Stereocenter
 | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
|
In stereochemistry, a stereogenic element of a molecule is an atom (center), axis or plane that is the focus of stereoisomerism; that is, having at least two different groups bound, interchanging any two different groups would create a stereoisomer.[1]
A stereocenter or stereogenic center is a particular instance of a stereogenic element that is geometrically a point (atom).[2] The term stereocenter was introduced in 1984 by Kurt Mislow and Jay Siegel.[3]
A chirality center is a stereocenter consisting of an atom holding a set of ligands (atoms or groups of atoms) in a spatial arrangement which is not superimposable on its mirror image. The concept of a chirality center generalizes the concept of an asymmetric carbon atom (a carbon atom bonded to four different entities) such that an interchanging of any two groups gives rise to an enantiomer.[4] In organic chemistry, a chirality center usually refers to a carbon, phosphorus, or sulfur atom, though it is also possible for other atoms to be chirality centers, especially in areas of organometallic and inorganic chemistry.
Possible number of stereoisomers
A molecule can have multiple stereocenters, giving it many stereoisomers. In compounds whose stereoisomerism is due to tetrahedral stereogenic centers, the total number of hypothetically possible stereoisomers will not exceed 2n, where n is the number of tetrahedral stereocenters. However, this is an upper bound because molecules with symmetry frequently have fewer stereoisomers. Having two chirality centers may give a meso compound which is achiral. Certain configurations may not exist due to steric reasons. Cyclic compounds with chiral centers may not exhibit chirality due to the presence of a two-fold rotation axis. Planar chirality may also provide for chirality without having an actual chiral center present.
Stereogenic on carbon
A carbon atom that is attached to four different types of atoms or groups of atoms is called an asymmetric carbon atom or chiral carbon.
Stereogenic on other atoms
Chirality is not limited to carbon atoms, though carbon atoms are often centers of chirality due to their ubiquity in organic chemistry. Nitrogen and phosphorus atoms can also form bonds in a tetrahedral configuration. A nitrogen in an amine may be a stereocenter if all three groups attached are different because the electron pair of the amine functions as a fourth group.[5] However, nitrogen inversion, a form of pyramidal inversion, causes racemization which means that both epimers at that nitrogen are present under normal circumstances.[5] Racemization by nitrogen inversion may be restricted (such as quaternary ammonium or phosphonium cations), or slow, which allows the existence of chirality.[5]
Metal atoms with tetrahedral or octahedral geometries may also be chiral due to having different ligands. For the octahedral case, several chiralities are possible. Having three ligands of two types, the ligands may be lined up along the meridian, giving the mer-isomer, or forming a face—the fac isomer. Having three bidentate ligands of only one type gives a propeller-type structure, with two different enantiomers denoted Λ and Δ.
See also
- Chirality (chemistry) § Stereogenic centers
- Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules for nomenclature
- Descriptor (chemistry)
References
- ^ "5.4: Stereogenic Centers". libretexts.org.
- ^ Solomons, T. W. Graham; Fryhle, Craig (2004). Organic Chemistry (8th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.[page needed]
- ^ Mislow, Kurt; Siegel, Jay (1984). "Stereoisomerism and local chirality". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 106 (11): 3319. doi:10.1021/ja00323a043.
- ^ "chiral (chirality) center". IUPAC.org.
- ^ a b c Smith, Janice Gorzynski (2011). "Chapter 25 Amines". In Hodge, Tami; Nemmers, Donna; Klein, Jayne (eds.). Organic chemistry (Book) (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 949–993. ISBN 978-0-07-337562-5.