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Giorgia Meloni

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Giorgia Meloni
Giorgia Meloni in 2022
Meloni in 2022
President of Brothers of Italy
Incumbent
Assumed office
8 March 2014
Preceded byIgnazio La Russa
President of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party
Incumbent
Assumed office
29 September 2020
Preceded byJan Zahradil
Minister of Youth
In office
8 May 2008 – 16 November 2011
Prime MinisterSilvio Berlusconi
Preceded byGiovanna Melandri
Succeeded byAndrea Riccardi
Member of the Chamber of Deputies
Incumbent
Assumed office
28 April 2006
Constituency
Personal details
Born (1977-01-15) 15 January 1977 (age 47)
Rome, Italy
Political partyFdI (since 2012)
Other political
affiliations
  • MSI (1992–1995)
  • AN (1995–2009)
  • PdL (2009–2012)
Domestic partnerAndrea Giambruno
Children1
Websitegiorgiameloni.com

Giorgia Meloni (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdʒordʒa meˈloːni]; born 15 January 1977) is an Italian politician and journalist. A member of the Chamber of Deputies in Italy since 2006, she has led the Brothers of Italy (FdI) political party since 2014, and has been the president of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party since 2020. After her party received the most votes in the 2022 Italian general election, Meloni is expected to become the next Prime Minister of Italy—the first woman to serve in the position.

In 1992, Meloni joined the Youth Front, the youth wing of the Italian Social Movement (MSI), a neo-fascist political party founded in 1946 by former followers of Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini. She later became the national leader of Student Action, the student movement of the National Alliance (AN), a post-fascist party that became the MSI's legal successor in 1995 and moved towards national conservatism. She was a councillor of the Province of Rome from 1998 to 2002, after which she became the president of Youth Action, the youth wing of AN. In 2008, she was appointed Minister of Youth in the Berlusconi IV Cabinet, a role which she held until 2011. In 2012, she co-founded FdI, a legal successor to AN, and became its president in 2014. She took part in the 2014 European Parliament election in Italy, and in the 2016 Rome municipal election as a mayoral candidate; she was not elected in either election. After the 2018 Italian general election, she led FdI in opposition during the entire 18th Italian legislature, letting FdI grow its popularity in opinion polls, particularly during the management of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy by the Draghi Cabinet, a national unity government to which FdI was the only opposition party.

A right-wing populist and Italian nationalist, her political positions have been described as far right, which she rejects as a label to describe her views. She describes herself as a Catholic Christian and a conservative, and says she defends "God, fatherland, and family". She is opposed to abortion, euthanasia, and to marriages and parenting by same-sex couples, saying that nuclear families are exclusively headed by male–female pairs. Meloni's discourse includes criticism of global finance and femonationalist rhetoric. Opposed to the reception of non-Christian migrants and multiculturalism, she has been accused of xenophobia and Islamophobia; Meloni has blamed neo-colonialism as a cause behind the European migrant crisis. A supporter of NATO and a critic of China, she maintains Eurosceptic views regarding the European Union, which she describes as Eurorealist, and was in favour of better relations with Russia before the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, which she condemned, pledging to keep sending arms to Ukraine.

Meloni has expressed controversial views, such as praising Mussolini when she was 19, and in 2020 praising Giorgio Almirante, a civil minister in Mussolini's Italian Social Republic who produced racist propaganda and had a long postwar neo-fascist political career. Nevertheless, Meloni has said that she and FdI condemn both the suppression of democracy and the introduction of the Italian racial laws by the fascist regime.

Early life

File:Giorgia Meloni 1995.jpg
Meloni in 1995

Giorgia Meloni was born in Rome on 15 January 1977.[1][2] Her father was from Sardinia and her mother from Sicily. Her father, a tax advisor, was convicted for drug trafficking and sentenced to 9 years in a Spanish prison,[3] He left the family when she was eleven years old moving to the Canary Islands.[4] She grew up in the district of Garbatella.[4] In 1992, at 15 years of age, she joined the Youth Front, the youth wing of the Italian Social Movement (MSI), a neo-fascist political party that dissolved in 1995.[1] During this time, she founded the student coordination Gli Antenati (The Ancestors), which took part in the protest against the public education reform promoted by minister Rosa Russo Iervolino.[5]

In 1996, she became the national leader of Student Action, the student movement of the National Alliance (AN), the national-conservative heir of the MSI, representing this movement in the Student Associations Forum established by the Italian Ministry of Education.[6] In 1998, after winning the primary election, she was elected as a councillor of the Province of Rome, holding this position until 2002. She was elected national director in 2000 and became the first woman president of Youth Action, the AN youth wing, in 2004.[7] During these years, she worked as a nanny, waitress, and bartender at the Piper Club [it; fr], one of the most famous night clubs in Rome.[8][9]

Meloni graduated from Rome's Amerigo Vespucci Institute (AVI) in 1996.[2] She declared that she obtained the high school diploma in languages at the AVI, with the final mark of 60/60.[10] The school was not a foreign language high school and was not qualified to issue a diploma in languages; instead, it was a technical high school specialized in the tourist industry.[11] This created a controversy about whether she lied about her diploma.[12]

Political career

Minister of Youth

2006 portrait of Meloni for the Chamber of Deputies
Meloni in 2006

In the 2006 Italian general election, she was elected to the Chamber of Deputies as a member of the National Alliance (AN), where she became its youngest ever vice-president.[13] In the same year, she started to work as a journalist.[14] In 2006, Meloni defended the laws passed by the Berlusconi III Cabinet that benefited companies of the prime minister and media mogul Silvio Berlusconi and also delayed ongoing trials involving him. Meloni stated "it is necessary to contextualise them. Those are laws that Silvio Berlusconi made for himself. But they are perfectly fair laws."[15] In 2008, she was appointed Minister of Youth in the Berlusconi IV Cabinet, a position she held until 16 November 2011, when Berlusconi was forced to resign as the prime minister amid a financial crisis and public protests.[16] She was the youngest-ever minister in the history of united Italy.[17]

