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The Rutles

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The Rutles
OriginRutland, England
GenresRock, parody, comedy rock, rock and roll
Years active1975–1978, 1996–1997, 2002–2019
LabelsWarner Bros., Rhino, Virgin
Members
Past members
Websitewww.rutles.org

The Rutles (/ˈrʌtəlz/) were a rock band that performed visual and aural pastiches and parodies of the Beatles. This originally fictional band, created by Eric Idle and Neil Innes for a sketch in Idle's mid-1970s BBC television comedy series Rutland Weekend Television, later toured and recorded, releasing two albums that included two UK chart hits. The band toured again from 2002 until Innes' death in 2019.

Encouraged by the positive public reaction to the sketch, Idle wrote the mockumentary television film All You Need Is Cash (1978, aka The Rutles). Idle co-directed the film with Gary Weis; it featured 20 Beatles' music pastiches written by Innes, which he performed with three musicians as the Rutles. A soundtrack album in 1978 was followed in 1996 by Archaeology, which spoofed the then-recent Beatles Anthology series. A second film, The Rutles 2: Can't Buy Me Lunch (modelled on the 2000 TV special The Beatles Revolution) was made in 2002 and released in the US on DVD in 2003.

History

Rutland Weekend Television (1975–76)

The Rutles were foreshadowed in episode 3 of Eric Idle's 1975 BBC television series Rutland Weekend Television, in which Neil Innes accompanied himself on a piano singing what later became the song "Good Times Roll" (included on the Rutles' first, self-titled album in 1978). The Rutles themselves first appeared in a sketch later in 1975,[1] which presented a mock mini-documentary about the fictional 1960s band. The sketch featured Neil Innes (formerly of the Bonzo Dog Doo Dah Band and a frequent Monty Python collaborator) fronting the band, singing "I Must Be in Love", a pastiche of Lennon and McCartney's 1964 style.[1]

The sketch was the work of Innes and Idle.[1] Innes was the musician and composer for Rutland Weekend Television, and he routinely created songs along with ideas of how to present the songs on the show. After writing "I Must Be in Love", Innes conceived parodying the film A Hard Day's Night, because he felt the song sounded very "Beatle-y". He passed the idea of a Beatles spoof along to Idle, who had a separate idea about a boring TV documentary maker, and they merged the ideas into a single extended sketch for the TV show. The "Rutles" band name was a running joke based on the regional premise of the TV show, which was presented as a programme by a fictional TV station based in Rutland, the smallest county in England. The initial idea had been to do a parody of the Rolling Stones called the Rutland Stones[2] but, when it became a parody of the Beatles, Idle suggested the name "Rutles". 'The Prefab Four' is a play on the Beatles' nickname 'the Fab Four' with an additional subtext: a prefab was a cheap postwar form of British housing, intended to be temporary, often poorly constructed, draughty and leaky, and not well-regarded by those who had to live in them.

The Rutles had connections with the Beatles aside from the parody. The Beatles were fans of Innes's previous band, the Bonzo Dog Band, and had featured the Bonzos in their television film Magical Mystery Tour (1967); Paul McCartney (working with Gus Dudgeon under the collective alias Apollo C. Vermouth) had produced the Bonzos' hit single "I'm the Urban Spaceman" (1968). George Harrison made a guest appearance on Rutland Weekend Television's 1975 Boxing Day special, with Idle and Innes, and he encouraged them to make a film that would parody the Beatles' career and serve to deflate the myths surrounding the band's legacy.[1]

In 1976, BBC Records produced The Rutland Weekend Songbook, an album containing 23 tracks including the Rutles songs "I Must Be in Love" and "The Children of Rock And Roll" (later reworked as "Good Times Roll").

Saturday Night Live (1976)

One year after their initial BBC appearance, on 2 October 1976 Idle appeared on the American NBC show Saturday Night (later Saturday Night Live), and showed videotape extracts from Rutland Weekend Television – including the Rutles clip. That led to a suggestion by SNL executive producer Lorne Michaels to extend the skit into a one-hour mock documentary for television.[3] This proposal led to the mockumentary All You Need Is Cash (1978), directed by SNL film director Gary Weis, with Idle credited as co-director.

