboteur Boat P-345 Buyevlyanin Raptor 2015 Ukrainian officials released 3 separate footages showing 6 Raptor-class boats damaged/destroyed[128][194][129]
838 Anti-Saboteur Boat P-352 Raptor 2015 Ukrainian officials released 3 separate footages showing 6 Raptor-class boats damaged/destroyed[128][194][129]
852 Anti-Saboteur Boat P-425 Raptor 2017 Ukrainian officials released 3 separate footages showing 6 Raptor-class boats damaged/destroyed[128][194][129]
831 Anti-Saboteur Boat P-331 Flamingo 1986
833 Anti-Saboteur Boat P-407 Flamingo 1989

41st Missile Boat Brigade

166th Novorossiysk Small Missile Boat Division
# Type Name Class Year Notes
609 Guided Missile Corvette Vyshniy Volochyok Buyan-M 2018 Active as of 2022[195][196][197]
615 Guided Missile Corvette Bora Dergach 1989 In refit as of September 2021[198]
616 Guided Missile Corvette Samum Dergach 2000 Active[188]
626 Guided Missile Corvette Orekhovo-Zuyevo Buyan-M 2018 Reported in the Mediterranean as of May 2022[152][199][155][200]
630 Guided Missile Corvette Ingushetiya[191] Buyan-M 2019 Active as of 2022[187][185]
600[201] Guided Missile Corvette Grayvoron[202] Buyan-M 2021[203] Active as of 2022[196][185]
633[204] Missile Corvette Tsiklon Karakurt Projected early 2022 Builder trials complete; state sea trials out of Sevastopol beginning January 2022[205][206]
295th Sulinsk Missile Boat Division
# Type Name Class Year Notes
962 Missile Boat Shuya Tarantul-II Mod 1985
955 Missile Boat R-60 Tarantul-III 1987 Active as of 2022[148][207]
952 Missile Boat R-109[208] Tarantul-III 1990
953 Missile Boat Naberezhnye Chelny Tarantul-III 1991 Active combat operations as of February 2022[155][148][207]
954 Missile Boat Ivanovets Tarantul-III 1988

184th Novorossiysk Coastal Defense Brigade

181st Antisubmarine Ship Division
# Type Name Class Year Status
053 Small Antisubmarine Ship Povorino Grisha III 1989
054 Small Antisubmarine Ship Eysk Grisha-III 1987 Active combat operations as of February 2022[155][185]
055 Small Antisubmarine Ship Kasimov Grisha-III 1984 Active as of 2022[209]
368 Patrol ship Vasily Bykov Project 22160 2018 On active operations as of March 2022.[115][108][210][114]
375 Patrol ship Dmitriy Rogachev Project 22160 2019 Returned to the Black Sea from Mediterranean February 2022[211][187][212]
363 Patrol ship Pavel Derzhavin Project 22160 2020 Active combat operations as of February 2022[155][213]
383[214] Patrol ship Sergey Kotov Project 22160 2022 Reported commissioned May 2022[215][216][217]
170th Minesweeper Division
# Type Name Class Year Notes
901 Seagoing Minesweeper Anatoliy Zheleznyakov Gorya 1988 Active as of 2021[218]
770 Seagoing Minesweeper Valentin Pikul Natya I Mod 2001 Active as of 2022[218][185]
908 Seagoing Minesweeper Vice-Admiral Zakharin Pr.02668 (Natya) 2009 Returned to the Black Sea from Mediterranean February 2022[212]
458 Base Minesweeper Mineralnyye Vody (BT-241)[219] Sonya 1989 Unclear if active[191]
442? Base Minesweeper BT-726[219] Sonya 1976 Unclear if active[191]
575 Landing Craft D-144 Serna 2008 Ukrainian officials released video of a Serna Class landing craft being destroyed by a Bayrakhtar TB2 drone at Snake Island in early May, 2022.[129]
659 Landing Craft D-199 Serna 2014 Ukrainian officials released video of a Serna Class landing craft being destroyed by a Bayrakhtar TB2 drone at Snake Island in early May, 2022.[129]
653 Landing Craft D-106 Ondatra 2009
136th Anti-Saboteur Squadron[191]
# Type Name Class Year Notes
840 Anti-Saboteur Boat Kadet Grachonok 2011
841 Anti-Saboteur Boat Suvorovets Grachonok 2012
842 Anti-Saboteur Boat Kursant Kirovets Grachonok 2013
? Anti-Saboteur Boat P-274 Raptor 2015 Ukrainian officials released 3 separate videos showing 6 Raptor-class boats damaged/destroyed[128][194][129]
? Anti-Saboteur Boat P-275 Raptor 2015 Ukrainian officials released 3 separate videos showing 6 Raptor-class boats damaged/destroyed[128][194][129]
? Anti-Saboteur Boat P-276 Raptor 2015 Ukrainian officials released 3 separate videos showing 6 Raptor-class boats damaged/destroyed[128][194][129]