In August 2008, she invited Italian athletes to boycott the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games in disagreement with the Chinese policy implemented towards Tibet; this statement was criticized by Berlusconi, as well as the foreign affairs minister Franco Frattini.[18] In 2009, her party merged with Forza Italia (FI) into The People of Freedom (PdL) and she took over the presidency of the united party's youth section, called Young Italy.[17] In the same year, she voted in favour of a decree law against euthanasia.[19]

In November 2010, on behalf of the ministry, she presented a 300 million euro package called the Right to the Future. It was aimed at investing in young people and contained five initiatives, including incentives for new entrepreneurs, bonuses in favour of temporary workers and loans for deserving students.[20] In November 2012, she announced her bid to contest the PdL leadership against Angelino Alfano, in opposition to the party's support of the Monti Cabinet. After the cancellation of the primaries, she teamed up with fellow politicians Ignazio La Russa and Guido Crosetto to set out an anti-Monti policy, asking for renewal within the party and being also critical of the leadership of Berlusconi.[21][22]

Leader of Brothers of Italy

Giorgia Meloni with Guido Crosetto at a FdI rally in 2014
Meloni with Guido Crosetto during an FdI rally in 2014

In December 2012, Meloni, La Russa, and Crosetto founded a new political movement, Brothers of Italy (FdI), whose name comes from the words of the Italian national anthem.[23][24] In the 2013 Italian general election, she stood as part of Berlusconi's centre-right coalition and received 2.0% of the vote and 9 seats.[25] She was re-elected to the Chamber of Deputies for Lombardy and was later appointed the party's leader in the house, a position that she would hold until 2014, when she resigned to dedicate herself to the party. She was succeeded by Fabio Rampelli.[26]

In March 2014, she became president of FdI, and in April she was nominated for the 2014 European Parliament election in Italy as the leader of the FdI in all the five constituencies. FdI party obtained 3.7% of the votes, not exceeding the threshold of 4%, and she did not become a Member of the European Parliament;[27][28] she received 348,700 votes.[29] On 4 November 2015, she founded Our Land – Italians with Giorgia Meloni, a conservative political committee in support of her campaigns.[30] Our Land is a parallel organization to FdI,[31] and aimed at enlarging FdI's popular base.[32]

On 30 January 2016, she participated in the Family Day, an anti-LGBT rights demonstration, declaring herself against LGBT adoption. At the same Family Day, she announced that she was pregnant; her daughter Ginevra was born on 16 September.[33] In the 2016 Rome municipal election, she ran for mayor with the support of Us with Salvini, a political party led by Matteo Salvini, and in opposition to the candidate supported by Berlusconi's Forza Italia (FI). Meloni won 20.6% of the vote, almost twice that of FI's candidate, but she did not qualify for the run-off, while FdI obtained 12.3% of the vote.[34] During the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum on the reform promoted by Renzi's government, Meloni founded the "No, Thanks" committee and participated in numerous television debates, including one against the then prime minister Matteo Renzi.[35] As "No" won with almost 60% of the votes, Meloni called for snap elections. When Renzi resigned, she withheld confidence from the next government led by Paolo Gentiloni.[36][37] The 2–3 December 2017 congress of FdI in Trieste saw the re-election of Meloni as president of the party, as well as a renewal of the party logo and the joining of Daniela Santanchè, a long-time right-wing politician.[38]

Giorgia Meloni with Matteo Salvini and Silvio Berlusconi in 2018
Meloni with Matteo Salvini and Silvio Berlusconi in 2018

As party leader, she decided to form the alliance with the League (Lega), led by Salvini, launching several political campaigns with him against the centre-left government led by the Democratic Party (PD), placing FdI in Eurosceptic and right-wing populist positions.[39] In the 2018 Italian general election, FdI stood as part of the centre-right coalition,[40] with Berlusconi's FI, Salvini's Lega, and Raffaele Fitto's Us with Italy.[41] Meloni's party obtained 4.4% of the vote and more than three times the seats won in 2013.[42] She was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the single-member constituency of Latina, Lazio, with 41% of the vote.[43] The centre-right coalition, in which the League emerged as the main political force, won a plurality of seats in the Chamber of Deputies; as no political group or party won an outright majority, it resulted in a hung parliament.[44]

In February 2021, she joined the Aspen Institute,[45][46] an international think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C.,[47][48] which includes many financiers, businessmen, and politicians, such as Giulio Tremonti.[49][50][51] On 19 February 2021, the University of Siena professor Giovanni Gozzini insulted Meloni calling her vulgar names from a radio; both the president Sergio Mattarella and the prime minister Mario Draghi phoned Meloni and stigmatized Gozzini, who was suspended by the board of his university.[52][53] In October 2021, she signed the Madrid Charter,[54] a 2020 document that describes left-wing groups as enemies of Ibero-America involved in a "criminal project" that are "under the umbrella of the Cuban regime".[55] It was drafted by Vox, a Spanish ultranationalist party. She also took part at Vox's party congress,[56] where she said: "Yes to the natural family. No to the LGBT lobby. Yes to sexual identity. No to gender ideology ... no to Islamist violence, yes to secure borders, no to mass migration ... no to big international finance ... no to the bureaucrats of Brussels!"[57][58] In February 2022, she spoke at the annual Conservative Political Action Conference in Florida. She told the attending American conservative activists and officials they must defend their views against progressives.[59]

