Jump to content

Electric motorcycles and scooters

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Stiven20012 (talk | contribs) at 07:43, 1 November 2022 (→Manufacturers). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is about two- or three-wheeled electric vehicles. For single-person, three- or four-wheeled mobility aid scooters, see Mobility scooter. For electric-powered bicycles, see Electric bicycle. For stand-up scooter with small gasoline engine or electric motor, see Motorized scooter.
Zero DS (motorcycle)
ZEV LRC (scooter)
Electric scooter on the field on Bagan Plain in Myanmar

Electric motorcycles and scooters are plug-in electric vehicles with two or three wheels. Power is supplied by a rechargeable battery which drives one or more electric motors. Electric scooters are distinguished from motorcycles by having a step-through frame, instead of being straddled. Electric bicycles are similar vehicles, distinguished by retaining the ability to be propelled by the rider pedalling in addition to battery propulsion.

Electric scooters with the rider standing are known as e-scooters.

History

Timeline
1895 Earliest known electric motorcycle patent.
1911 Popular Mechanics article introduces an electric motorcycle.
1919 Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies make an electric motorcycle prototype.
1936 Socovel electric motorcycle company founded.
1940 Norwegian motorcycle company “Tempo” produced the Tempo Electro Transportsykkel
1946 Marketeer company founded, based on an electric motorcycle made by Merle Williams.
1967 Karl Kordesch makes an hydrazine fuel cell motorcycle
1974 Mike Corbin's motorcycle Quick Silver sets electric motorcycle speed record of 165.387 mph (266.165 km/h)
1996 First mass-produced electric scooter, Peugeot Scoot'Elec, released
2011 Chip Yates sets Guinness record of fastest electric motorcycle with 316.899 km/h (196.912 mph)
2013 First FIM eRoad Racing World Cup
See also: History of the electric vehicle, History of the motorcycle, Scooter (motorcycle) § History, Electric car § History, and Electric bicycle § History

1895 to 1950

Patent drawing for an "Electric Bicycle" (1895)

The early history of electric motorcycles is somewhat unclear. On 19 September 1895, a patent application for an "electrical bicycle" was filed by Ogden Bolton Jr. of Canton Ohio.[1] On 8 November of the same year, another patent application for an "electric bicycle" was filed by Hosea W. Libbey of Boston.[2]

At the Stanley Cycle Show in 1896 in London, England, bicycle manufacturer Humber exhibited an electric tandem bicycle. Powered by a bank of storage batteries, the motor was placed in front of the rear wheel. Speed control was by a resistance placed across the handlebars. This electric bicycle was mainly intended for racetrack use.[3]

The October 1911 issue of Popular Mechanics mentioned the introduction of an electric motorcycle. It claimed to have a range of 75 miles (121 km) to 100 miles (160 km) per charge. The motorcycle had a three-speed controller, with speeds of 4 miles (6.4 km), 15 miles (24 km) and 35 miles (56 km) per hour.[4]

In 1919, Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies made a prototype electric motorcycle in which the batteries were fitted under the seat of the sidecar. Even though the vehicle was registered for road use, it never went past the trial stage.[5]

In 1936, the Limelette brothers founded an electric motorcycle company called Socovel (Société pour l’étude et la Construction de Véhicules Electriques or Company for research and manufacture of electric vehicles) in Brussels. They continued production during the German occupation with their permission. Due to fuel rationing, they found some degree of success. But after the war, they switched to conventional models. The electric models remained available until 1948.[6][7][8]

During the World War II, compelled by fuel rationing in the United States, Merle Williams of Long Beach, California, invented a two-wheeled electric motorcycle that towed a single-wheeled trailer. Due to the popularity of the vehicle, Williams started making more such vehicles in his garage. In 1946, it led to the formation of the Marketeer Company (current-day ParCar Corp.).[9]

1950 to 1980

In 1967, Karl Kordesch, working for Union Carbide, made a fuel cell/Nickel–cadmium battery hybrid electric motorcycle. It was later replaced with a hydrazine fuel cell, giving it a range of 200 miles per US gallon (240 mpg‑imp; 0.012 L/km) and a top speed of 25 mph (40 km/h).[10][11]

In the same year, a prototype electric motorcycle called the Papoose, was built by the Indian Motorcycle Company under the direction of Floyd Clymer.[12]

In 1974, Auranthic Corp., a small manufacturer in California, produced a small motorcycle called the Charger. It had a 30 mph (48 km/h) and a 50 miles (80 km) range on a full charge.[13]

In the early 1970s, Mike Corbin built a street-legal commuter electric motorcycle called the Corbin Electric. Later in 1974, Corbin, riding a motorcycle called the Quick Silver, set the electric motorcycle speed world record at 165.387 mph (266.165 km/h). The motorcycle used a 24 volt electric starter motor from a Douglas A-4B fighter plane.[14] In 1975, Corbin built a battery-powered prototype street motorcycle called the City Bike. This motorcycle used a battery manufactured by Yardney Electric.[15]

In June 1975, the first Annual Alternative Vehicle Regatta was held at Mt. Washington, New Hampshire. The event was created and promoted by Charles McArthur, an environmentalist. On June 17, Corbin's motorcycle completed the 8 miles (13 km) uphill course in 26 minutes.[16]

1980s to 2000s

In 1988, Ed Rannberg, who founded Eyeball Engineering, tested his electric drag motorcycle in Bonneville.[17] In 1992, the January issue of Cycle World carried an article about Ed Rannberg's bike called the KawaSHOCKI. It could complete a quarter mile (0.25 miles (400 m)) in 11–12 seconds.[14]

