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Tropical Storm York

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Severe Tropical Storm York (Neneng)
Severe tropical storm (JMA scale)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
York at peak intensity over China on September 15
FormedSeptember 10, 1999
DissipatedSeptember 17, 1999
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 100 km/h (65 mph)
1-minute sustained: 130 km/h (80 mph)
Lowest pressure980 hPa (mbar); 28.94 inHg
Fatalities35 total
Damage$34 million (1999 USD)
Areas affectedHong Kong, Portuguese Macau, South China, Philippines
Part of the 1999 Pacific typhoon season

Severe Tropical Storm York, also known in the Philippines as Neneng was a storm that formed in September 1999. It brought severe impacts to the Philippines and southeastern China, causing 35 deaths. Considered as the worst storm to hit Hong Kong since 1983, York was first noted as a tropical disturbance over the Philippine Sea on September 9th, 1999, and became a tropical depression three days later on September 12. Initially, the initial intensity of the system has been at the lower limit of tropical depression intensity, until the formation of a new center in northern South China Sea west of Luzon the following day. Despite identified as a tropical storm the following day, York's track was erratic and remained stationary for a while, until landing near Hong Kong as a severe tropical storm or minimal typhoon on September 16. Afterward, York weakened to a tropical storm and quickly degenerated into a remnant area of low pressure soon after on the following day.

York generated heavy rainfall and flooding when it crossed over the Philippines, which claimed the lives of 18 people. Particularly noted for leading to the Hong Kong Observatory issuing the highest No. 10 warning for the first time since 1983, it killed an additional two people in Hong Kong when it passed near the city. A cargo ship were as well reportedly sunk, with some 18,000 homes losing power in the wake of the storm and 4,000 trees uprooted in Hong Kong. Elsewhere in Macau, one person was injured and 120 incidents related to the storm were reported. In the Chinese province of Guangdong, fifteen people lost their lives and produced heavy rainfall. Overall, total damages were estimated to be at least $34 million (USD).

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On September 5th, 1999, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began monitoring an area of convection southeast of Guam.[1] Slow development for the low pressure area ensued over the past few days as the low pressure area steadily headed west, but the development of the wave was insufficient to be determined as a tropical cyclone till September 10th where the JTWC issued a formation alert at 0300 UTC.[2] PAGASA was first to upgrade the invest to a tropical depression and gave the storm the name of Neneng,[3] with JTWC soon following suit and initiated depression warnings on the tropical depression. The depression initially did not significantly intensify due to land interaction with Luzon. Yet, good outflow is present in the depression at the time with deep convection beginning to wrap around the center.[1]

The depression was relocated to the west of Luzon on September 12th. The former convection quickly dissipated and was absorbed by the new circulation center. Upper-level outflow, benefited by minimal vertical shear then became favourable. The depression subsequently reconsolidated in a region of deep depression and intensify into a tropical storm, which it received the name York.[1][2] York's track was relatively erratic[4] and remained near stationary on September 13th, with lack of guidance of movement due to the weakening of mid-level ridge over southern China. [5] Several circulation centers was present at the time.[1]

York began to move on a northwesterly course guided by a strengthening yet weak subtropical ridge over southern China on September 14th. However, the movement of York was slow and once almost stationary due to a weak steering flow.[1][5] On other hand, conditions were relatively conducive at the time, allowing gradual and steady intensification of York. Both the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) assessed it as a severe tropical storm.[4][6]

York once again briefly stalled on September 15.[4] However, it continued to strengthen with a broad, ragged eye developing.[1] Consequently, JTWC upgraded York to a typhoon at noon UTC, with HKO following suit later with support of ground observations.[2][4] JMA, however, never recognized it as a typhoon.[6] The ridge further re-established itself which shifted York's motion to more west-northwesterly as it heads near Hong Kong. Pressure in Waglan Island reached 971 hPa (mbar; 28.67 inHg) at around 0000UTC on September 16.[4] Maximum sustained winds of York peaked at 130km/h (80mph/70kt).[2][1] Ultimately, York passed near Lantau Island of Hong Kong and eventually made landfall in Zhuhai. Once over land, York diminished rapidly and dissipated into a low pressure area over China the next day.

Impact

The Philippines

As the developing depression crossed the Philippines, it brought heavy showers of up to 400 mm (16 inches), which caused some flooding in the Cagayan Valley[7] Eighteen people were killed in landslides in northern Luzon.