Heading into the 2022 Italian general election, a snap election that was called after the 2022 Italian government crisis,[60][61] it was agreed among the centre-right coalition that the leader of the party receiving the most votes would be put forward as the prime minister candidate.[62] As of July 2022, FdI was the first party in the coalition according to opinion polling,[63][64] and she was widely expected to become Prime Minister of Italy if the centre-right coalition obtained an absolute majority in Parliament, which would be the most right-wing government in the history of the Italian Republic according to some academics.[65] In an attempt to moderate herself to placate fears among those who describe FdI as neo-fascist or far right,[66] including fears within the European Commission that she could lead Italy towards Hungary under Viktor Orbán,[67] Meloni told the foreign press that Italian fascism is history. As president of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party, she said she shared the experiences and values of the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom, Likud in Israel, and the Republican Party in the United States.[68] Critics were sceptical of her claims, citing her speeches on immigration and LGBT rights.[69][70] She campaigned for lower taxes, less European bureaucracy, and a halt to immigration through a naval blockade,[71] saying she would put national interests first.[72][73][74]

In a record-low voter turnout election,[75] exit polls projected that the centre-right coalition would win a majority of seats in the 2022 general election.[57][76][77] Meloni was projected to be the winner of the election with FdI receiving a plurality of seats,[78][79] and per agreement with the centre-right coalition, which held that the largest party in the coalition would nominate the next prime minister,[80] she is the frontrunner and would become the country's first female prime minister.[81][82] The PD, head of the centre-left coalition, conceded defeat shortly after the exit polls,[83] and Hungary's Orbán, Poland's Mateusz Morawiecki, United Kingdom's Liz Truss, and Marine Le Pen, former leader of National Rally (RN) in France, congratulated Meloni.[84] European radical right parties and leaders, such as Alternative for Germany and Vox, also celebrated Meloni's results.[85]

Political positions

Giorgia Meloni speaking at the CPAC in Florida in 2022
Meloni speaking at the 2022 Conservative Political Action Conference in Florida

Observers have described Meloni's political positions as far right;[86][87] in August 2018, Friedel Taube wrote in Deutsche Welle that "Giorgia Meloni has a long history in far-right politics."[88] In a July 2022 interview with Nicholas Farrell of The Spectator, Meloni rejected descriptions of her politics as far right, calling it a smear campaign by her opponents.[89] She has described herself as a conservative.[90] Additionally, Meloni has been described as hard right,[91] right-wing populist,[92][93] and nationalist.[94][95]

Meloni has been described as being close to Viktor Orbán, the Prime Minister of Hungary and leader of Fidesz,[96][97] National Rally in France, and Vox political party in Spain,[98][99] representatives of the Law and Justice party in Poland,[100][101] and the Republican Party in the United States.[102][103][104] Meloni self-described her party, Brothers of Italy (FdI), as a "mainstream conservative" party.[105] She is in favour of presidentialism and supports the change of the Constitution of Italy.[1]

Social issues

Meloni opposes abortion, euthanasia, and laws that recognize same-sex marriage, and describes herself as "pro-family".[106][107][108] She has said she "wouldn't change" the abortion law in Italy but would permit conscientious objection doctors to refuse to carry them out,[109][110] and stated that the recognition of same-sex unions in Italy is "good enough".[111] At a rally at the Piazza del Popolo in October 2019, she spoke against same-sex parenting; her speech became viral on Italian social media platforms.[112] Meloni is opposed to the DDL Zan, an anti-homophobia law, declaring that in Italy "there is no homophobia".[113] During a February 2016 interview to Le Iene, an Italian television show, she had also said that she would "rather not have a gay child".[114][115][116]

Meloni is supportive of the anti-gender movement, based on Catholic theology in the 1990s that condemns social positions not approved by the Catholic Church, including gender studies, and she is sceptical of what she calls "gender ideology";[117][118] she says it is being thought in schools,[119][120][121] and that it attacks female identity and motherhood.[122] She is supportive of changing the Constitution of Italy in order to make it illegal for same-sex couples to adopt children.[123] In March 2018, she criticized The Walt Disney Company for the decision to represent a gay couple in the musical fantasy movie Frozen II. On Facebook, she wrote: "Enough! We are sick of it! Take your hands off the children."[124][125][126]

Feminism

Meloni sees feminism as an ideological tool against right-wing politics rather than in pro-women terms, and she has described herself as "a person for women". In her 2011 book We Believe, she wrote: "I am a right-wing woman, and I proudly support women's issues. In recent years we have had to suffer contempt and racism by feminists. ... Perhaps as far as feminism is conceived in this way, it is more a question of ideology than of gender and substance."[127] She is opposed to pink quotas and has denied being anti-women as accused by some critics.[128][129][130]

Immigration and multiculturalism

Meloni is opposed to the reception of non-Christian migrants and multiculturalism.[131][132] In 2018, she said she would welcome Venezuelans, saying they are Christians and often of Italian origins.[133] Amid the 2022 escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, Meloni said she supported to give refugee status to those coming from a war-shaken country but not to asylum seekers. She said: "It's time to call things by their name, to give refugee status to those fleeing war, women and children, perhaps doing the opposite with those who aren't refugees."[134] In August 2022, she reposted a pixelized video on Twitter that shows a woman being raped by an asylum seeker.[135] The victim of the violence decried the publication of the video and said she was recognized by the video posted.[136] After receiving backlash, Meloni defended herself by accusing other politicians of not having condemned the rape itself.[137][138]