In 1995, Electric Motorbike Inc. was founded by Scott Cronk and Rick Whisman in Santa Rosa, California. In 1996, EMB Lectra was built by Electric Motorbike Inc., which used a variable reluctance motor.[18] It had a top speed of about 45 mph (72 km/h) and a range of 35 miles (56 km). About a 100 of these were built.[19]

In 1996, the first mass-produced electric scooter, Peugeot Scoot'Elec, was released. It used Nickel-Cadmium batteries and a range of 40 km (25 mi).[20]

2000 to present

On 26 August 2000, Killacycle established a drag racing record of completing a quarter mile (400 m) in 9.450 seconds on the Woodburn track in Oregon. Killacycle used lead acid batteries at a speed of 152.07 mph (244.73 km/h).[21] Later, Killacycle using A123 Systems Li-ion nano-phosphate cells set a new quarter mile record of 7.824 seconds breaking the 8 seconds barrier at 168 miles per hour (270 km/h) in Phoenix, Arizona, at the All Harley Drag Racing Association (AHDRA) 2007, on 10 November 2007.[22]

In 2006, Vectrix introduced the first commercially available high performance electric scooter, the VX-1. Following insolvency and initial bankruptcy reorganization, the Gold Peak battery group purchased the company in 2009. Vectrix expanded product lines, offering the VX-2 and the three wheeled VX-3. But Vectrix ceased operations in January 2014 and filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy liquidation, with its remaining assets auctioned off the following June.[23][24]

In February 2009, at the TED conference, Mission Motors, a San Francisco startup led by a former Tesla Motors engineer, unveiled the Mission One, an electric motorcycle capable of 150 mph. If achievable, this would make the Mission One the fastest production electric vehicle in the world.[25]

On April 4–5, 2009, Zero Motorcycles hosted the "24 Hours of Electricross" event in San Jose. It is considered the first all-electric off-road endurance race.[26]

On June 14, 2009, the first electric Time Trial Xtreme Grand Prix (TTXGP) all-electric street motorcycle race took place on the Isle of Man in which 13 machines took part. Rob Barber riding a motorcycle built by Team Agni won the race. He completed the 37.73 miles (60.72 km) course in 25 minutes 53.5 seconds, an average speed of 87.434 miles per hour (140.711 km/h).[27]

In September 2009, product manager Jeremy Cleland of Mission Motors broke the AMA electric motorcycle land speed record during the BUB Motorcycle Speed Trials at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah, US riding the company's Mission One. The bike registered a speed of 150.059 miles per hour (241.497 km/h).[28]

In 2010, ElectroCat, made by Eva Håkansson, set the record time for an electric motorcycle to climb Pikes Peak. The motorcycle, ridden by John Scollon, completed the 12 miles (19 km) course in 16 minutes 55.849 seconds. ElectroCat uses batteries manufactured by A123 Systems.[29]

On June 26, 2011, Chip Yates broke ElectroCat's previous record at Pikes Peak. He completed the course in 12 minutes 50.094 seconds.[30] On 30 August 2011, Yates riding his prototype SWIGZ.COM electric superbike established the official Guinness record of the fastest electric motorcycle. The motorcycle clocked a speed of 316.899 km/h (196.912 mph) at Bonneville.[31]

In 2012, Paul Ernst Thede set an SCTA record run of 216.8 miles per hour (348.9 km/h) at Bonnevile Salt Flats, Utah, US. This did not qualify as a Guinness World record as it wasn't timed by the FIM timing association.

In 2012 Electro Force cycles made their debut as a commuter cycle for commuters to ride to work or for enjoyment. These cycle were built by Jennifer Northern of Issaquah, Washington, US. She became the first woman to develop and manufacture an electric vehicle in the US. The maximum speed reached was 137 km/h (85 mph), while immediate speeds reached up to 97 km/h (60 mph) in 6 seconds, programmable with regenerative braking or on the throttle. Their range was up to 100 miles while maintaining 105 km/h (65 mph) in all weather and hills. It was the first of their kind built by a woman in the US.

In 2012, Jim Higgins rode the street-legal Mission Motors' Mission R at the Sonoma Raceway quarter-mile drag strip and set a National Electric Drag Racing Association (NEDRA) street-legal electric motorcycle record for the SMC/A3 class with a time of 10.602 at 197.26 km/h (122.57 mph).[32]

On June 30, 2013, Carlin Dunne riding a Lightning Motorcycle-built electric bike beat conventional motorcycles at Pikes Peak. He clocked a 10 minutes 00.694 seconds at the 12.42 miles (19.99 km) course.[33][34]

On November 20, 2018, VinFast from Vietnam introduced two electric scooter models in Hanoi, with 4 model: VinFast Klara A1 (Lithium-ion battery), VinFast Klara A2 (Lead–acid battery),[35] VinFast Ludo and VinFast Impes.[36]

In 2020, Ola Electric Mobility, a division of Ola Cabs, planned to construct world's largest electric scooter factory near Bangalore, Karnataka, India.[37] The company aims to produce 10 million vehicles annually.[38]

In 2020, Odysse Electric, an Indian manufacturer of electric motorcycles and scooters became India's first on-sale sportsbike-inspired electric bike maker[39]

In 2020, Juan Ayala, an urban planning design professor at Rutgers University, invented smartphone app based rentable e-scooter systems.