Saturday Night Live (1977)

On 23 April 1977, Idle made another appearance on Saturday Night Live, with Neil Innes as a musical guest. A running theme for this episode was the "Save Great Britain Telethon", and it included an appearance by "the Rutle who lives in New York, Nasty". Innes appeared as Nasty with a lone white piano, singing a short version of "Cheese & Onions". Later in the episode, as Neil Innes, he performed "Shangri-La", a song subsequently recorded by the Rutles.[4]

All You Need Is Cash, 1978

Main article: All You Need Is Cash

Written by Idle and Innes, All You Need Is Cash documents the rise and fall of the Rutles, paralleling much of the history of the Beatles. The project was given extra recognition through Harrison's support; as well as providing ideas, he supplied Idle and Innes with a copy of the Beatles' long-planned documentary, The Long and Winding Road[5] (eventually re-titled The Beatles Anthology and released in 1995). Idle drew inspiration from this 1976 version of the documentary, as compiled by Neil Aspinall, and was granted permission to use some of the archival footage to tell the Rutles' story.

Innes wrote, composed, and produced the music. He relied on his memory of Beatles music, and not careful later analysis, to create sound-alike songs. Innes assembled a band (himself, John Halsey, Ollie Halsall, Andy Brown, and Ricky Fataar) and the group played in a London pub to gel. During Rutles performances and studio recordings, Innes took lead on the songs that resembled Lennon's; Halsall sang on most McCartney-esque tunes; Fataar sang the Harrison songs; and Halsey sang a Ringo Starr-type song. Idle mimed to Halsall's singing and Brown's bass playing in the completed film. Halsall appeared in the film as "Leppo", the fifth Rutle who in the earliest years "mainly stood at the back". Brown did not appear in the film.

The film is a series of skits and gags that illustrate the Rutles story, following the chronology of the Beatles. The glue of the film is the soundtrack by Innes, who wrote and composed 19 more songs for the film, each a pastiche of a Beatles song or genre. Fourteen songs were on a soundtrack album. The CD version added the six songs omitted from the original vinyl album. The album was nominated for a Grammy award for Best Comedy Recording of the year. The orchestrations and arrangements were by film composer John Altman, and it was recorded and mixed by Steve James.

All You Need Is Cash was not a success on American television on its first showing on 22 March 1978; indeed, it finished at the bottom of all programmes that week. The show fared better on BBC television when it was premiered a week later, on 27 March 1978.[6]

A 66-minute version was edited for TV and was released on video and DVD, but this has been superseded by the restored 72-minute version.

Additional actors in the special included Dan Aykroyd as the man who turned down the Rutles; John Belushi as Ron Decline (a parody of Allen Klein); Bill Murray as "Bill Murray the K"; Gilda Radner as a reluctant street interviewee; George Harrison as a TV reporter; Mick Jagger and Paul Simon as themselves;[5] Michael Palin as Eric Manchester (a parody of Beatles press agent Derek Taylor); Ron Wood as a biker; Lorne Michaels as a man who wants to merchandise the Rutles; Al Franken and Tom Davis as Ron Decline employees; and many others. It included actual footage of David Frost and Ed Sullivan taken from TV appearances.

The Beatles' reaction

  • George Harrison was involved in the project from the beginning. Producer Gary Weis said, "We were sitting around in Eric's kitchen one day, planning a sequence that really ripped into the mythology and George looked up and said, 'We were the Beatles, you know!' Then he shook his head and said, 'Aw, never mind.' I think he was the only one of the Beatles who really could see the irony of it all." Harrison said, "The Rutles sort of liberated me from the Beatles in a way. It was the only thing I saw of those Beatles television shows they made. It was actually the best, funniest and most scathing. But at the same time, it was done with the most love."
  • Ringo Starr liked the happier scenes in the film, but felt the scenes that mimicked sadder times hit too close.[7]
  • John Lennon loved the film and refused to return the videotape and soundtrack he was given for approval. He told Innes, however, that "Get Up and Go" was too close to the Beatles' "Get Back" and to be careful not to be sued by ATV Music, owners of the Beatles catalogue copyright at the time. The song was consequently omitted from the 1978 vinyl LP soundtrack.[citation needed]
  • Paul McCartney, who had just released his own album, London Town, always answered, "No comment." According to Innes: "He had a dinner at some awards thing at the same table as Eric one night and Eric said it was a little frosty."[7] Idle claimed McCartney changed his mind because his wife Linda thought it was funny.[8] McCartney also warmed up to the film when he learned that Idle was from Wallasey, opposite Liverpool. According to Idle, he said “Hey, Linda, it’s okay, he’s a Scouse, he’s one of us!”[9]