Meloni has criticized Italy's approach towards illegal immigrants,[139] endorsing the Great Replacement, a white nationalist conspiracy theory.[140][141] She has been accused of xenophobia,[142][143][144] as well as Islamophobia.[145][146] She believes there is a planned mass migration from Africa to Europe for the purpose of replacing and eliminating Italians.[147][148][149] She has blamed neo-colonialism for Africa's underdevelopment and the European migrant crisis, and said she favours cooperation over what she termed France's neocolonialism.[150]

Foreign policy

Giorgia Meloni and Sergio Mattarella in 2018
Meloni with Sergio Mattarella in 2018

Meloni voted in favour of the 2011 military intervention in Libya; in 2019, she criticized the French rationale for the intervention, stating it was because of Muammar Gaddafi's opposition to the CFA franc.[151][152] She is critical of Italian relations with Saudi Arabia and Qatar, stating that these countries "systematically and deliberately spread fundamentalist theories that are the main causes of the growth of Islamic fundamentalism".[153] She opposed the decision to host the Supercoppa Italiana final in Saudi Arabia, and stated that Italy should actively raise the issue of human rights in Saudi Arabia.[154] Meloni advocated for the expulsion of the Indian Ambassador to Italy as a result of the Enrica Lexie case,[155] and she urged Alessandro Del Piero to refuse to play in the Indian Super League until the detained Italian marines were returned.[156] Following the Asia Bibi blasphemy case, Meloni criticized what she called the "silence of the West" and advocated a stronger stance by the international community against human rights violations in Pakistan.[157]

Prior to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Meloni was in favour of better relations with Russia. In her 2021 biography book I am Giorgia, she wrote that Russia under Vladimir Putin defends European values and Christian identity.[158] She has since condemned the invasion and pledged to keep sending arms to Ukraine.[159] She is supportive of NATO,[160] although she maintains Eurosceptic views towards the European Union,[161] having also previously advocated a withdrawal from the eurozone.[162][163] She rejects the Eurosceptic label, favouring the Eurorealism of a confederal Europe of sovereign nations.[164]

A critic of China, she is a supporter of closer ties between Italy and Taiwan.[165][166] Meloni is a controversial figure in Croatia due to her Italian irredentist statements in which she claimed the Croatian regions of Dalmatia and Istria, and for being opposed to Croatian entry into the European Union due to the unresolved dispute concerning properties of exiled Italians after World War II from Dalmatia and Istria.[167][168]

COVID-19 pandemic and vaccines

Meloni has shown vaccine hesitancy, such as not vaccinating her daughter during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, because "it's not a religion".[169][170][171] She has been criticized due to her statements on vaccines and COVID-19, stating the probability of someone aged 0–19 dying from COVID-19 was the same as being struck by lightning.[172][173] After her party won the 2022 Italian general election, they pledged to review the positions taken by the Italian government during the COVID-19 pandemic and end the COVID-19 vaccine mandate in place for health care workers.[174]

Relationship with fascism

Meloni has expressed statements that generated controversy.[175] In an interview to the French newscast Soir 3 when she was 19,[176] she praised Italian dictator Benito Mussolini as "a good politician, in that everything he did, he did for Italy",[177][178][179] and as the best politician of the last 50 years.[180] In January 2020, there was some controversy after Meloni and the comune of Verona supported naming a street after Giorgio Almirante; Meloni and the comune also supported giving Liliana Segre, a Holocaust survivor and senator for life, honorary citizenship. Segre said that her and Almirante are incompatible and the comune had to make a choice.[181][182] In May 2020, Meloni praised Almirante as a "great politician", as well as "a patriot".[183][184][185] Almirante was the co-founder of the Italian Social Movement (MSI), who had a long post-war political career until retiring in 1987. During World War II, he was a wartime collaborator as a civil minister of the Italian Social Republic (RSI), a Nazi puppet state, as well as editor-in-chief of the antisemitic and racist magazine La Difesa della Razza, which published the "Manifesto of Race" in 1938.[115][186][187] As a minister in 2009, Meloni visited Yad Vashem in Israel,[58] and she has also said as FdI party leader that her party "handed fascism over to history for decades now" and it "unambiguously condemns the suppression of democracy and the ignominious anti-Jewish laws".[1]

The independent journalistic TV program Report revealed through an investigative report published in December 2020 that her party "has reached the negative record of arrests for mafia group 'Ndrangheta",[188] and also having among her ranks Mussolini's descendants,[189] as well as fascist nostalgics,[190][191][192] according to a 2021 investigative report by Fanpage.it.[193][194] In November 2018, Meloni declared that the celebration of the Liberation Day, also known as the Anniversary of Italy's Liberation from Nazi-Fascism on 25 April, and Festa della Repubblica, which celebrates the birth of the Italian Republic on 2 June, should be substituted with the National Unity and Armed Forces Day on 4 November, which commemorates Italy's victory in World War I. She said that Liberation Day and Festa della Repubblica are "two controversial celebrations".[195] Meloni has tried to distance herself from her close ties to Roberto Jonghi Lavarini,[196] a far-right Milanese politician and entrepreneur known as the "Black Baron".[197][198][199]

Giorgia Meloni in 2014 with the tricolour flame in the background
Meloni with the tricolour flame in the background, 2014

After the formation of FdI in 2012, she decided to add the tricolour flame to the party flag, a neo-fascist symbol associated with the MSI, which derived its name and ideals from the RSI as a "violent, socializing, and revolutionary republican" variant of Italian fascism established as a Nazi German puppet state by Mussolini in 1943.[200] The tricolour flame is said to represent Mussolini's remains, where a flame is always burning on his tomb in Predappio.[201] Heading into the 2022 general election, Segre told Pagine Ebraiche that Meloni should remove the tricolour flame from the party's logo. FdI's co-founder Ignazio La Russa rejected this view,[67] and Meloni ignored the request, keeping the tricolour flame.[202]