In 2022, VinFast of VinGroup from Vietnam introduced 2 new models: VinFast Theon S and VinFast Feliz S.[40]

  • TTXGP bikes at Isle of Man TT 2009
    TTXGP bikes at Isle of Man TT 2009
  • Chip Yates at Bonneville Salt Flats in 2011
    Chip Yates at Bonneville Salt Flats in 2011
  • Cream VinFast Klara electric scooter
    Cream VinFast Klara electric scooter
  • Niu NQi in Berlin, 2019
    Niu NQi in Berlin, 2019
  • VinFast Theon S in 2022 at VinHomes Riverside
    VinFast Theon S in 2022 at VinHomes Riverside

Types

A two- (or sometimes three-) wheeled powered vehicle if ridden with rider astride is termed a motorcycle; if it has a step-through frame with rider seated with feet on a floor panel it is a motor scooter. A smaller vehicle, typically just a deck to stand on with two (or three) wheels and a handlebar on a vertical stem is also termed a scooter; such scooters if unpowered are termed kick scooters, and e-scooters if battery powered. E-scooters are made available for hire by several companies in a scooter-sharing system.

Manufacturers

Evoke Urban S
Vespa Elettrica
BMW C evolution

Electric motorcycle manufacturers include Askoll, Čezeta, Zero Motorcycles, Lightning Motorcycle, Zapp Scooters Limited, Energica Motor Company, Johammer, Evoke Motorcycles, Gogoro, KTM, and Vmoto Soco.

  • Yamaha in 2014 was planning to enter the market with at least two models.[41]
  • Spanish company Bultaco entered the electric motorcycle market in 2015.[42]
  • TVS iQube Electric Scooter was launched in January 2020 by TVS Motor Company.
  • Harley-Davidson introduced the Harley-Davidson LiveWire, its first prototype electric motorcycle, in June 2014.[43]
  • Z Electric Vehicle is a US-based commercial production supplier of electric scooters for worldwide markets.[44]
  • The BMW C evolution electric scooter was released in Germany in May 2014.[45] The successor BMW CE 04 was announced in July 2021.[46]
  • Italian company Askoll, founded in 2014, uses technology of its parent company Askoll Groupe, producing electric motors for domestic appliances.[47] First scooter models were introduced in 2015.[48]
  • Honda participated in European lease demonstration and driving tests for its electric scooter in 2012 but as of 2012 had not announced its availability for sale.[49]
  • Terra Motors, a Japanese electric vehicle maker, intended to begin selling electric scooters in India by 2015.[50]
  • Astra Anatomy, still under development.[when?]
  • Electro Force Cycles, Issaquah, Washington, US.[51]
  • Gogoro announced a swappable battery electric scooter at CES 2015.[52]
  • KTM produces the all-electric off-road bikes in the Freeride E-series.
  • NIU produces electric scooters, and was the first Chinese company to use lithium ion batteries in its scooters.
  • AVERA,[53] an India-based electric scooter manufacturing company, launched the Retrosa.[54]
  • Piaggio announced an electric Vespa, the Vespa Elettrica, in 2019 with a 2 kW battery and a range of 100 km (62 mi), and a hybrid version with twice the range.[55] [56]
  • Tacita, based in Italy, announced in mid-2019 plans for open a U.S. operation in Miami, Florida. It makes street and off-road bikes, unusual with their 5-speed manual transmission.[57][58][59]
  • Ather Energy produces Ather 450 and 450X in India. The 450 went on sale in 2018.[60][61]
  • Bajaj Auto unveiled its first electric scooter in 2019 named Bajaj Chetak, with sales planned to start in January 2020.[62][63]
  • Ola Electric launched the S1, S1 Pro, and Ola S1 Pro in 2022 in India from their two-wheeler factory in The Krishnagiri district of Tamilnadu, India.
  • VinFast also produced electric scooters: VinFast Klara A1, A2, S, Ludo and Impes., VinFast Theon and VinFast Feliz.
  • Motion Breeze The company’s first prototype is named Motion Breeze Electric Motorcycle. It is the world’s first electric motorcycle to come with posture-adaptable intelligence features. The company aims to align nature and technology and aims to provide 3 affordable e-Motorcycles at the same price. Read More Here.

Power source

A restriction on the range of electric motorcycles and scooters is the requirement to cram enough electrical energy into their small frames.[64]

Most electric motorcycles and scooters are powered by rechargeable lithium ion batteries, though some early models used nickel–metal hydride batteries.

Alternative types of batteries are available. Z Electric Vehicle pioneered use of a battery with lead electrodes and an electrolyte of a liquid low sodium silicate compound, a variation on the classic lead–acid battery invented in 1859 and still used for electrical power in internal-combustion-engine automobiles, that compares favorably with lithium batteries in size, weight, and energy capacity, at considerably less cost.[65][66]

EGen says its lithium-iron phosphate batteries are up to two-thirds lighter than lead-acid batteries and offer the best battery performance for electric vehicles.[67]

In 2017, the first vehicle in the US to use the new Lithium Titanium Oxide (LTO) battery non-flammable battery technology[68] was a scooter called The Expresso.[69] This technology allows a battery to charge in less than 10 minutes, and is capable of 25,000 charges, the equivalent of 70 years of daily charges.[70] The technology, created by Altairnano, is used in China, where over 10,000 urban buses run on these batteries.[71]

  • ZEV 7100LR (lead/sodium silicate battery)
    ZEV 7100LR (lead/sodium silicate battery)
  • Yamaha FC-AQEL (fuel cell prototype)
    Yamaha FC-AQEL (fuel cell prototype)
  • Suzuki Burgman (fuel cell prototype)
    Suzuki Burgman (fuel cell prototype)

