Jump to content

2022 COVID-19 protests in China

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Tcobli (talk | contribs) at 01:38, 30 November 2022 (→Nanjing: type). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

2022 COVID-19 protests in China
Part of protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and democracy movements in China
  • Protesters marching towards the local government building following the Ürümqi fire
Date26 November 2022 – 28 November 2022 as of 29 November 2022 (mainland China[1][2][3][4])
26 November 2022 – ongoing (worldwide[1])
Location
China
Caused by
Goals
MethodsProtests, protest songs, demonstrations, riots, civil unrest, student activism, internet activism
StatusLargely suppressed by police in mainland China, but ongoing worldwide.
Parties
Protesters
Lead figures
Map

A series of protests against COVID-19 lockdowns began in mainland China in November 2022.[8][6][9][10][11] The protests began in response to measures taken by the Chinese government to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in the country, including implementing a zero-COVID policy. Discontent towards the policy has grown since the beginning of the pandemic, which confined many people to their homes without work and left some unable to purchase or receive daily necessities.[12][13]

While small-scale protests began in early November, widespread civil unrest erupted following a deadly fire in Ürümqi that killed ten people, three months into a lockdown in Xinjiang.[14] Protesters demanded the end of the government's zero-COVID policy and lockdowns, and some extended their protest towards the leadership of Xi Jinping and the Chinese Communist Party.[9][15]

Background

COVID-19 lockdowns in China

Further information: COVID-19 lockdown in China and Chinese government response to COVID-19
Policemen wearing masks patrolling Wuhan Tianhe International Airport during the initial COVID-19 outbreak in January 2020

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China, the Chinese government has made extensive use of lockdowns to manage COVID outbreaks, in an effort to implement a zero-COVID policy. These lockdowns began with the lockdown of Wuhan in January 2020, and soon spread to other cities and municipalities, including Shanghai and Xinjiang. As these lockdowns became more widespread, they became lengthier and increasingly disruptive, precipitating increasing concern and dissent. In April 2022, the Chinese government imposed a lockdown in Shanghai, generating outrage on social media sites, such as Sina Weibo and WeChat; citizens were displeased with the economic effects of the lockdown, such as food shortages and the inability to work. This discontentment was exacerbated by reports of poor conditions in makeshift hospitals and harsh enforcement of quarantines.[16] These complaints were difficult to suppress, despite the strict censorship of social media in China.[17]

The spread of more infectious subvariants of the Omicron variant intensified these grievances. As these subvariants spread, public trust was eroded in the Chinese government's zero-COVID policy, indicating that lockdown strategies had become ineffective and unsustainable for the Chinese economy.[18] Concessions and vacillation generated a further lack of confidence and support for the policy; on 11 November, the Chinese government announced new and detailed guidelines on COVID measures in an attempt to ease the zero-COVID policy.[19][20] Enforcement by local governments varied widely: Shijiazhuang temporarily lifted most restrictions following the announcement,[16] while other cities continued with strict restrictions, fearing consequences of easing lockdowns.[20] Following the rollout of the new guidelines, an outbreak of COVID-19 occurred in multiple regions of China.[21]

Democracy movements of China

See also: Democracy movements of China and Protest and dissent in China

Various political movements for democracy have sprung up in opposition to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s one-party rule. The growing discontent with the Chinese government's response to COVID-19 has precipitated discussions of freedom and democracy in China and some calls for the resignation of Xi Jinping, who was endorsed for an unprecedented third term as CCP general secretary weeks before the beginning of the widespread protests.[22][23]

Early protests: workers' demands

Guangzhou

As lockdowns returned to Guangzhou starting on 5 November 2022, residents of Haizhu District marched in the streets at night, breaking through metal barriers and demanding an end to the lockdown.[24] The Haizhu district is home to many migrant workers from outside the province, who were unable to find work and unable to have sustainable incomes during lockdowns. In videos spread online, residents also criticized hour-long queues for COVID testing, an inability to purchase fresh and affordable produce, and a lack of local government support.[25]