Idle claims on the All You Need Is Cash DVD commentary track that Harrison and Starr at one point discussed starting a band with Innes and Idle, based on the Beatles' and Rutles' shared and imaginary histories. Harrison and Starr also surprised him and Innes one day by singing a version of the Rutles' "Ouch!"[8]

Later history

In 1979, Idle and Fataar issued a single as "Dirk and Stig"—"Ging Gang Goolie" backed with "Mr. Sheene". This was Idle's only appearance on a Rutles-related disc.[10] There were no Rutles projects throughout the 1980s.

In 1982, the Rutles were involved in a record scandal reminiscent of the one surrounding the Beatles' Yesterday and Today album. Rhino Records, at the time a small Los Angeles label specialising in offbeat releases, released an album that it called Beatlesongs, purportedly a collection of Beatles novelty songs but actually a weird catch-all of assorted Beatles-related tunes. For the collection, Rhino licensed the Rutles' "Hold My Hand" from Warner Bros Records. The cover of the album was done by well-known commercial artist William Stout, who had made a name for himself drawing the cover artwork for some of the best-looking Beatles bootleg records in the 1970s. His cover drawing included a representation of Mark Chapman, the man who had killed John Lennon, The ensuing uproar prompted Rhino to reissue the album with a new cover featuring a photograph of Beatles memorabilia, claiming that Stout refused to amend his work.[11]

A clip from All You Need Is Cash appeared on a VHS compilation tape of comedy videos put out by the now-defunct Vestron Home Video in 1985. The clip is simply the Tragical History Tour part of All You Need Is Cash, with the sound clunkily muted out during the segment's narration in order to leave just the music. This home video release was released on both VHS and Laserdisc.[12]

Innes, with a group called the Moptops backed by the 'Rutland Symphony Orchestra',[13] performed as "Ron Nasty and the New Rutles" at a convention honouring the 25th anniversary of Monty Python in 1994.[14] This led to a Rutles reunion album in 1996, featuring Innes, Fataar and Halsey. Halsall died in 1992, but the reunion album, titled Archaeology as a play on the Beatles' Anthology series, featured several tracks recorded in 1978 that included his contributions.[1] The Japanese version included four bonus tracks.

In 2000, Idle released Eric Idle Sings Monty Python, a live concert album in which he performs "I Must Be in Love" as Sir Dirk McQuickly.

In 2002, Idle made The Rutles 2: Can't Buy Me Lunch, which remained unreleased for a year. The film employs unused footage from the previous Rutles film, and features an even bigger number of celebrity interviews discussing the band's influence. This was met with mixed reactions from fans, particularly because no new footage of the Rutles was filmed. The DVD had yet to be released in the UK as of February 2014.

McQuickly and Nasty had cameos in the 2004 graphic novel, Superman: True Brit, co-written by former Monty Python's Flying Circus member John Cleese.

In 2007, a reissue of Archaeology included a new Rutles track called "Rut-a-lot" (a jab at Idle's stage show Spamalot) which was simply a live medley of songs from the first Rutles album.

On 17 March 2008, all four movie Rutles (Innes, Idle, Fataar and Halsey) reunited for the first time at a 30th anniversary screening of All You Need Is Cash at the Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood. The event included a question and answer session and performance by members of the tribute show "Rutlemania" which ran for a week at the Ricardo Montalbán Theatre in Hollywood before doing a week in NYC at the Blender Gramercy Theater. The "Rutlemania" live show was conceived and written by Eric Idle which starred the Beatles tribute group the Fab Four as "The Pre-Fab Four" Rutles.

In February 2009, on his website InnesBookOfRecords.Com, Innes released what he referred to as "Ron Nasty's Final Song", titled "Imitation Song", a parody of "Imagine". This was also Innes's first and only entry in the Masters of Song-Fu competition run by Quick Stop Entertainment.