Charging

All electric scooters and motorcycles provide for recharging by plugging into ordinary wall outlets, usually taking about eight hours to recharge (i.e., overnight). Some manufacturers have designed in, included, or offer as an accessory, the high-power CHAdeMO level 2 charger, which can charge the batteries up to 95% in an hour.[72]

Battery swapping

The Fuel-Cell Battery-Swap Land Glider, designed by Todd Bank, at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles, 2005

Manufacturers like Zero Motorcycles and recent entrants to the scooter market Nanu EV, Gogoro, and Unu have designed machines that allow quick battery swapping, to allow charging without the vehicle needing to be near a charge point, or, with a spare battery or an available battery network, to allow continued travelafter a battery is drained.[52][72][73][74]

In the mid-1990s, Personal Electric Transports-Hawaii (formerly Suntera, now P.E.T.) was making a 113 km/h (70 mph) capable 3-wheel enclosed-electric motorcycle called the Sunray – designed by noted solar EV pioneer Jonnathan Tennyson. The Sunray's battery cartridge was on rollers and slid out of the front of the vehicle so it could be swapped out for a freshly charged battery at a battery-swap station conveniently located along a highway or in a city. P.E.T. also had streamlined 2-wheel seated motor scooters called Caballito's – designed by Budd Steinhilbur, who was a well known designer of the Tucker 48 automobile. Budd's Caballito's were also adapted for battery-swapping at P.E.T.’s future battery-swap stations. In 2000, P.E.T. added light-electric motorcycle and scooter visionary Todd Bank to their team and P.E.T. secured major funding from the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power to design and prototype the first battery-swap station's for light-electric vehicles and NEV's. P.E.T. prototypes and designs are now on display at museums across America.[citation needed]

Battery swapping is popular in India, with Sun Mobility planning modular batteries. "A moped would require one, a rickshaw two and a car four."[75]

Hybrid

Honda has developed an experimental internal combustion/electric hybrid scooter.[76] Yamaha has also developed a hybrid concept motorcycle called Gen-Ryu. It uses a 600cc engine and an additional electric motor.[77] Piaggio MP3 Hybrid uses a 125cc engine and an additional 2.4 kW motor.[78]

Fuel cell

Main article: Fuel cell

There are several experimental prototypes using fuel cell technology. ENV developed by Intelligent Energy is a hydrogen fuel cell prototype. The motorcycle has a range of 100 miles (160 km) and can reach a top speed of 50 mph (80 km/h).[79] Suzuki has also developed a concept hydrogen fuel cell scooter based on the Suzuki Burgman.[80] Yamaha has created a hydrogen fuel cell prototype called FC-AQEL, which is considered equivalent to a 125cc vehicle.[81] Honda has also developed a hydrogen fuel cell scooter which uses the Honda FC Stack.[76]

Electric vs. gasoline machines

Performance

Brandon Nozaki Miller on the first production electric motorcycle to break 161 km/h (100 mph), a 2012 Zero S ZF6 at Bonneville Salt Flats (2012)

Electric and gasoline powered motorcycles and scooters of the same size and weight are roughly comparable in performance.[82] In August 2013 Road & Track evaluated a high-end electric motorcycle as faster and better handling than any conventionally powered bike.[83] Electric machines have better 0 to 60 acceleration, since they develop full torque immediately, and without a clutch the torque is instantly available.[84][85]

Range

Electric motorcycles and scooters suffer considerable disadvantage in range, since batteries that fit in a motorcycle frame cannot store as much energy as a tank of gasoline. Anything over 130 miles (210 km) on a single charge is considered an exceptionally long range. Consequently, while electric machines excel for city dwellers traveling relatively short distances, on the open road riders experience inhibiting range anxiety.[86] Electric power also trades off range against speed; for instance according to the manufacturer the long-range ZEV LRC electric scooter can travel 225 km (140 mi) at 88 km/h (55 mph), but the range drops to about 129 km (80 mi) at 112 km/h (70 mph).[87]

Manufacturers are striving to increase range; as of 2022 a range of 259 km (161 mi) was reported. At the other end of the scale, much shorter ranges such as 64 km (40 mi) were available at very much lower cost.[88]

Maintenance

Electric scooters and motorcycles need very little maintenance.[89] As Wired magazine's transportation editor Damon Lavrinc reported after an experiment of trying to go six months using nothing but a Zero electric motorcycle: "[w]ith only a battery, a motor, and a black box (i.e. the controller) to keep you moving, electric motorcycles are a breeze to maintain compared to a conventional motorcycle, what with all the lubricating and adjusting and tuning you have to do. You basically just worry about consumables: brake pads, tires, maybe a brake fluid flush. That’s about it."[90] Electric scooters and motorcycles equipped with regenerative braking typically have longer brake pad life because a significant portion of braking duty can be performed with the electric motor instead of the mechanical friction brakes.