Zhengzhou

Since late October, Foxconn's megafactory in Zhengzhou, Central China, which produced the iPhone for Apple, had prevented workers from leaving the factory, as part of a national policy that demanded zero COVID while also trying to keep factories open and the economy running.[6] Nevertheless, workers have managed to scale through barriers and flee home, threatening the continued operation of the plant.[26] In early November, videos spread of workers leaving the city by foot, to return home in defiance of lockdown measures.[6] In response, in mid-November, local governments around the country urged veterans and retired civil servants to sign up as replacement labor, promising bonuses.[27][28] State media claims that more than 100,000 people had signed up by November 18.[29]

From the night of 22–23 November,[11] workers at a Foxconn factory clashed with security forces and police over poor pay and haphazard COVID restrictions.[6] Workers articulated their demands in videos spread across Chinese social media, claiming that Foxconn had failed to provide promised bonuses and salary packages. According to one worker, new recruits were told by Foxconn that they would receive the bonuses in March and May 2023, long after the Chinese Lunar New Year, when money was needed the most. Protesters also accused Foxconn of neglecting to separate workers who had tested positive from others, all while preventing them from leaving the factory campus because of quarantine measures. Law enforcement was filmed beating workers with batons and metal rods, while workers threw objects back and overturned police vehicles.[6][30] On the evening of Wednesday 23 November, in response to the protest, Foxconn offered 10,000 yuan (approximately USD 1,400) and a free ride home to workers who agreed to quit their jobs and leave the factory.[30][11]

Chongqing

In Chongqing, a man was filmed giving a speech in his residential compound on 24 November, loudly proclaiming in Chinese "Give me liberty, or give me death!"[a] to the cheers and applause of the crowd. When law enforcement attempted to arrest him, the crowd fought off the police and pulled him away, although he was ultimately still detained.[31][32] The man was dubbed the "Chongqing hero" online. Quotes by him from the video were widely circulated despite censorship, such as "there is only one disease in the world and that is being both poor and not having freedom [...] we have now got both", referring to both the lockdown and high food (specifically of carrots) prices.[31]

Escalation: Ürümqi fire and reaction

Ürümqi

Further information: 2022 Ürümqi fire

On 24 November, a fire in a building in Ürümqi killed 10 people and wounded 9 in a residential area under lockdown.[33][9] The Xinjiang region had already been in strict lockdown for three months at that point. During this time, videos and images circulated on Chinese social media showed people unable to purchase basic necessities such as food and medicine.[12] People accused the lockdown measures around the building on fire for preventing firefighters from being able to reach the building in time, while others expressed anger at the government's response, which seemed to victim blame those who managed to escape the fire.[9] Many of the dead were Uyghur people, with 5 living in the same household.[34]

On 25 November, a protest started in the Han-dominant Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps 104th Regiment [zh] as residents took to the streets in direct response to a public beating committed by disease control personnel.[35] A wave of protests soon started across the city, demanding an end to the harsh lockdown measures,[10][11][36] with a crowd outside the city government building. The secretary-general was forced to make a public speech, promising an end to lockdown in "low-risk" areas by the next day.[37]

A4 revolution

26 November

List circulated by Chinese students, including 51 universities with anti-lockdown demonstrations as of 27 November.[38]

As of 26 November, protests and memorials in solidarity with the victims of the fire had spread to large Chinese cities such as Nanjing, Beijing, and Shanghai.[9][10][11][39] There were protests at Peking University and Wuhan University[40]

Nanjing

Also on 26 November, in Nanjing, satirical posters against the zero-COVID policy were removed, and in protest, a student stood on the steps of the Communication University of China, Nanjing, holding a blank sheet of paper, until it was snatched from her. Subsequently, hundreds of students gathered on the steps with blank sheets of paper[41][40] to hold a candlelight vigil for victims of the fire, using phone flashlights as stand-ins for candles[42] and held up blank pieces of paper in reference to the censorship surrounding the event.[43] A young man who said he was from Xinjiang spoke, saying: "Before I felt I was a coward, but now at this moment I feel I can stand up. I speak for my home region, speak for those friends who lost relatives and kin in the fire disaster, and for the deceased".[40] An unidentified man arrived to rebuke the protesting crowd, saying that "one day you'll pay for everything you did today", with students replying that "the state will also have to pay the price for what it has done".[41]

Lanzhou

On 26 November, videos filmed protesters in Lanzhou destroying tents and booths for COVID-19 testing.[44][5] Protesters alleged that they were put under lockdown despite there being zero positive cases in the area.[45] Earlier in November, a case in Lanzhou had circulated on social media where a 3-year-old boy died before he could be taken to the hospital in time due to lockdown measures, sparking backlash and anger online.[11]