Observers, including historians Ruth Ben-Ghiat, David Broder, and Laurence Bertrand Dorléac,[63][141][203] said that Meloni and FdI have been ambiguous about their fascist past,[204] at times rejecting it and at other times minimizing it, and that this has helped to rebrand both herself and her party.[205] Responding to the 2021 Fanpage report, she minimized the investigation and refused to remove openly neo-fascist members of FdI.[206] In December 2021, FdI's Alfredo Catapano and Luigi Rispoli were among former MSI members who did a Roman salute, which was condemned by the ANPI. Rispoli told Fanpage: "I believe in the new right and in the efforts Giorgia Meloni is making in Brothers of Italy. It makes me wonder, frankly, this clamour."[207] Shortly before the 2022 general election, she sacked a member that openly praised Adolf Hitler.[70] FdI had also distanced itself from the Ascoli Piceno party section after it celebrated the anniversary of the March on Rome in 2019.[208]

Personal life

Meloni has a daughter, Ginevra, with her partner Andrea Giambruno,[209][210] a journalist who works for Silvio Berlusconi's Mediaset TV channel.[211] She has said that she is a Christian and has used her religious identity in part to help build her national brand. In a 2019 speech to a rally in Rome, she said: "I am Giorgia. I'm a woman, I'm a mother, I'm Italian, I'm Christian."[1][212][213] In September 2022, she reportedly continued to embrace the old Italian fascist slogan "God, fatherland and family". She said she resents being linked to Italy's fascist past.[214]

Meloni is an avowed fan of fantasy, particularly J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. As a youth activist with the Italian Social Movement (MSI), she attended the Camp Hobbit festival and sang along with the far-right folk band Compagnia dell'Anello [it], named after The Fellowship of the Ring.[215] Later, she named her political conference Atreju, after the hero of the novel The Neverending Story.[216] Meloni told The New York Times: "I think that Tolkien could say better than we can what conservatives believe in."[217]

Electoral history

Election House Constituency Party Votes Result
2006 Chamber of Deputies Lazio 1 AN –[a] checkY Elected
2008 Chamber of Deputies Lazio 2 PdL –[a] checkY Elected
2013 Chamber of Deputies Lombardy 3 FdI –[a] checkY Elected
2018 Chamber of Deputies Lazio 2 – Latina FdI 70,268 checkY Elected
2022 Chamber of Deputies Abruzzo – L'Aquila FdI 104,823 checkY Elected
  1. ^ a b c She was elected in a closed list proportional representation system.

First-past-the-post elections

2018 general election (C): Latina
Candidate Coalition Votes %
Giorgia Meloni Centre-right coalition 70,268 41.0
Leone Martellucci Five Star Movement 62,563 36.5
Federico Fauttilli Centre-left coalition 26,293 15.3
Others 12,269 7.2
Total 171,393 100.0
2022 general election (C): L'Aquila
Candidate Coalition Votes %
Giorgia Meloni Centre-right coalition 104,823 51.5
Rita Innocenzi Centre-left coalition 42,630 20.9
Attilio D'Andrea Five Star Movement 33,132 16.3
Others 22,998 11.3
Total 203,583 100.0

Bibliography

  • Meloni, Giorgia (2011). Noi crediamo [We believe]. Saggi (in Italian). Podda, Stefano (curator) (paperback ed.). Milan: Sperling & Kupfer, Mondadori. pp. XXVII, 164. ISBN 978-8-8200-4932-4. OCLC 898518765. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2022 – via Google Books.
  • Meloni, Giorgia; Meluzzi, Alessandro; Mercurio, Valentina (2019). Mafia nigeriana. Origini, rituali, crimini [Nigerian mafia. Origins, rituals, crimes]. I saggi (in Italian) (paperback ed.). Mantova: Oligo Editore. ISBN 978-8-8857-2325-2. Retrieved 14 August 2022 – via Google Books.
  • Meloni, Giorgia (2021). Io sono Giorgia, le mie radici, le mie idee [I am Giorgia, my roots, my ideas]. Saggi (in Italian) (paperback ed.). Rome: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-8-8171-5468-0.