Fuel cost

At between one and two cents per mile (depending on electric rates), electric machines enjoy an enormous fuel cost advantage. Three months and 2,800 km (1,700 mi) of commuting on an electric motorcycle cost Lavrinc less than $30 for electricity; on a BMW gasoline bike a single trip of 650 km (400 mi) cost nearly the same. In Australia, UBCO battery Electric Motorbike running cost is 88¢ per 100 km. In India, Ampere Electric Scooter's running cost is at Rs. 0.15 per km.[86][91] [92]

Refuel time

Even with special equipment, charging a battery takes significantly longer than filling a gasoline tank. With the maximum number of accessory chargers, it takes over an hour to charge a Zero S ZF6.5's 6.5kWh battery to 95% capacity. This refuel time also increases with battery capacity; the Zero S ZF13.0 (which has a 13kWh battery) takes over 2 hours to charge to 95% capacity using the maximum number of accessory. This affects journeys longer than the single-charge range of a motorcycle.[93]

Noise

Electric vehicles are far quieter than gasoline powered ones, so that they may approach a pedestrian who is not watching unnoticed.[94] Some are equipped to produce a warning sound as they travel. Popular Mechanics called the comparative quiet of electric motorcycles the greatest difference between them and their gasoline counterparts, and a safety bonus because the rider can hear danger approaching.[95] Whether a loud motorcycle is safer than a quiet one due to being more noticeable is a matter of dispute.[96][97] At high speed the whine of a typical electric motorcycle is said to sound "like a spaceship."[98][99]

Sales and adoption

China leads the world in electric scooter sales, comprising 9.4 million of the total 12 million sold worldwide in 2013. As of November 2020, the number of electric scooters in China had reached around 300 million, with annual sales of more than 30 million units.[100] There were only 31,338 electric scooter sales outside the Asia-Pacific region including Europe. The US market is comparatively small, with an estimated 2,000 sold in 2012.[101]

While steadily becoming more practical, high prices and a limited range suited best for commuting have been impediments to electric motorcycles and scooters increasing their market share.[102] In the US at least, cheaper motorcycles that can refuel in minutes at any gasoline station better suit weekend riders, the predominant users.[103] According to a market report published in 2013, the sales of electric motorcycles and scooters in expected to rise over 10-fold by 2018 in North America, to about 36,000 by 2018.[104]

In India, high costs and power grid problems have contributed to slow sales. In states like Tamil Nadu, where power supply of rationed electricity was reduced, a corresponding drop in sales has been observed by electric scooter manufacturers like Ampere and Hero Electric.[105]

  • Electric Scooter in Berlin. Designed for an app-based sharing system.
    Electric Scooter in Berlin. Designed for an app-based sharing system.
  • E-Scooters of scooter-sharing company Emmy in Munich (2019)
    E-Scooters of scooter-sharing company Emmy in Munich (2019)

Government promotion and incentives

Main article: Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles

India

In January 2013, the Indian government announced a plan to provide subsidies for hybrid and electric vehicles. The plan will have subsidies up to ₹ 1,50,000 (Approximately US$2,200) for cars and ₹ 50,000 on two wheelers. India aimed to have seven million electric vehicles on the road by 2020.[106]

Taiwan

The premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) Liu Chao-shiuan said in 2008 that the government-financed Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) will help domestic manufacturers mass-produce 100,000 electric motorcycles in four years.

Motorsports

Pikes Peak International Hill Climb (PPIHC)

Main article: PPIHC

The Pikes Peak International Hill Climb began in 1916 and is the second oldest motor sports race in the United States. The PPIHC is a long-standing tradition in the Colorado Springs and Pikes Peak Regions. The race takes place on a 12.42-mile (19.99 km) course beginning at an elevation of 9,390 feet (2,860 m), containing 156 turns and ending at the 14,110-foot (4,300 m) summit of Pikes Peak. One of the main obstacles of the race is the increasingly thin air that slows reflexes, diminishes muscle strength and reduces the power of internal combustion engines by 30 percent as competitors advance up the peak. The electric motorcycle division has an advantage with the all-electric motorcycles because they do not experience power loss with increased elevation and thinner air.

The Lightning Motorcycle Super-bike electric motorcycle set the fastest overall time in the motorcycle division, beating all gasoline powered motorcycles in 2013.[33][34]

TT Zero

Main article: TT Zero
Mark Miller riding a MotoCzysz E1pc at TT Zero (2012)

TTXGP was conceived by Azhar Hussain. The first race was held on 30 June 2009 on the Isle of Man in which 13 teams took part.[27] The event was endorsed by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM).[107] In May 2010, TTXGP started a world championship series.[107] It went on to organize several races in US, Europe and Australia.[108] In 2010, TT Zero replaced the TTXGP event in the Isle of Man TT race. Neither TTXGP nor Azhar Hussain were involved in the event. The event followed FIM rules.[107]

FIM eRoad Racing World Cup

Main article: FIM eRoad Racing World Cup

On 18 November 2010, Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) announced an ePower International Series for electric motorcycles, causing a split between TTXGP promoters and FIM.[109] FIM, unlike TTXGP, was unable to gather many teams of the series. In March 2011, TTXGP announced it would again collaborate with FIM.[110]

In 2013, TTXGP and FIM collaborated to organize the FIM eRoad Racing World Cup with races in US, Europe and a final race in Asia.[108]

Motocross

In 2013, FIM announced an all-electric event, called E-MX, which was held in Belgium during Clean Week 2020 on 2 May.[111] MiniMoto SX Energy Crisiscross is a regular event where electric off-road motorcycles are allowed to compete against conventional motorcycles.[112]

  • A Brammo Engage at MiniMoto SX (2011)
    A Brammo Engage at MiniMoto SX (2011)
  • eMotoRacing Roebling Road 2016 Season
    eMotoRacing founder Arthur Kowitz, and Pete Nicolosi, 2016 series points leader (as of race #6), vie for the lead during 2016's 1st race, held at Roebling Road, Georgia, US.

eMotoRacing

After the TTXGP concluded its 2013 race season, it pulled out of the US, and Arthur Kowitz, who had participated in the FIM eRoad Racing World Cup founded eMotoRacing to fill the void.[113] eMotoRacing kicked off its first season in 2014, running in conjunction with AHRMA which gave access to ten high-profile tracks around the US. In addition to its regular race season, eMotoRacing held its first annual "Varsity Challenge" on July 11–13, 2014,[114] at the New Jersey Motorsports Park, urging engineering teams from universities to race custom-built electric motorcycles. At the start of its third season in 2016, AHRMA announced it had adopted eMotoRacing's "eSuperSport" class as a permanent addition to their roadracing lineup.[115]