On 9 February 2014, Idle reprised his narrator persona from All You Need Is Cash as part of The Night That Changed America: A Grammy Salute to The Beatles, noting how the Rutles had made their American debut 50 years earlier, and it was an amazing coincidence the Beatles were there the same day. He then lent straight narration to biographical sketches of the Beatles's early lives.

On 29 December 2019, Innes died of a heart attack at the age of 75, and the Rutles were disbanded shortly afterwards.[15] In his final interview before his death, Innes expressed enthusiasm about either a late 2019 U.S. tour or a 2020 spring tour for the Rutles.[16]

Personnel

Fictional lineup

Real lineup – All You Need Is Cash

Archaeology

After an 18-year hiatus, the Rutles (Innes, Halsey and Fataar) reconvened to record the 1996 album Archaeology (a parody of The Beatles Anthology). Halsall had died in 1992, but he appears on several tracks that were outtakes from the original 1978 album, and he is credited as a band member.[citation needed] (Similarly, the three surviving Beatles had incorporated recordings by John Lennon in the songs "Free as a Bird" and "Real Love".)

On record the band was augmented by keyboardist Mickey Simmonds (who also played with the band live) and bassist Malcolm Foster (ex-Pretenders), as the Rutles had no bass player.[citation needed] Guitarists Doug Boyle and Bernie Holland were featured.

Subsequent touring band members (2001–2019)

Beginning in 2001, Innes and Halsey toured as the Rutles in the UK (and once in Japan), augmented by other musicians. The touring group performed songs from the Rutles repertoire, Neil Innes's solo career, and usually at least one George Harrison song per tour as a tribute to him.

The touring version:

  • Neil Innes – piano, guitar, ukulele, and vocals
  • John Halsey – drums, vocals, paper tearing
  • Mark Griffiths – bass guitar and vocals (2001-2015)
  • Mickey Simmonds – keyboards and vocals (2001-2014)
  • Ken Thornton (nicknamed "Rutling" by Neil Innes) – lead guitar, vocals, drums (2001-2019)
  • Steve Simpson – guitar and vocals (2001)
  • Jason Bruer – saxophone (2001)
  • Jason McDermid – trumpet (2001)
  • J.J. Jones – percussion (2004-2005)
  • Andy Roberts – guitar and vocals (2004)
  • Elliot Randall – guitar (2015)
  • Phil Jackson – keyboards, vocals, and percussion (2015-2019)
  • Jay Goodrich – bass guitar and vocals (2015-2018)
  • David Catlin-Birch – bass guitar and vocals (2019)