References

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  2. ^ a b "Biografia del ministro Giorgia Meloni" [Biography of Minister Giorgia Meloni] (in Italian). Palazzo Chigi. November 2011. Archived from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  3. ^ "Giorgia Meloni, il racconto della stampa spagnola sul padre (che la abbandonò da piccola): 'Fu condannato per traffico di droga'" [Giorgia Meloni, from the Spanish press about her father (who abandoned her as a child): 'He was convicted of drug trafficking']. Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 28 September 2022. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  4. ^ a b Dell'Arti, Giorgio; Spada, Alberto (27 May 2014). "Giorgia Meloni". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  5. ^ Fontana, Simone (28 July 2022). "Da dove arriva Giorgia Meloni, l'ultima fiamma della destra" [Where does Giorgia Meloni, the last flame of the right, come from]. laRegione Ticino (in Italian). Archived from the original on 7 August 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  6. ^ "'Woman, mother, Christian' guides Italian far-right to brink of power". Euractiv. 10 August 2022. Archived from the original on 22 August 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  7. ^ Giuffrida, Angela (17 September 2022). "God, family, fatherland – how Giorgia Meloni has taken Italy's far right to the brink of power". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
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  122. ^ "Meloni: 'Teorie gender attaccano l'identità delle donne e il ruolo materno'" [Meloni: 'Gender theories attack women's identity and maternal role'] (in Italian). DIRE. 13 May 2022. Archived from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  123. ^ "Giorgia Meloni: 'In Costituzione il divieto di adozione per le coppie omosessuali'" [Giorgia Meloni: 'In the Constitution the ban on adoption for homosexual couples']. Gaypost.it (in Italian). 29 January 2018. Archived from the original on 29 July 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
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  125. ^ "Elsa di Frozen lesbica? Salvini e Meloni contro la Disney" [Elsa from Frozen lesbian? Salvini and Meloni against Disney]. Il Messagero (in Italian). 2 March 2018. Archived from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
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  131. ^ Nocioni, Angela (1 November 2019). "Giorgia Meloni: 'Salvini ha chiuso i porti, io avrei fatto il blocco navale'" [Giorgia Meloni: 'Salvini has closed the ports, I would have made the naval blockade']. Il Riformista (in Italian). Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  132. ^ "Giorgia Meloni: 'C'è un piano per destrutturare la nostra società attraverso i migranti'" [Giorgia Meloni: 'There is a plan to deconstruct our society through migrants']. Fanpage (in Italian). Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  133. ^ "Elezioni, quando Meloni diceva: 'Ci servono immigrati? Prendiamoli in Venezuela, sono cristiani e di origine italiana'. Il video del 2018" [Elections, when Meloni said: 'Do we need immigrants? Let's take them from Venezuela, they are Christian and of Italian origin'. The video from 2018]. Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 25 August 2022. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  134. ^ "Elezioni, quando Meloni diceva: 'Ci servono immigrati? Prendiamoli in Venezuela, sono cristiani e di origine italiana'. Il video del 2018" [Ukraine, Meloni: 'Giving refugee status to those fleeing war, no to others']. Adnkronos (in Italian). 1 March 2022. Archived from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  135. ^ "Italy's Giorgia Meloni criticized for posting video of woman's rape". Euronews. 22 August 2022. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  136. ^ "La donna violentata a Piacenza: 'Riconosciuta dal video, sono disperata', 27enne si difende: 'L'ho soccorsa'". 23 August 2022. Archived from the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
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  139. ^ "L'Ossessione xenofoba di Meloni: 'Il governo non si occupa dell'Italia ma favorisce i clandestini'" [Meloni's xenophobic obsession: 'The government does not take care of Italy but favors illegal immigrants']. Globalist (in Italian). 4 December 2020. Archived from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  140. ^ "Sui migranti Meloni rispolvera la teoria del complotto: Un disegno di Soros contro l'Europa" [On migrants, Meloni dusts off the conspiracy theory: A Soros plan against Europe]. Globalist (in Italian). 19 June 2019. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
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  142. ^ "Elezioni, Amnesty: 'Italia intrisa d'odio e razzismo. 95% delle frasi xenofobe dal centrodestra'. Salvini in vetta, Meloni 2a" [Elections, Amnesty: 'Italy steeped in hatred and racism. 95% of the xenophobic sentences from the center-right '. Salvini on the summit, Meloni 2a]. Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 22 February 2018. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
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  144. ^ "Meloni la xenofoba: 'Non abbiamo monitorato gli immigrati, ma ora lo facciamo per Covid-19'" [Meloni the xenophobe: 'We have not monitored immigrants, but now we do it for Covid-19']. Globalist (in Italian). 20 April 2020. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  145. ^ "Meloni usa l'attentato di Londra per alimentare l'islamofobia sovranista" [Meloni uses the London bombing to fuel sovereign Islamophobia]. Globalist (in Italian). 30 November 2019. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  146. ^ "Giorgia Meloni con la scimitarra verbale: 'La conversione è uno dei metodi del terrorismo islamico'". Globalist (in Italian). 10 May 2020. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  147. ^ Drago, Giovanni (7 October 2016). "Giorgia Meloni contro il terribile Piano Kalergi" [Giorgia Meloni against the terrible Kalergi Plan]. nextQuotidiano (in Italian). Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  148. ^ "Meloni e il piano segreto per portare immigrati in Italia: Qualcuno le racconti come stanno davvero le cose" [Meloni and the secret plan to bring immigrants to Italy: Someone tell you how things really are]. The Post Internazionale (in Italian). 19 June 2019. Archived from the original on 3 September 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  149. ^ Bernasconi, Francesca (19 June 2019). "Meloni: 'Soros complice di piano per destrutturare la società'" [Meloni: 'Soros complicit in his plan to deconstruct society']. Il Giornale (in Italian). Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  150. ^ "Africa: Meloni, 'stop neocolonialismo, seguire modello Mattei per cooperazione'" [Africa: Meloni, 'stop to neocolonialism, let's follow Mattei model for cooperation']. SardiniaPost (in Italian). 3 March 2021. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  151. ^ "Giorgia Meloni continua ad attaccare la Francia, ma anche lei votò per l'intervento in Libia" [Giorgia Meloni continues to attack France, but she too voted for intervention in Libya]. Giornalettismo (in Italian). 12 April 2019. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  152. ^ "Giorgia Meloni: "La Francia ha bombardato la Libia quando Gheddafi progettava di uscire dal Franco africano"" [Giorgia Meloni: "France bombed Libya when Gaddafi planned to leave the African franc"]. Libero Quotidiano (in Italian). 27 January 2019. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  153. ^ "Meloni contro Renzi: "Vergognoso spot all'Arabia Saudita, Stato che nega i diritti alle donne"". Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  154. ^ "Supercoppa Juventus-Milan in Arabia Saudita, Giorgia Meloni: 'Dove c'è la Sharia offende le donne'" [Juventus-Milan Super Cup in Saudi Arabia, Giorgia Meloni: 'Where there is Sharia it offends women']. Oggi Notizie (in Italian). 9 January 2019. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  155. ^ "Maro' | Meloni a Letta: 'Rimandiamo indietro l'Ambasciatore Indiano'" [Maro '& # 124; Meloni a Letta: 'We send back the Indian Ambassador']. Roma Daily News (in Italian). 10 July 2013. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  156. ^ "Del Piero giocherà in India. La Meloni: 'Non andare, fallo per i marò'" [Del Piero will play in India. La Meloni: 'Don't go, do it for the marines']. Il Giornale (in Italian). 28 August 2014. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  157. ^ "Meloni: 'L'Italia dimostri di avere a cuore Asia Bibi e le conceda asilo politico'" [Meloni: 'Italy shows that it has Asia Bibi at heart and grants her political asylum']. Tempi (in Italian). 7 November 2018. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
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  167. ^ Pavičić, Milan (26 September 2022). "Buduća talijanska premijerka svojata dijelove Hrvatske, bila je zgrožena našim ulaskom u EU" [The future Italian prime minister, who owns parts of Croatia, was appalled by our entry into the EU]. Telegram.hr (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  168. ^ Bešker, Inoslav (26 September 2022). "Antipatija Meloni spram Hrvatske je poznata, ali trijumf Desnog centra nije kataklizma. Evo zašto" [Meloni's antipathy towards Croatia is well known, but the triumph of the Right Center is not a cataclysm. Here's why]. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
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  171. ^ "'Non vaccino mia figlia'. Su una cosa almeno Salvini e Meloni sono d'accordo" ['I don't vaccinate my daughter.' On one thing at least Salvini and Meloni agree]. Huffington Post (in Italian). 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  172. ^ "Meloni: 'Un ragazzo ha le stesse possibilità di morire per un fulmine che di Covid'. La replica di Burioni" [Meloni: 'A boy has the same chance of dying from lightning as from Covid'. Burioni's reply]. L'Unione Sarda (in Italian). 8 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  173. ^ "Fulmini e Covid-19: cosa non torna nei dati di Meloni" [Lightning and Covid-19: what does not add up in Meloni's data]. Pagella Politica (in Italian). 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
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  178. ^ "Meloni: Italy's far-right 'Christian mother' on brink of power". Radio France Internationale. 21 September 2022. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
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  180. ^ "Meloni a 19 anni: 'Mussolini? Un buon politico'. Il video fa il giro della rete" [Melons at 19: 'Mussolini? A good politician'. The video goes viral]. Dire (in Italian). 17 August 2022. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  181. ^ "Verona, un caso la strada ad Almirante. Liliana Segre: 'Io e lui siamo incompatibili, il Comune faccia una scelta'" [Verona, a controversy on naming street after Almirante. Liliana Segre: 'Him and I aren't compatible, the Comune should make a choice']. La Repubblica (in Italian). 21 January 2020. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  182. ^ "Verona, un caso la strada ad Almirante. Liliana Segre: 'Io e lui siamo incompatibili, il Comune faccia una scelta'" [Meloni: 'Yes to the street named after Almirante, recognized merits']. Adnkronos (in Italian). 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  183. ^ Mari, Laura (22 May 2020). "Anniversario morte di Almirante, Meloni: 'Grande politico e patriota'. Sui social è rivolta" [Almirante's death anniversary, Meloni: 'Great politician and patriot'. On social media there is a revolt]. La Repubblica (in Italian). Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  184. ^ "Giorgia Meloni ricorda Almirante: 'Politico e patriota stimato anche dai suoi avversari'. Polemica sui social" [Giorgia Meloni remembers Almirante: 'Politician and patriot also esteemed by his opponents'. Controversy on social media]. Open (in Italian). 22 May 2020. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  185. ^ Hamadi, Shady (23 May 2020). "Giorgia Meloni elogia Almirante come patriota: Le servirebbe un ripasso di storia" [Giorgia Meloni praises Almirante as a patriot: She needs a review of history]. Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  186. ^ "Chi era Giorgio Almirante" [Who was Giorgio Almirante]. Il Post (in Italian). 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  187. ^ "Giorgia Meloni ricorda il 'patriota' Almirante, bufera sul web: 'Collaborò coi nazisti e fu firmatario delle leggi razziali'" [Giorgia Meloni remembers the 'patriot' Almirante, storm on the web: 'He collaborated with the Nazis and was a signatory of the racial laws']. Il Riformista (in Italian). 22 May 2020. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  188. ^ "Cinque sfumature di nero – Report" [Five shades of black – Report]. RAI (in Italian). 7 December 2020. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  189. ^ David, Ariel (3 June 2019). "'Defend Our Christian Identity!' Meet the Far Right 'Anti-globalist' Who Could Lead Italy". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  190. ^ "Il dirigente di Fratelli d'Italia: 'Dobbiamo essere liberi di poterci definire fascisti'" [The manager of Fratelli d'Italia: 'We must be free to be able to define ourselves as fascists']. Globalist (in Italian). 23 November 2019. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  191. ^ Dellabella, Sara (14 July 2020). "Elezioni, quanti nostalgici del Duce nelle liste di Fratelli d'Italia" [Elections, how many nostalgic for the Duce on the Brothers of Italy lists]. L'Espresso (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  192. ^ "L'inchiesta di Fanpage su Fratelli d'Italia a Milano" [The Fanpage investigation on the Brothers of Italy in Milan]. Il Post (in Italian). 1 October 2021. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