MotoE World Cup

Main article: MotoE World Cup

MotoE World Cup is set to start in 2019. The series is sanctioned by the FIM and will support MotoGP at five of the European circuits with future plans for the series to grow worldwide.[116] The series will be using a spec Energica EgoGP motorcycle with each of the seven MotoGP independent teams running two bikes while four Moto2 and Moto3 teams will run one bike for a total of 18 bikes competing.[117]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Patent number: 552271". Google Patents. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  2. ^ "Patent number: 596272". Google Patents. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  3. ^ Partridge, Michael (1976), "Introduction", Motorcycle Pioneers: The Men, the Machines, the Events 1860-1930, David & Charles (Publishers), p. 11, ISBN 978-0668040358
  4. ^ "Popular Mechanics". Popular Mechanics Magazine. Hearst Magazines: 560–. October 1911. ISSN 0032-4558. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
  5. ^ "Ransomes, Sims and Jefferies: Motorcycles". Grace's Guide. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  6. ^ Erwin Tragatsch (1997). Alle Motorräder 1894-1981: Eine Typengeschichte. 2500 Marken aus 30 Ländern. ISBN 978-3-87943-410-7.
  7. ^ Erwin Tragatsch (1985). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Motorcycles. ISBN 978-0890098684.
  8. ^ Egon Duchateau; Geert Huylebroeck; Nick Jonkheere; Rick van Eycken; Luc Freson (2008). A-Z der Belgische motoren. ISBN 978-907734-6105.
  9. ^ "Our History: The First Manufacturer of Industrial and Commercial Electric Vehicles". Columbia ParCar Corp. Archived from the original on 25 February 2004. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  10. ^ "Alkali Fuel Cell History". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  11. ^ "Karl Kordesch, PhD" (PDF). Global Energy Systems. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  12. ^ "Post 1953 Indian Motocycle History". Archived from the original on 4 July 2007. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  13. ^ "Popular Mechanics". Popular Mechanics Magazine. Hearst Magazines: 83. April 1974. ISSN 0032-4558. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  14. ^ a b Cycle World. April 1992. pp. 108–111. ISSN 0011-4286. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  15. ^ "AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame: Mike Corbin". Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  16. ^ "Corbin Yardney Motorcycle on top of Mt. Washington". Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  17. ^ Louise Ann Noeth (May 2002). Bonneville: The Fastest Place on Earth. MotorBooks International. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-7603-1372-5. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  18. ^ "Electric MotorBike Inc: About Us". Electric MotorBike Inc. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  19. ^ "Lectra VR24". Green Speed. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  20. ^ "Peugeot's incredibly frugal electric E-Vivacity scooter". GizMag. 25 January 2010. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  21. ^ "The Roger Hedlund 150 mph Club". US National Electric Drag Racing Association. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  22. ^ "7.824 @168 MPH !!!!!! at Pomona AHDRA Nov 10th". Killacycle.com. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  23. ^ "Vectrix cierra sus puertas". Region Digital.com. January 4, 2014. Archived from the original on February 3, 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-20.
  24. ^ "Vectrix Asset Auction Set for June 18". DealerNews.com (Press release). June 10, 2014. Archived from the original on June 16, 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
  25. ^ Electric Motorcycle Promises 150 MPH | WIRED
  26. ^ "24 Hours of Electricross". Zero Motorcycles. 24 March 2009. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  27. ^ a b "TTXGP: Rob Barber makes history". Isle of Man Today. 14 June 2009. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  28. ^ Electric Motorcycle Land Speed Record: Mission One Hits 150mph On Salt! (w/video) | Top Speed
  29. ^ "Electrocat Conquers Pikes Peak". EVWorld. 5 July 2010. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  30. ^ "SWIGZ.COM Pro Racing's Chip Yates Sets New Pikes Peak Record". EV World. 28 June 2011. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  31. ^ "Fastest electric motorcycle (prototype)". Guinness Book of World Records. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  32. ^ National Electric Drag Racing Association – Record Holders
  33. ^ a b "Lightning's Electric Motorcycle Dominates Pikes Peak". Wired.com. 1 July 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  34. ^ a b "Lightning electric motorcycle beats gas bikes in Pikes Peak climb". Los Angeles Times. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  35. ^ Klara - My Love | Vinfast e scooter
  36. ^ Ludo & Impes - Your smart and reliable ally on the road
  37. ^ "500-Acre Bengaluru Campus For World's Largest E-Scooter Factory". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
  38. ^ "Ola's 500-acre e-scooter factory in Bengaluru to make EV every 2 seconds". mint. 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
  39. ^ "Meet Odysse Electric: India's first on-sale sportsbike-inspired electric bike maker". The Financial Express. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  40. ^ Theon - 'Flagship' xe máy điện mới của VinFast VnExpress 25/1/2021
  41. ^ Jordan Golson (2014-04-25). "Yamaha's Exquisite Electric Motorcycles Will Soon Hit the Streets". Wired. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
  42. ^ Loz Blain (May 19, 2014). "Bultaco rides again with all-electric motorcycles: The Rapitan and Rapitan Sport". GizMag. Retrieved 2014-06-15.
  43. ^ "Harley-Davidson Takes Electric Motorcycle Market for a Spin". NBC News. June 23, 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
