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Bans on Nazi symbols

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3:5 Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Flag of the Nazi Party (1920–1945)
With centred circle and swastika, the National flag of the German Reich (1933–45)
3:5 Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag The former national flag from 1867 to 1918. Used jointly with the swastika flag (1933–1935), then banned by the regime as "reactionary". In Germany, neo-Nazis use the flag alongside its Iron Cross and Reich Service Eagle as a substitute for the banned Nazi flag.
3:5 Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag The former national flag from 1935 to 1945 with an off-centre circle and swastika.

The use of flags from the Nazi Germany (1933–1945) is currently subject to legal restrictions in a number of countries.[1][2]

While legal in the majority of countries,[3][4] the display of flags associated with the Nazi government (see: Nazi flags) is subject to restriction or an outright ban in several European countries.

Many Nazi flags make use of the swastika symbol;[5] however, the swastika is not always used in connection with the National Socialist German Workers' Party movement or of the German Third Reich or the combined German military of 1933–1945. Outside of Nazism, use of swastikas prior to the German Third Reich by some 3,000 years.[6][7] It is possible to display certain non-Nazi swastikas even in areas where Nazi swastikas are prohibited.

Country Public display of Nazi flags Holocaust denial
 Australia Legal[a] Illegal[citation needed]
 Austria Illegal
 Belarus Illegal
 Belgium Illegal
 Brazil Illegal
 Bulgaria Illegal
 Canada Legal Illegal[13][14]
 China Illegal
 Czech Republic Illegal
 Estonia Illegal
 Finland Legal
 France Illegal
 Germany Illegal[b]
 Greece Illegal
 Hungary Illegal
 Indonesia Legal
 Iran Legal
 Israel Legal Illegal
 Italy Illegal
 Japan Legal
 Latvia Illegal
 Lithuania Illegal
 Mauritius Legal
 Netherlands Illegal
 New Zealand Legal Illegal[16]
 Norway Legal
 Peru Legal
 Poland Illegal
 Romania Illegal
 Russia Illegal
 Serbia Illegal Legal
 Slovakia Illegal
 Slovenia Illegal
 South Korea Legal
 Spain Legal
 Sweden Illegal
  Switzerland Legal Illegal
 Taiwan Legal
 Thailand Legal
 Ukraine Illegal[17][18]
 United Kingdom Legal
 United States Legal

Asia

Iran

After the 1979 Iranian Revolution, Holocaust denial, which is questioned by Ali Khamenei and Nazi symbols are legal in Iran though it dates to the 1940s during the Pahlavi era.[19][20]

Israel

The use of Nazi symbols has been legal in Israel since early 2012.[21]

China

The use of Nazi symbols are illegal in China. According to Article 47 of the Public Security Administration Punishment Law, anyone who incites ethnic hatred or ethnic discrimination, or publishes ethnic discriminatory or insulting content in publications or computer information networks shall be sentenced to detention for not less than ten days and not more than fifteen days, and may be fined not more than one thousand yuan. Subject to administrative punishment as above. According to Article 249 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China, if a person incites ethnic hatred or ethnic discrimination and the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment not more than three years, detention, supervision or deprivation of political rights; if the circumstances are particularly serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment not less than three years but not more than ten years.[22][23][24]

Public displaying Nazi symbol, flag and other fascist-alike stuff in China is also violate the advocating or glorifying wars of aggression or aggressive conduct under the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Heroes and Martyrs. [25][26]

Thailand

Main article: Nazi imagery in Thailand

The use of Nazi symbols are legal in Thailand.[27][28]

North America

Canada

Canada has no legislation specifically restricting the ownership, display, purchase, import or export of Nazi flags. However, sections 318–320 of the Criminal Code,[29] adopted by Canada's parliament in 1970 and based in large part on the 1965 Cohen Committee recommendations,[30] make it an offence to advocate or promote genocide, to communicate a statement in public inciting hatred against an identifiable group where it is likely to cause a breach of the public peace, or to communicate a statement which wilfully promotes hatred (other than in private conversation) against an identifiable group; and provides a framework for the judicially-authorized seizure, forfeiture and disposal of hate propaganda.[30]

United States

Though controversial, public display of Nazi flags is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution which, affirmed by the Supreme Court case Texas v. Johnson, guarantees the right to freedom of speech.[31][32]

South America

Brazil

Laws No. 7,716/89 and No. 9,459/97 establish imprisonment and a fine for anyone who produces, markets, distributes or disseminates symbols, emblems, ornaments, badges or propaganda that use the swastika to advocate Nazism.[33]