Shanghai

The largest protest on 26 November appeared in Shanghai, as young people gathered on Ürümqi Road (乌鲁木齐中路, officially "Wulumuqi Rd (M)"), in reference to the city where the fire took place).[40] They lit candles and laid flowers in mourning for the victims of the fire.[46] They also held pieces of blank paper over their faces or heads; white is the traditional colour of mourning in China.[40] Videos showed chants openly criticizing CCP general secretary Xi Jinping's administration,[40] with hundreds chanting "Step down, Xi Jinping! Step down, Communist Party!"[15][47][48] Videos circulating on social media also show the crowd facing police chanting slogans such as "serve the people", "we want freedom" and "we don't want the Health Code".[45] Some people sang the national anthem, "March of the Volunteers", during the protest.[49] In the early morning hours, police suddenly surrounded the crowd and arrested several people.[50] Police also used pepper spray to disperse the protesters and made arrests, and beat some protestors.[47]

Chengdu

In Chengdu, crowds gathered in the streets and chanted "We don't want lifelong rulers. We don't want emperors."[5][46]

Xi'an

A mobile-lit vigil was also held at the Xi’an Academy of Fine Arts, according to social media posts. The vigil attracted hundreds of demonstrators.[46][51]

Korla

A video emerged of hundreds gathered in the prefecture’s government office in Korla, Xinjiang, calling "Lift the lockdown!". Like the protestors in Urumqi, many of those protesting in Korla seemed to be of Han ethnicity. An official came out and was welcomed by the crowd; he promised that lockdowns would be eased. There was applause.[40]

27 November

Students at Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, holding a candlelight vigil for victims of the fire. The candles are arranged in a heart shape. The faces of students are blurred to protect anonymity.
Students at Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, holding a candlelight vigil for victims of the fire

Shanghai

In Shanghai, Associated Press saw some bystanders charged and tackled by police near an intersection where there had previously been protests, although the bystanders were not visibly expressing dissent.[52] A protestor said police had tried to arrest him, but the crowd around him had pulled him free so he could escape.[5]

On 27 November, BBC News journalist Edward Lawrence was assaulted by Shanghai police and detained for several hours.[53][54] Footage circulated on social media showed Lawrence being dragged to the ground in handcuffs.[55] It has been claimed that bystanders to the arrest shouted at police to release him.[citation needed] The responding authorities stated that they arrested him "for his own good" so that he would not catch COVID-19 from the crowd.[56] The BBC News press team rebuked those claims as not a credible explanation.[57][better source needed]

A mock Ürümqi Road street sign at a candlelight vigil in the United States

A photograph appeared to show police removing the "Middle Urumqi Road" street sign on Sunday evening.[43]

Beijing

At least 1,000 people gathered along Beijing's third ring road on 27 November to protest COVID restrictions.[58] The Beijing people chanted "We are all Shanghai people! We are all Xinjiang people!".[59] Potentially due to proximity to political power in the nation's capital city, demonstrators in Beijing debated the use of explicitly political slogans, such as calling for Xi to step down, versus more narrowly opposing severe COVID controls, as well as whether to call it a protest or a simply a vigil. Participants discussed demands that the movement could agree upon, such as an apology for the Ürümqi fire, while others worried about police infiltration of marches, since some demonstrators had already received calls from local police.[7]

On 27 November, students held a memorial at Tsinghua University in Beijing, contributing to student demonstrations taking place at over 50 university campuses throughout China.[45][38] They chanted "freedom will prevail" and sang "The Internationale".[60] One teacher went through the crowd to the students, trying to dissuade the crowd and said, "you're getting out of hand!". Videos posted online showed students holding up blank paper sheets and chanting "Democracy, rule of law, freedom of expression!".[40] A female student from Tsinghua University said over a loudspeaker: "If because we are afraid of being arrested, we don't speak, I believe our people would be disappointed in us. As a Tsinghua student, I would regret this my whole life!"[61][46]

University administration responded by telling students they could leave early for winter break, offering free rail and air travel to take them home.[2]