  44. ^ Chris Peters (May 21, 2012). "ZEV Electric Scooters born of sport bike passion". Powersports Business. Retrieved 2014-01-11.
  45. ^ Sabine Beikler (14 May 2014). "Elektroroller BMW C Evolution: Spaß für Spritsparer und Idealisten". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Retrieved 2014-06-11.
  46. ^ O'Kane, Sean (July 7, 2021). "BMW's actually making the futuristic CE 04 electric scooter". The Verge. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  47. ^ Giulia Cimpanelli (October 27, 2019). "Scooter elettrici: Askoll Eva, la società italiana dietro al boom dello sharing". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  48. ^ "Corporate presentation" (PDF). Askoll EVA. Retrieved October 26, 2019.
  49. ^ "2012 Honda EV-Neo". Top Speed. Retrieved 2014-01-19.
  50. ^ Rohan Patil (21 January 2014). "Japanese Electric Vehicle Maker Terra Motors set for India Debut at Delhi Auto Expo". Motoroids. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  51. ^ 2010-2019
  52. ^ a b Taylor Lorenz (January 15, 2015). "Gogoro Launches Smart Electric Plugless Scooter - Business Insider". Businessinsider.com. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
  53. ^ Varma, P. Sujatha (13 April 2018). "AVERA News on The Hindu". The Hindu. Retrieved 2018-04-14.
  54. ^ "AVERA set to open 50 cr plant in AP, India". The Hindu. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
  55. ^ "Vespa's first electric scooter is coming in 2018 with 62 miles of range". The Verge (Press release). 8 November 2017.
  56. ^ "Piaggio Group: Vespa Elettrica to go into production in September". Piaggio Group (Press release). 27 August 2018.
  57. ^ Hughes, Justin (30 September 2017). "Can a Cruiser Go Electric? Tacita Thinks So". The Drive. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  58. ^ "Tacita Racks Up 75,000 Miles On Its Electric Motorcycle". www.msn.com. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  59. ^ Toll, Micah (2019-06-16). "Tacita is entering the USA with their Italian gear-shifting electric motorcycles". Electrek. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  60. ^ Ghoshal, Maria Thomas, Devjyot (5 June 2018). "The launch of this e-scooter is a moment of reckoning for India's EV market". Quartz India. Retrieved 2020-01-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  61. ^ "Ather 450X Electric Scooter Launched In India; Prices Start At Rs. 99,000". CarandBike. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
  62. ^ "Bajaj Chetak electric scooter unveiled; to go on sale from January next year". www.businesstoday.in. Retrieved 2019-10-16.
  63. ^ "Bajaj is back with Chetak. Electric scooter's price, features, specs". www.livemint.com. 16 October 2019. Retrieved 2019-10-16.
  64. ^ Jolly, Jasper (3 September 2022). "EV riders: motorcycle manufacturers making the leap to electric". the Guardian.
  65. ^ Billings, Randy (May 9, 2012). "Z Electric Vehicle Introduces New Model 5000 Scooter". EV World. Archived from the original on 27 July 2012.
  66. ^ "ZEV S-Series". Z Electric Vehicles. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  67. ^ "eGen Electric Scooters". eGen Electric Scooters. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
  68. ^ Huang, Peifeng; Wang, Qingsong; Li, Ke; Ping, Ping; Sun, Jinhua (14 January 2015). "The combustion behavior of large scale lithium titanate battery". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 7788. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5E7788H. doi:10.1038/srep07788. PMC 4293605. PMID 25586064.
  69. ^ "Bike – Site". www.expressoscooter.com. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  70. ^ "Altair Nanotechnologies, Inc". www.sec.gov. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  71. ^ "XALT Energy To Sell LTO Batteries For EV Buses To HK Group In China". insideevs.com. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  72. ^ a b "2013 Zero Motorcycles lineup goes faster and farther, charges with CHAdeMO". AutoBlog. 3 October 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  73. ^ "Soak up the summer with the unu electric scooter". Classic Driver. 2 August 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
  74. ^ Tyler Wells Lynch (February 8, 2015). "This smart electric scooter doesn't need to be charged". Usatoday.com. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
  75. ^ Schmall, Emily; Ewing, Jack; Loke, Atul (2022-09-04). "India's Electric Vehicle Push Is Riding on Mopeds and Rickshaws". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
  76. ^ a b "Honda announces fuel cell, hybrid and electric scooters". Gizmag. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  77. ^ "Yamaha unveils hybrid electric motorcycle and limousine scooter". Gizmag. 27 October 2005. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  78. ^ "Piaggio MP3 Hybrid review". The Telegraph. 19 September 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  79. ^ "Fuel Cell Motorbike to Hit U.S. Streets". National Geographic. 2 August 2005. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  80. ^ "Suzuki and Intelligent Energy Debut Fuel Cell Motor Scooter". EV World. 22 October 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  81. ^ "Announcing the development of the Yamaha hydrogen fueled "FC-AQEL" fuel cell motorcycle". Yamaha. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  82. ^ Damon Lavrinc (November 5, 2013). "Zero's New Electric Motorcycle Boasts Insane Torque, Expandable Range". Wired. Retrieved 2014-01-21. Torque [is] in line with some of the biggest, brashest, and beefiest bikes in the world. But unlike those bruisers and cruisers, the SR tips the scales at a relatively svelte 400 pounds. High grunt and low mass let you hit 60 mph in 3.3 seconds.
  83. ^ Wes Siler (August 2, 2013). "First Ride: 2014 Mission RS A game-changing electric tour de force". Road & Track. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  84. ^ James Parker (March 31, 2011). "Torque in an Electric Motorcycle: Drawing the Line". Motorcyclist.