While holocaust denial is not explicitly prohibited in Brazilian law, precedents tend to lead to conviction. As of 11 February 2022, several bills criminalizing the act are pending in Congress.[34]

Europe

Austria

Austria strictly prohibits the public display and/or proliferation of all insignia/symbols, emblems, uniforms (full or partial), flags, etc., clearly associated with the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP, commonly known as the Nazi Party). There are legal exceptions for works of art (including books, films, theatre performances, computer games, and educational/memorial public exhibitions, etc.), these however do not apply if the respective work promotes National Socialism (as this is generally prohibited in Austria). The law has been amended to include commonly recognised replacements or slightly modified depictions of Nazi symbols. Violations of the Badges Act 1960 (Abzeichengesetz 1960), which prohibits the public display of Nazi symbols, are punishable by up to €4000.- fine and up to 1 month imprisonment. However, if the violation is deemed an attempt to promote National Socialism, the Prohibition Act 1947 (Verbotsgesetz 1947) is applied, which allows for up to 10 years imprisonment.

Trading medals, uniforms or other memorabilia however is not illegal in Austria.

Czech Republic

Czech Republic has no legislation restricting ownership, display, purchase, import or export of Nazi flags; indeed Czech legislation makes even the banning of protests involving such flags very difficult.[35]

In 1991, in Czechoslovakia the criminal code was amended with 260 which banned propaganda of movements which restricted human rights and freedoms, citing Nazism and Communism. Later the specific mentions of these were removed citing their lack of clear legal definition. However, the law itself was recognised as constitutional.[36]

The police may cancel such events only once it becomes clear that protesters are inciting hate, which is deemed illegal in the Czech Republic. Legal regulation of hate crimes in the Czech Republic is contained in Act 140/1961 The Criminal Act[37] (amended by Act 175/1990).

Cyprus

Cyprus has no legislation designed to restrict the ownership, display, purchase, import or export of Nazi flags, nor does the Criminal Code of Cyprus expressly allow for racist or other bias motives to be taken into account when sentencing.[38]

However, use of Nazi flags in a manner likely to cause discrimination, hatred, or violence may be dealt with under Cyprus' ratification of the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. This allows for the prosecution of anyone who expresses an idea (in public, using almost any medium including flags) which insults another person's race, religion or ethnicity.[citation needed]

Estonia

In early 2007 the Riigikogu was proceeding a draft bill amending the Penal Code to make the public use of Soviet and Nazi symbols punishable if used in a manner disturbing the public peace or inciting hatred.[39] The bill did not come into effect as it passed only the first reading in the Riigikogu.[40]

Finland

Finland has no specific legislation aimed at controlling ownership, display, purchase, import or export of Nazi flags, however the Criminal Code (39/1889)[41] (especially Chapter 11 'War crimes and offences against humanity' Section 8)[41] may be applied where an offence has been directed at a person belonging to a national, racial, ethnic or other population group due to his/her membership in such a group.[42]

Finland also has a history of swastikas for government and military flags. Flags containing the symbol can be found in the Finnish Air Force,[43][44] Defence Forces, certain regiments of the army and flight schools.

France

In France, it is illegal to display Nazi flags, uniforms and insignia in public, unless for the purpose of a historical film, show, filmmaking or spectacle.[45]

In April 2000, the International League against Racism and Anti-Semitism and Union des étudiants juifs de France (the Union of French Jewish Students) brought a case against Yahoo! which objected to the auctioning of Nazi memorabilia, in France, via Yahoo!'s website on the basis that it contravened Article R645-1.[46] A French judge did initially order Yahoo! to take measures to make it impossible for users in France to reach any Nazi memorabilia through the Yahoo! site.[47]

Germany

Main article: Strafgesetzbuch § 86a

After World War Two, the penal code of the Federal Republic of Germany was amended to prohibit propaganda material and symbols of forbidden parties and other organisations (StGB 86 and 86a). This explicitly includes material in the tradition of a former national socialist organization. The production and distribution of such material is prohibited, as is the public display of the related symbols. Legal consequences can be a fine or a prison term of up to three years.

Examples are Nazi symbols, such as the swastika and the SS logo. It is legal to use the symbols for educational and artistic purposes.