Discography

Songs parodied by The Rutles

Rutles Song Album Original Beatles Song
"Goose-Step Mama " The Rutles Early Merseybeat-style Beatles songs, such as "Some Other Guy" and "I Saw Her Standing There"
"Under My Skin" Archaeology A cover of the Cole Porter song "I've Got You Under My Skin". Canonically a live recording, it pays homage to The Beatles performances in the Star-Club and The Cavern Club. Parodying no song in particular, the 2007 version of Archaeology lists it as The Quarrlemen's first recording, so it could be a parody of The Quarrymen's earliest recordings such as "Puttin' On the Style" (1957), "That'll Be the Day" (1958), and "In Spite of All the Danger" (1958). The instrumental also sounds very similar to "Devil in Her Heart."
"Number One" The Rutles "Twist and Shout"
"Baby Let Me Be" The Rutles Mainly "I Wanna Be Your Man". However, also parodies 1950s rock and roll songs the Beatles used to perform in Hamburg such as "Slow Down", "She Loves You", "Long Tall Sally", "Kansas City", and others.
"Blue Suede Schubert" The Rutles Mainly "Roll Over Beethoven", with bits from "Boys" and "Blue Suede Shoes"
"Hold My Hand" The Rutles Mainly "All My Loving" and "Eight Days a Week", other elements from "I Want to Hold Your Hand", "She Loves You"
"Baby S'il Vous Plait" Archaeology "Sie Liebt Dich", "Komm Gib Mir Deine Hand"
"I Must Be in Love" The Rutles Guitar intro from "Ticket to Ride", song mainly taken from "A Hard Day's Night"
"With a Girl Like You" The Rutles "If I Fell", with elements taken from "Please Please Me"
"I Love You" Archaeology Mainly "And I Love Her", with inspiration from "Till There Was You"
"Lonely-Phobia" Archaeology "Things We Said Today"
"Between Us" The Rutles Mainly "I'll Be Back", but also bears resemblance to "I'll Follow the Sun", "Baby It's You", "Ask Me Why", "''Til There Was You" and "Devil in Her Heart"
"Now She's Left You" Archaeology Mainly "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party", but written as a thematic sequel to "You're Going to Lose That Girl" with elements from "I Will", and possibly "She Loves You"
"Ouch!" The Rutles "Help!"
"It's Looking Good" The Rutles Mainly "I'm Looking Through You", while also borrowing elements from "I'm Down", "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party" and "I'm a Loser"
"Nevertheless" The Rutles "Love You To", "Within You Without You"
"Joe Public" Archaeology Mainly "Tomorrow Never Knows", elements from "Rain" and "The Inner Light"
"Doubleback Alley" The Rutles "Penny Lane"
"Major Happy's Up-And-Coming Once Upon a Good Time Band" Archaeology "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"
"Rendezvous" Archaeology Mostly "With a Little Help from My Friends", elements from "Good Day Sunshine" and a little bit from "Your Mother Should Know".
"Good Times Roll" The Rutles "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", "Sun King", "All Thing Must Pass"
"The Knicker Elastic King" Archaeology Mostly "Getting Better", elements taken from "Picasso's Last Words", the Yellow Submarine film, "Your Mother Should Know" and "Penny Lane"
"Back in Sixty-Four" Archaeology Mostly "When I'm Sixty-Four", with the synth solo taken from "Maxwell's Silver Hammer" and other elements from "Good Night"
"Cheese and Onions" The Rutles Rising strings from "A Day in the Life", main song from "Imagine", "Mind Games" and "Across the Universe", other elements taken from "I Am the Walrus"
"Love Life" The Rutles "All You Need Is Love"
"Piggy in the Middle" The Rutles "I Am the Walrus"
"Questionnaire" Archaeology Mainly "The Fool on the Hill" and "Strawberry Fields Forever", with other elements being from "I Am the Walrus", "Eleanor Rigby", "Lady Madonna", "Piggies" and "Nowhere Man", lyrical references to "Imagine" and "Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea"
"Shangri-La" Archaeology Mainly "Hey Jude", "A Day in the Life" and "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!", with elements from "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", "All You Need Is Love", "Magical Mystery Tour", "I Am the Walrus", "All Together Now", "'Yellow Submarine", "For No One", "Isn't It a Pity", "Lovely Rita" and "The End". The main melody and inspiration also come from "How Sweet to Be an Idiot" and later "Whatever".
"We've Arrived! (And to Prove It We're Here)" Archaeology Mainly "Back in the U.S.S.R.", with the last 40 seconds parodying "Flying" and the fade out paying homage to "Revolution 9".
"Let's Be Natural" The Rutles "Dear Prudence", "Julia"
"Unfinished Words" Archaeology Song parodies no particular Beatles song, with the main guitar riff coming from an uncompleted demo by Ollie Halsall (hence the title). Some fans have retroactively compared this tune to the likes of "Nowhere Man" and "In My Life"; however, most fans take its references of the Martin Lewis fake Beatle bootlegs to be a parody of "Glass Onion".
"My Little Ukulele" Archaeology Mainly "Crippled Inside", but the song also features bits from "Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da", "Honey Pie", "You're Sixteen", "Crippled Inside", "Jailhouse Rock"
"Another Day" The Rutles Mainly "Martha My Dear", with a melody borrowed from "Don't Bother Me", atmospheric choices likely taken from "For No One" and "Dear Prudence".
"Living in Hope" The Rutles Mainly "Don't Pass Me By", but in the film it is used to portray early Ringo songs such as "Act Naturally" and "Honey Don't".
"Evolution 10" The Wheat Album Mainly "Revolution 9", also borrows from "The Palace of the King of the Birds" for its ambient instrumental, "Rocky Raccoon" for its narration, and other elements from "I Am the Walrus" and "I'm So Tired".
"Get Up and Go" The Rutles "Get Back"
"Eine Kleine Middle Klasse Musik" Archaeology Mainly "Come Together", with the organ riff borrowed from "Maybe I'm Amazed", with other elements taken from "The Ballad of John and Yoko", "Cold Turkey" and "Gotta Serve Somebody", with the title coming from classical piece. "Eine kleine Nachtmusik"
"Easy Listening" Archaeology Mainly "Octopus's Garden", with elements from "Don't Pass Me By", "Act Naturally" and "What Goes On?". Lyrical reference to "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?".
"Lullaby" Archaeology Mainly "Her Majesty", with elements from "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" and "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away".
"Hey Mister!" Archaeology Mainly "I Me Mine", with elements from "Yer Blues", "Helter Skelter", "The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill", "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away", and possibly "And I Love Her"
"Stig It" Neil Innes BBC session "Dig It"
"Don't Know Why" Archaeology Mainly "Free as a Bird", with other elements from "Sexy Sadie".