519th Separate Squadron

# Type Name Class Year Status
512 Intelligence Vessel Kil'din Moma 1979
? Intelligence Vessel Ekvator Moma 1980
201 Intelligence Vessel Priazovye Vishnya class 1972 Active as of 2021[220]
? Intelligence Vessel Ivan Khurs Yury Ivanov class 2018 Active as of 2021[187]

Auxiliaries

# Type Name Class Year Notes
? Fleet Oiler Ivan Bubnov Project 1559V Morskoy prostor 1975 Active as of 2021[187]
? Fleet Oiler Istra Dora 1942 Transferred to the Soviet Union from Germany as part of war reparations; still reported in service[221]
? Fleet Oiler Koyda[222] Uda 1966
? Fleet Oiler Iman Project 6404 1966 Active as of 2021[187]
? Fleet Oiler Vice Admiral Paromov Project 03182[223] 2021[224] Deployed in the Mediterranean as of May 2022[152][225]
? Logistics Support Vessel Vsevolod Bobrov Project 23120[226][227] 2021[226] Arrived in the Black Sea January 2022[228]

Claimed to have suffered major fire damage night of May 11–12, 2022 after alleged Ukrainian attack[229][230] but returned unharmed to Sevastopol on 15 May 2022.[134]

? Floating Ship Repair Factory PM-56 Project 304[231] 1973 Active as of 2022[232]
? Floating Ship Repair Factory PM-138 Project 304[231] 1969 Active as of 2022[232]

176th Expeditionary Oceanographic Ship Division

# Type Name Class Year Status
? Hydrographic Survey Vessel Donuzlav Yug (Project 862)[233] 1983 Active as of 2022[232]
? Hydrographic Survey Vessel Stvor Yug (Project 862)[233] 1983
? Hydrographic Survey Vessel Cheleken[234] Moma (Project 861) 1970

Black Sea Fleet Ground Forces, Naval Infantry and Surface-to-Surface Missile Forces

Black Sea Region Aviation and Air Defence Forces

2nd Guards Naval Aviation Division (Sevastopol; subordinate to the Black Sea Fleet)[55][56][257][258]

Main article: Russian Naval Aviation
  • 43rd Independent Naval Shturmovik Maritime Attack Aviation Regiment[259] – HQ at Gvardeyskoye, Crimea – 18x Su-24M; 4x Su-24MR (being replaced by Sukhoi Su-30SMs as of 2019;[260] Su-30SMs reported active with the regiment as of 2021[261])
  • 318th Mixed Aviation Regiment (Kacha): reportedly An-26, Be-12, and Ka-27 ASW and Ka-29 assault/transport helicopters (as of 2019 – Regiment may supersede/replace former 25th and 917th Aviation Regiments?)[258]

27th Composite Aviation Division (in Crimea but subordinate to 4th Air and Air Defence Forces Army – Rostov-on-Don)[257]

31st Air Defense Division (HQ: Sevastopol) subordinate to the 4th Air and Air Defense Forces Army (HQ: Rostov-on-Don)[248][265]

51st Air Defense Division (HQ: Rostov-on-Don;[236] with S-400, S-300, Pantsir, Buk SAM systems subordinate to 4th Air Army)

7th Military Base (Primorskoe, Abkhazia Russian-occupied Georgia – S-400 and S-300 SAMs)[236]

Incidents

The Russian Black Sea Fleet's (BSF) use of leased facilities in Sevastopol and the Crimea was sometimes controversial. A number of incidents took place:

  • For security reasons, the BSF refused to allow Ukrainians to inspect its aircraft cargo, after allegations by Ukrainians that they could be carrying nuclear weapons, which would have infringed upon Ukraine's status under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)[29]
  • The BSF transported rockets repeatedly through the port of Sevastopol without seeking permission from Ukrainian authorities.[29]
  • A lighthouse is located on the headland which, starting in 2005, was the subject of a controversy between Ukraine and Russia. From August 3, 2005, the lighthouse was occupied by the Russian military.[267] Despite a controversial ruling by a Court in Sevastopol on the subject, Russian military officials referred to the fact that they only took orders from the chief of the Russian Navy headquarters and no one else. Ukrainian activists complained that Sarych was illegally occupied by the Russian Navy.[268] As a military facility, the territory around the Sarych headland is closed to trespassers with barbed wire, and the Russian flag flew over Sarych.[269]
  • In 2006, Ukrainian officials blocked Russian workers from entering the BSF lighthouse in Yalta.[citation needed]
  • During the 2008 South Ossetia War, the Ukrainian Navy was ordered to block the entrance to Sevastopol from Russian vessels taking part in the hostilities.[citation needed] However, Russian Navy ships returned to base unimpeded by the sympathetic Ukrainian sailors.[citation needed]
  • June 20, 2009 – In Sevastopol, a Russian fleet servicemen allegedly used physical force against 30 civilians. The city also alleges contract violations by the Construction Management Corporation of the Black Sea Fleet for not following through on promises to construct requested commercial housing after taking advance payment. The city began talks with the President and the Prime-Minister of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Medvedev and Vladimir Putin, and also to the Russian Minister of Defense Anatoliy Serdyukov with respect to the contract violations, but those did not yield results.[270]
  • On August 27, 2009, Russian marines successfully prevented Ukrainian bailiffs from enforcing a Ukrainian court ruling on seizing lighthouses belonging to the BSF.[29] Russia stated that Ukrainians may not step onto its bases without permission.[citation needed] The Ukrainian Foreign Ministry described the Russian obstruction as a "disregard for Ukrainian legislation and international agreements".[29]
  • On April 16, 2013, a "high-ranking Russian Defense Ministry official" complained to Interfax that "Ukraine's stubborn position" was slowing the cancellation of customs payments (for the fleet) and that Ukraine still upheld (former) Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko's 2008 decrees that banned the "relaxed procedure" of BSF formations crossing the Ukrainian border.[271]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Altman, Jonathan (Winter 2016). "Russian A2/AD in the Eastern Mediterranean: A Growing Risk". Naval War College Review. 69 (1). Newport, Rhode Island: U.S. Naval War College: 72. ISSN 0028-1484.
  3. ^ "Russia's Black Sea Fleet Completes the First Stage of its Modernization". Naval News. 21 May 2020.
  4. ^ Black Sea Fleet (BSF) Morskoyo Flota (Naval Force) Archived 2008-01-13 at the Wayback Machine. Globalsecurity.org.
  5. ^ "Russian Naval Forces in the Mediterranean: 1805 – 1809".
  6. ^ a b "History of the Crimean War".
  7. ^ "Czarist Navy in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877". www.globalsecurity.org.
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  10. ^ "MV Armenia (Армения) (+1941)". Wrecksite.eu. 2014-10-27.
  11. ^ Sanders, Deborah (2015). "The Bulgarian Navy after the Cold War: Challenges of Building and Modernizing an Effective Navy". Naval War College Review.
  12. ^ "The Geostrategic Importance of the Black Sea Region: A Brief History". www.csis.org.
  13. ^ McCormick, Gordon H. (October 1987). "The Soviet Presence in the Mediterranean" (PDF). RAND.
  14. ^ On Airpower.org, Military Thought article on Soviet Mediterranean squadron air defence Archived July 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
  15. ^ Michael Holm, Red Banner Black Sea Fleet Archived 2013-05-27 at the Wayback Machine, accessed December 2012.
  16. ^ Michael Holm, Navy (VMF) Aviation Regiments Archived 2013-05-27 at the Wayback Machine, accessed December 2012.
  17. ^ Holm, Michael. "119th Nevelskaya Red Banner order of Suvorov Fighter Aviation Division". ww2.dk. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  18. ^ The 841st Guards IAP was the former 66th Guards IAP. See ru:66-й гвардейский истребительный авиационный полк.[circular reference]
  19. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-04-25. Retrieved 2021-01-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. ^ a b ""Crimea should be Ukrainian, but without bloodshed." How Ukraine saved the peninsula 25 years ago". LB.ua (in Ukrainian). 16 July 2020.
  21. ^ Subtelny, Orest (2000). Ukraine: A History. University of Toronto Press. p. 600. ISBN 0-8020-8390-0.
  22. ^ Krushelnycky, Askold (August 28, 2008). "Crimean peninsula could be the next South Ossetia". The Independent.
  23. ^ No Russian fleet in Ukraine beyond 2017 –Ukrainian PM : Ukraine News by UNIAN Archived 2008-09-25 at the Wayback Machine. Unian.net (September 24, 2008).
  24. ^ Russia, Ukraine agree on naval-base-for-gas deal Archived 2014-04-25 at the Wayback Machine, CNN (April 21, 2010)
  25. ^ Our Ukraine: Yanukovych should be impeached Archived 2010-04-24 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (April 21, 2010)
  26. ^ Ukrainian parliament ratifies agreement extending Russian Black Sea Fleet's presence in Crimea Archived 2010-11-23 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (April 27, 2010)
  27. ^ Oppositional deputies throw eggs in Lytvyn Archived 2011-06-05 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (April 27, 2010)
  28. ^ Police clash with protesters in front of Ukrainian parliament Archived 2011-06-05 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (April 27, 2010)
  29. ^ a b c d e The Crimea: Europe's Next Flashpoint? Archived 2014-03-09 at the Wayback Machine, By Taras Kuzio, November 2010
  30. ^ All FSB officers working at Russian Black Sea Fleet must leave Ukraine –SBU, UNIAN (June 17, 2009)
  31. ^ Russia says FSB to stay in Crimea Archived 2009-06-23 at the Wayback Machine, UNIAN (June 18, 2009)
  32. ^ Russian counterintelligence officers to return to Sevastopol Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (May 12, 2010)
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Further reading

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