Hungary

Section 335 of the Act C of 2012 on the Criminal Code of Hungary regulates the "use of symbols of totalitarianism", including the swastika, the insignia of the SS, the Nyilaskeresztes, the hammer and sickle, and the five-pointed red star.[48]

Latvia

In June 2013, the Latvian parliament approved a ban on the display of Nazi symbols at all public events. The ban involves flags, anthems, uniforms, and the Nazi swastika.[49][50]

Lithuania

Lithuania banned Nazi symbols in 2008 (Article 18818 of the Code of Administrative Offences) under the threat of a fine.[51] Article 5 of the Law on Meetings prohibits meetings involving Nazist and Soviet imagery.[52]

Poland

In 2009, § 2 to 4 were added to Article 256 of the Polish Penal Code banning the "production, recording, importing, acquiring, storing, possessing, presenting or transporting" for the purpose of dissemination of "prints, recordings or other objects" that "publicly promote a fascist or other totalitarian system of state", unless done "as part of artistic, educational, collecting or academic activity", and provides for forfeiture regardless of owner upon conviction.[53]

Russia

Russian administrative code prohibits propaganda, production and dissemination of Nazi symbols and lookalikes with fines up to 100,000 rubles.[54]

Serbia

In 2009, Serbia passed a law prohibiting "manifestations of Neo-nazi or Fascist organizations and associations, and use of the Neo-nazi or Fascist symbols and insignia".[55]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Banned flags of Nazi inspiration". Flags of the World. FOTW.net. 12 January 2001. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  2. ^ "§ 86a Verwenden von Kennzeichen verfassungswidriger Organisationen". Allgemeiner Teil. Lawww.de. 1 January 1999. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  3. ^ "Display of Nazi flag in the Four Seasons Arena". City Attorney’s Office. City of Great Falls, Montana. 28 May 1996. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  4. ^ "Ordering Nazi Flags". MrFlag.com. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  5. ^ "Third Reich 1933–1945 (Germany)". Flags of the World. FOTW.net. 19 August 2006. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  6. ^ "The History of the Swastika". 20th Century History. About.com. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  7. ^ "Symbol 15:1". Online Encyclopedia of Western Signs and Ideograms. Symbols.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  8. ^ "NSW to ban public display of Nazi flags and swastikas | Far right | the Guardian".
  9. ^ "NSW Crimes Act 1900, section 93ZA Offence of displaying Nazi symbols".
  10. ^ "Victoria to ban swastikas as anti-vilification laws strengthened - ABC News".
  11. ^ "Vic to ban public display of Nazi symbols". 2 September 2021.
  12. ^ "Victoria to become first Australian state to ban public display of Nazi symbols | Victorian politics | the Guardian".
  13. ^ "Hate propaganda (85-6E)".
  14. ^ "Canada to outlaw Holocaust denial, downplaying the Nazis' murder of Jews".
  15. ^ "Germany lifts ban on video game swastikas". 10 August 2018.
  16. ^ McKeown, Tessa (2014). Hate speech and holocaust denial: the prohibition of false historical discourse in modern society (PDF) (LLM). Faculty of Law, Victoria University of Wellington.
  17. ^ "Про засудження комуністичного та націонал-соціалістичного (нацистського) тоталітарних режимів в Україні та заборону пропаганди їхньої символіки".
  18. ^ "ЗАКОН УКРАЇНИ". Verkhovna Rada. Archived from the original (RTF) on 4 March 2022.
  19. ^ "Holocaust Denial and Distortion from Iranian Government and Official Media Sources, 1998–2016". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
  20. ^ "Iran lifts ban on pro-Nazi website". Al Arabiya News. 22 November 2010.
  21. ^ "Israel moves to outlaw use of Nazi symbols". News. reuters. 11 January 2011. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  22. ^ "治安管理处罚法第四十七条" (in Chinese). 弋阳县人民政府. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  23. ^ "【带纳粹标志在大街上犯法吗？-找法网】" (in Chinese). 找法网. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  24. ^ "Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China". Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations and other international organization in Vienna. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  25. ^ "中华人民共和国英雄烈士保护法" [Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Heroes and Martyrs] (in Chinese). 北大法宝. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  26. ^ "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Heroes and Martyrs". 北大法宝. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  27. ^ Chen, Heather (1 December 2021). "Nazi Items still sold in a shop in Bangkok as 2021". VICE.com. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  28. ^ Weedon, Alan (24 December 2019). "Thai men dressed as Nazis in Christmas display reflects ignorance, Israeli ambassador says". Australian Broadcasting Corporation News. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  29. ^ "Hate Provisions Summary". Criminal Code of Canada. Media Awareness Network. Archived from the original on 13 August 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  30. ^ a b "Hate Propaganda". Library of Parliament. 24 January 2000. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  31. ^ Shuster, Simon (14 August 2017). "How the Nazi Flags in Charlottesville Look to a German". Time. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  32. ^ Schofield, Matthew (30 July 2015). "How Germany dealt with its symbols of hate". mcclatchydc.com. McClatchy DC Bureau. Retrieved 18 August 2017. It's notable that when Ku Klux Klan members recently rallied in South Carolina, they carried both the battle flag and the Nazi swastika. The two flags in recent years have been commonly seen together at white supremacist groups and gatherings.
  33. ^ Reports submitted by States parties under article 9 of the Convention : International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination : 17th periodic reports of States parties due in 2002 : addendum : Brazil (Report). Geneva: United Nations (published 16 October 2003). 27 June 2003. p. 19. CERD/C/431/Add.8-EN.
  34. ^ "É proibido se dizer nazista ou negar Holocausto no Brasil? O que dizem leis e especialistas" [Is it forbidden to call oneself Nazi or deny the Holocaust in Brazil? What laws and experts say]. BBC Brasil (in Portuguese). 11 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  35. ^ "Czech court overturns ban on neo-Nazi march past city synagogue". News. Haaretz. 1 February 2008. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  36. ^ "JOINT AMICUS CURIAE BRIEF FOR THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF MOLDOVA ON THE COMPATIBILITY WITH EUROPEAN STANDARDS", p. 8
  37. ^ Múka, Ondřej; Krutina, Miroslav; Rameš, Filip; Špaček, Jan (2003). Combating hate crime in Latvia and the Czech republic (Paper) (in English and Czech). Český helsinský výbor. ISBN 978-80-86436-22-7.
  38. ^ "Hate Crime Report Card – Cyprus". Fighting Discrimination. Human Rights First. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  39. ^ "Sitting reviews". Riigikogu. 24 January 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  40. ^ "Ants Erm: Erinevalt venelaste ajaloost on Venemaa ajalugu Eestis vaid vägivald, küüditamine ja kommunistlik diktatuur" (in Estonian). Eesti Päevaleht. 28 November 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  41. ^ a b "The Criminal Code of Finland (Unofficial Translation)" (PDF). Legislation Database. FINLEX. 2004. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  42. ^ "Criminal Code (39/1889)". The Criminal Code of Finland (Excerpts). Legislation Online. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  43. ^ "Air Force Academy – Ilmavoimat". ilmavoimat.fi. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  44. ^ "Lentosotakoulun Perinneyhdistys ry – Historiaa". www.lentosotakoulunperinneyhdistys.fi. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  45. ^ Penal code, article R645-1; beware that this article is in the "regulations" part of the code (R articles) and that some editions may include only the "statutes" part (L articles).
  46. ^ "LICRA v. Yahoo! Inc., No. RG 00/05308". Tribunal de Grande Instance de Paris. American Society of International Law. 20 November 2000. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
  47. ^ Klosek, Jacqueline (2003). The Legal Guide To E-Business (Hardcover). Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56720-403-2.
  48. ^ qian, xiaoping. Criminal Code of Hungary 2012 (Report).
  49. ^ "Latvia bans the use of USSR symbols during public events". Baltic News Network. 11 April 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  50. ^ "Latvia Bans Soviet Symbols". The Moscow Times. 23 June 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  51. ^ "Lithuanian ban on Soviet symbols". BBC News. 17 June 2008.
  52. ^ Joint amicus curiae brief, p. 11
  53. ^ "Kodeks karny (Penal code)" (PDF) (in Polish). Sejm. 2018. p. 101. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  54. ^ "Статья 20.3. Пропаганда либо публичное демонстрирование нацистской атрибутики или символики, либо атрибутики или символики экстремистских организаций, либо иных атрибутики или символики, пропаганда либо публичное демонстрирование которых запрещены законом". Кодекс об Административных Правонарушениях РФ 2021.
  55. ^ "Zakon o zabrani manifestacija neonacističkih ili fašističkih organizacija i udruženja i zabrani upotrebe neonacističkih ili fašističkih simbola i obeležja". www.paragraf.rs (in Serbian). Retrieved 1 August 2020.

Notes

  1. ^ Laws have been passed making Nazi symbols illegal in the following states:
  2. ^ Legal in films and video games[15]
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