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  194. ^ "An undercover investigation exposes a group of right-wing extremists influencing Italian politics from the shadows". Fanpage. 10 December 2021. Archived from the original on 22 July 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  195. ^ Rubino, Monica (November 2018). "'Il 25 aprile è divisivo, il 4 novembre torni festa nazionale': Meloni lancia l'offensiva patriottica di Fdi" ['April 25 is divisive, November 4 returns a national holiday': Meloni launches Fdi's patriotic offensive]. La Repubblica (in Italian). Archived from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  196. ^ Di Giuseppe, Lisa. "Meloni prova a prendere le distanze dalla lobby nera, Jonghi Lavarini dimostra che a Milano era con lui" [Meloni tries to distance himself from the black lobby, Jonghi Lavarini proves that he was with him in Milan]. Editoriale Domani (in Italian). Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  197. ^ "Roberto Jonghi Lavarini Archivi" [Roberto Jonghi Lavarini Archives]. Open (in Italian). Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  198. ^ "Roberto Jonghi Lavarini e le foto con Meloni e Salvini: 'Nessuno faccia finta di non conoscermi'" [Roberto Jonghi Lavarini and the photos with Meloni and Salvini: 'Nobody pretends not to know me']. Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 10 February 2021. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  199. ^ Scaffidi, Giuseppe Luca (10 October 2021). "Chi è Roberto Jonghi Lavarini, il 'Barone Nero' dell'inchiesta di Fanpage" [Who is Roberto Jonghi Lavarini, the 'Black Baron' of the Fanpage investigation]. Rolling Stone Italia (in Italian). Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  200. ^ "La fiamma, dal disegno di Almirante al nuovo logo di Fratelli d'Italia" [The flame, from Almirante's design to the new Fratelli d'Italia logo]. Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 12 April 2017. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  201. ^ Curridori, Francesco (15 October 2021). "Vogliono spegnere la fiamma tricolore" [They want to put out the tricolour flame]. Il Giornale (in Italian). Archived from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  202. ^ "Elezioni, finora depositati 70 simboli. Meloni tiene la fiamma in quello di Fdi, Conte va personalmente al Viminale" [Elections, 70 symbols deposited so far. Meloni holds the flame in that of Fdi, Conte personally goes to the Viminale]. Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 13 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  203. ^ Cheles, Luciano (24 September 2022). "'Giorgia Meloni's cleverly constructed image helps make her radical ideas more digestible'". Le Monde. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022. Updated 27 September 2022{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  204. ^ Bruno, Valerio Alfonso; Downes, James F.; Scopelliti, Alessio (12 November 2021). "Post-Fascism in Italy: 'So Why This Flame Mrs. Giorgia Meloni'". Cultorico. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  205. ^ Lawler, Dave (26 September 2022). "Europe's nationalists rebrand, and win". Axios. Archived from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  206. ^ Artiaco, Ida (18 December 2021). "Meloni sull'inchiesta Lobby Nera di Fanpage: 'Non caccio i dirigenti Fdi per un aperitivo sbagliato'" [Meloni on Fanpage's Black Lobby investigation: 'I'm not chasing Fdi executives for a wrong aperitif']. Fanpage (in Italian). Archived from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  207. ^ "Napoli, 'dirigenti e militanti di Fratelli d'Italia in posa mentre fanno il saluto romano'. L'Anpi condanna: 'Offesa grave per la città'" [Naples, 'Brothers of Italy leaders and militants posing while making the Roman salute'. The Anpi condemns: 'Serious offense for the city']. Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 31 December 2021. Archived from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  208. ^ Berizzi, Paolo (29 October 2019). "Neofascismo, ad Ascoli Piceno Fratelli d'Italia celebra la marcia su Roma con una cena-evento" [Neofascism, in Ascoli Piceno Fratelli d'Italia celebrates the march on Rome with a dinner-event]. La Repubblica (in Italian). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  209. ^ "Ginevra, 'sorellina d'Italia': è nata la bambina di Giorgia Meloni" [Geneva, 'little sister of Italy': Giorgia Meloni's baby girl was born]. Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 16 September 2016. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  210. ^ "A destra vogliono una famiglia tradizionale. Ma non per loro" [On the right they want a traditional family. But not for them]. La Repubblica (in Italian). 30 August 2022. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  211. ^ Bonamoneta, Giorgia (27 June 2021). "'Chi è Andrea Giambruno compagno di Giorgia Meloni" ['Who is Andrea Giambruno companion of Giorgia Meloni]. Money.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022. Updated 12 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  212. ^ "'Woman, mother, Christian' guides Italian far-right to brink of power". Euractiv. Associated Press. 10 August 2022. Archived from the original on 22 August 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  213. ^ "Meloni, Salvini, Berlusconi: The key figures in Italy's likely new government". The Local. 26 September 2022. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  214. ^ Kirby, Paul (25 September 2022). "Italy votes as far-right Meloni looks for victory". BBC News. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  215. ^ Guerrin, Michel (30 September 2022). "'Pour Giorgia Meloni, 'Le Seigneur des anneaux' n'est pas juste un roman adoré mais un programme'" [For Giorgia Meloni, 'The Lord of the Rings' is not just a beloved novel but a programme]. Le Monde (in French). Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  216. ^ Horowitz, Jason (21 September 2022). "Hobbits and the Hard Right: How Fantasy Inspires Italy's Potential New Leader". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  217. ^ "Inspired by Tolkien, Meloni is on a quest for Italy's 'ring of power'". France 24. Agence France-Presse. 25 September 2022. Archived from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
Party political offices
Preceded by President of the Brothers of Italy
2014–present 		Incumbent
Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Youth
2008–2011 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Giorgia_Meloni&oldid=1114314201"