Hong Kong and Macao

Upon making landfall at west of Hong Kong, winds gusted to 234 km/h (145 mph) at Waglan Island with hourly sustained winds of 169 km/h (105 mph) recorded. Hurricane-force 10-minute sustained winds were recorded in Cheung Chau and Sai Kung, with storm-force sustained winds also recorded in Tsing Yi, North Point and Tsim Sha Tsui Ferry Pier, making York one of the strongest storm that affected Hong Kong in post-war period, with near impact in comparison to Typhoon Wanda of 1962 and Typhoon Mangkhut of 2018.[8] Overall in Hong Kong, strong storm to hurricane-force winds were recorded. Both Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) and Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau (SMG) issued the No.10 hurricane signal, which lasted 11 and 8.5 hours respectively, both post-war records in terms of lasting time.

In Hong Kong, a man was found dead in Cheung Chau 64 hours after being swept away by waves. Another man was killed by debris blown by high winds in Tseung Kwan O. Injuries tallied to 500 in the city in which 11 were severely injured, making York the storm that led to most injuries in the city since World War II. In Wan Chai, more than 400 pieces of glass were blown off from several buildings. A tower cane collapsed and hit a nearby building in the same region, forcing 25 people to evacuate due to suspected gas leak. 64 reported flooding cases were reported during York, with over 340 hectares of farmland flooded and forced over 300 people to evacuate. A total of more than 800 signboards more than 4,000 trees collapsed, with a large number of roads blocked by fallen trees and tattered signboards seen everywhere on the streets. [9] Electrical shortages were reported in several places in Hong Kong, with water shortages as well reported in Sai Kung and Cheung Chau. Transportation came to a stall with at least 470 flights delayed or cancelled due to bad weather, affecting 80 thousand passengers. Damages could total to as high as several billion Hong Kong dollars. [4]

In Macao, York led to violent winds in the town, with sustained winds of 108 km/h (67 mph) and gusts as high as 181 km/h (112 mph) recorded in Taipa Grande. 120 incidents of different kinds were reported during the storm, with a chimney collapsing in Zona Norte.[10] At least one injury were reported during the storm. Transportation came to a complete halt with schools, shops and most casinos temporarily closed. 30 flights were cancelled or delayed.

Mainland China

Throughout the affected areas, at least 15 deaths and 700 injuries were reported. Direct economic damages tallied up to 200 million RMD (30 million USD) in mainland China. [4] Zhuhai was particularly affected due to York landing at Xiangzhou District in the city, with a total of 71 people injuries that require hospital treatment reported in Zhuhai. Schools and work were largely suspended, with transportation as well coming to a halt. Electricity shortages were recorded which affected thousands of civilians. 900 trees and 400 scaffolds, billboards and windows were blown down by high winds. The direct economic losses caused by York to Zhuhai amounted to about 100 million RMD. [11]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Gary Padgett, Typhoon2000.ph. "Typhoon York/Neneng (TC-21W / STS 9915)". MONTHLY GLOBAL TROPICAL CYCLONE SUMMARY, SEPTEMBER, 1999. Retrieved November 25, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b c d Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Typhoon York (21W)" (PDF). 1999 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. p. 92. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  3. ^ David Michael V. Padua, Typhoon2000.ph. "1999 PAGASA TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACK DATA - 11. TROPICAL STORM NENENG (YORK/9915)".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Hong Kong Observatory. "Typhoon York (9915): 12 - 17 September 1999" (PDF). Tropical Cyclones in 1999. pp. 72–83. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  5. ^ a b Hong Kong Cyclone Observatory Center. "經典颱風回顧分析 --- 約克 York (9915)". Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  6. ^ a b "Digital Typhoon: Typhoon 199915 (YORK) - Detailed Track Information". Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  7. ^ USDA; NOAA (September 14, 1999). "Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin" (PDF). p. 26. Archived from the original (pdf) on September 19, 2006. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  8. ^ Choy, Chun Wing; Lau, Dick Shum; He, Yuheng (July 6, 2020). "Super typhoons Hato (1713) and Mangkhut (1822), part I: analysis of maximum intensity and wind structure". Royal Meteorological Society. doi:10.1002/wea.3797. S2CID 225565234. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
  9. ^ "颱風約克襲港". TVB News Files. October 4, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  10. ^ "澳门悬挂十号飓风讯号". Sina Corporation/Phoenix Television. September 17, 1999. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  11. ^ Macau Daily Times (September 17, 1999), "珠海陸海空交通幾陷癱瘓 大橋封閉水電通訊受破壞"
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