Lawsuits

Following the release of the 1978 the Rutles album, ATV Music, the then-owner of the publishing rights to the Beatles catalogue, sued Innes for copyright infringement. Though Innes hired a musicologist to defend the originality of his songs,[17] he settled with ATV out of court for 50% of the royalties on the 14 songs included on the album.[18] The settlement did not include any other Rutles songs which were not on the original LP release (some of which were included in the television film, e.g., "Baby Let Me Be", "Between Us", "Blue Suede Schubert", "Get Up And Go", "Goose Step Mama", and "It's Looking Good"); Innes has retained 100% royalties to these.[19] On actual Rutles releases, LP, CD, etc., writing credit for all songs has always been printed as Neil Innes only.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e Larkin, Colin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. p. 1049. ISBN 1-85227-745-9.
  2. ^ Perry, George C. (2007). The Life of Python. Pavilion. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-86205-762-3.
  3. ^ Covach, John (1990). "The Rutles and the Use of Specific Models in Musical Satire". Indiana Theory Review. 11. Indiana University Graduate Theory Association: 119–120. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  4. ^ "SNL Transcripts: Eric Idle: 04/23/77". Snltranscripts.jt.org. 23 April 1977. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  5. ^ a b Spitz, Marc (19 December 2013). "Rutlemania Is Back, and It's Unreal". The New York Times.
  6. ^ "All You Need Is Cash (1978 TV Movie) : Release Info". IMDb.com. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  7. ^ a b Sharp, Ken (25 February 2020). "GETTING NASTY: A Rutle Remembers. Neil Innes interview excerpts from Beatlefan magazine #56, originally published on February 1988". SOMETHING NEW: The Beatlefan Blog. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  8. ^ a b "Meet 'The Rutles': Eric Idle's Sendup Is Honored". Los Angeles Times. 8 March 2001. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  9. ^ Idle, Eric (2018). Always look on the bright side of life : a sortabiography (First edition ed.). New York. ISBN 978-1-9848-2258-1. OCLC 1047680017. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ "The Rutles – The Lean Years". Rutlemania.org. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  11. ^ "The Rutles – The Lean Years – Part 3". Rutlemania.org. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  12. ^ "The Rutles – The Lean Years – Part 4". Rutlemania.org. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  13. ^ "Live Rutles". Rutlemania.org. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  14. ^ "An Eyewitness account of Ron Nasty and the New Rutles at the Troubador". Rutlemania.org. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  15. ^ "Monty Python songwriter Neil Innes dies aged 75". Bbc.co.uk. 30 December 2019.
  16. ^ "Rutles' leader Neil Innes, dead at 75, goes deep in one of his final interviews: 'Mortality is real'". San Diego Union-Tribune. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  17. ^ Moran, Catlin (25 October 1996). "The spoof Beatles are back in business". The Times. London.
  18. ^ Paul du Noyer (1 December 1996). "The Post-Prefab Three". Q Magazine. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011.
  19. ^ "Songwriter/Composer: INNES NEIL JAMES". Repertoire.bmi.com. Retrieved 26 July 2014.

References

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