  85. ^ Ryan Pei (Feb 6, 2014). "This San Francisco Company Plans To Become The Tesla Of The Motorcycle World". Business Insider. Retrieved 2020-07-27. The Mission electric motorcycle runs from 0 to 60 mph in just 2.7 seconds. That's better acceleration than any other commercially-available motorcycle ever built.
  86. ^ a b Damon Lavrinc (October 10, 2013). "A Current Affair". Wired. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  87. ^ "ZEV LRC: The world's fastest and longest range electric motor scooter". z Electric Vehicles. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  88. ^ Jolly, Jasper (3 September 2022). "EV riders: motorcycle manufacturers making the leap to electric". the Guardian.
  89. ^ "What servicing jobs can I forget about if I swap my petrol bike for an electric? - Bikesure". Bikesure Blog. 2021-02-22. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  90. ^ Damon Lavrinc (17 January 2014). "A Current Affair". Wired. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  91. ^ "UBCO Off Road, Battery Electric Motorcycle | Battery Electric Tugs, Pushers and Pullers". ev.spacepac.com.au. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
  92. ^ "Cost Saving of Electric Scooter vs. Fuel Scooter in India". Ampere Electric Vehicles. 30 December 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  93. ^ "Zero Motorcycles". Zero Motorcycles. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  94. ^ Chris Neiger (15 October 2013). "Solving electric cars' quiet problem". BBC Autos. Retrieved 2014-01-21. [R]ival schools have emerged. The first argues that EVs should remain quiet, void of any added sound. The second believes that these vehicles pose a risk to pedestrians and cyclists because they may creep up, ostensibly unannounced by a gurgling engine.
  95. ^ Wes Siler (April 20, 2010). "Electric Motorcycles Buyer's Guide". Retrieved 2014-01-21. [S]ilence is actually a bonus; you can hear danger approaching and you become more a part of your environment.
  96. ^ Florin Tibu (June 8, 2012). "Most Common Motorcycle Myths Debunked: Part 1". Autoevlution. Archived from the original on January 28, 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  97. ^ Elizabeth Stawiki (June 6, 2007). "Loud pipes save lives or risk rights?". MPR News. Retrieved 2014-01-21. [T]the pipes direct the sound backwards.. . . Seventy-seven percent of all motorcycle accident hazards come from the 11 to 1:00 direction, from in front of the motorcycle rider. And people that are 500 feet in front of you that may turn in front of you that will violate your right of way; they can't hear [the motorcycle noise] because it's pointed the other way
  98. ^ Derek Mead (March 31, 2011). "The Most Advanced Electric Superbike Sounds Like a Spaceship and Hauls Ass". Motherboard. Archived from the original on February 7, 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  99. ^ Wes Siler (August 2, 2013). "First Ride: 2014 Mission RS A game-changing electric tour de force". Road & Track. Retrieved 2014-01-21. [I]t sounds like a TIE Fighter on an attack run.
  100. ^ "China boasts 300 mln electric bicycles- China.org.cn". www.china.org.cn. Retrieved 2021-06-20.
  101. ^ JP Darwin (2 June 2014). "The Electric Scooter Market". CleanRider.com.
  102. ^ Dexter Ford (13 June 2014). "Electricity Reporting for Duty". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-06-17.
  103. ^ Dexter Ford (October 11, 2012). "Electric Motorcycles in Search of a Market". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-01-22. Electric motorcycle makers like to talk about a rider's daily commuting distance and show how their bike's limited range is just right. The problem is that most real motorcyclists don't commute on their bikes. They commute in air-conditioned cars that keep their hair in place, their smartphones in hand and their clothes insect-free
  104. ^ "Annual Sales of Electric Motorcycles and Scooters in North America Will Multiply Nearly Ten-Fold by 2018, Forecasts Navigant Research". Yahoo Finance. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  105. ^ "Grid Problems Curb India's Electric-Vehicle Appetite". The New York Times. 4 January 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  106. ^ "Govt plans subsidy to boost electric, hybrid vehicle sales". Live Mint. 4 January 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  107. ^ a b c "More Suds In Electric Motorcycle Racing Soap Opera". Wired.com. 29 January 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  108. ^ a b "Electric Motorcycle Racing Just Got Viable Thanks to FIM Partnership". Wired.com. 5 March 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  109. ^ "Electric Motorcycle Racing Hits the Big Time". Wired.com. 23 November 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  110. ^ "Signs of Peace In E-Motorcycle Racing Squabble". Wired.com. 16 March 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  111. ^ "Motocross set to become electric competition". Association des Constructeurs Européens de Motocycles. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  112. ^ "Brammo to challenge other electrics, gassers in MiniMoto SX Energy Crisiscross 2011". Autoblog. 3 May 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  113. ^ "Official eMotoRacing series announcement, first race in February 2014". Retrieved 2016-06-26.
  114. ^ "College of Engineering student team to debut new electric motorcycle at New Jersey race | www.eng.vt.edu". www.eng.vt.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-07-19. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
  115. ^ Motorcycle.com (21 October 2015). "eMotoRacing eSuperSport Class Permanent Addition To AHRMA - Motorcycle.com News". Retrieved 2016-06-26.
  116. ^ "FIM Enel MotoE™ World Cup: a new class of competition". motogp.com. Retrieved 2018-02-07.
  117. ^ "MotoGP reveals electric bike for 2019 MotoE World Cup". autosport.com. Retrieved 2018-02-07.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters&oldid=1119378335"