Later that evening, some Beijing protesters gathered on both banks of the Liangma River,[59] also singing "The Internationale" and "March of the Volunteers". One remarked "do not forget those who died in the Guizhou bus crash... do not forget freedom", referring to a September incident in which a bus taking locals to a COVID-19 quarantine center crashed, killing 27 people.[62] In a confrontation between protesters and their opponents in Beijing, protesters were told not to be manipulated by foreign influences, with one protester replying "by foreign influence do you mean Marx and Engels?" and "We can't even go on foreign websites!"[63][64][65] Others in Beijing chanted slogans echoing the banners of the October Beijing Sitong Bridge protest, such as "Remove the traitor-dictator Xi Jinping!"[66]

At around 01:00 in the morning of 28 November, an official came to talk to the riverside protesters. At around 02:00, police marched in, and protesters moved off. Police presence continued through Monday evening.[59]

Wuhan

Hundreds of people protested in Wuhan on 27 November, with many destroying metal barricades that surrounded locked-down communities, overturning COVID testing tents and demanding an end to lockdowns, while some demanded Xi to resign.[67][68][5]

Hong Kong

Small-scale demonstrations took place in Hong Kong in solidarity with the protests in mainland China. On 27 November, at the University of Hong Kong, two students from the mainland distributed leaflets relating to the Ürümqi fire, prompting campus security to call in the police for assistance, but ultimately no arrests were made. Also on the university's campus the same day, a group of students held up blank pieces of paper.[69]

28 November

Police barricade on Ürümqi Road. At one point, dozens of police officers stood shoulder-to-shoulder across the end of the street.[70]

At the start of the school week, university students in Beijing and Guangzhou were sent home, with classes and final exams being moved online. Universities said they were protecting students from COVID-19 yet, on the same day, China had also reported its first day-over-day decline in cases since 19 November.[71][72]

Shanghai

After two days of protests in Shanghai, police erected barricades in Ürümqi Road on 28 November.[73] On the evening of the 28th, police were out checking the phones of pedestrians in Shanghai.[71] They were looking for VPNs, Telegram, and Twitter.[3]

Protestors had planned to gather in the People's Square, but a large police presence prevented it. An attempt to change location was stymied when police also got there first.[74]

Hong Kong

Over two dozen people took part in a demonstration in central Hong Kong, also holding up blank placards.[75]

Hangzhou

On the evening of 28 November in Hangzhou, hundreds of citizens held a demonstration at the intersection of Hubin Yintai in77, demanding the authorities to release the detained protesters. Around the same time, a driver played the song "Do You Hear the People Sing?" in the background while waiting for the traffic lights at the intersection near in77 and was cheered on by passersby.[76]

Hundreds of police patrolled a large square in Hangzhou.[3] Police broke up a large demonstration; arrests of individuals were resisted by the crowd, which chanted "Release them".[2]

Beijing

As universities began to shutter across Beijing, nine Tsinghua University dorms were closed, with positive COVID-19 cases as the reason given. However, as Beijing Forestry University closed, the administration noted that no students or faculty had tested positive.[77]

Very heavy police presence prevented demonstrators from gathering.[3]

29 November

As on the previous day, there were crowds of police at the sites of past protests. In Shanghai, the sidewalks of Ürümqi Road were barricaded along the full length with ~2-meter-tall solid blue barricades; the People's Square in central Shanghai, where a protest had been planned for Monday night, was also heavily patrolled, with police stopping people, checking cellphones, and asking if they had installed virtual private networks; all but one exit of the subway station there was closed off. Surveillance techniques previously used in far-western Xianjiang were used in several cities.[74]

On social networks outside of China's control, protestors planned how to track the police, use multiple mobiles, and form small clusters in order to continue protesting.[2]

Chinese health authorities pledged a rectification of anti-COVID-19 measures, in a press conference livestreamed to a state media account on the microblogging service, Sina Weibo. Live audience comments included: “We’ve cooperated with you for three years, now it’s time to give our freedom back", and "Can you stop filtering our comments? Listen to the people, the sky won’t fall".[78]

Video was obtained by Reuters showing protestors struggling against police and barricades in the Lixia district of the city of Jinan.[3]

Abroad

Vigil outside of the Chinese Consulate in Toronto, Canada, on 27 November 2022.

A vigil attended by around 80 to 100 people was held on 27 November at Liberty Square in Taipei, Taiwan, in solidarity with the protests in China. Speakers included Wang Dan and Zhou Fengsuo, activists who participated in the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests.[79][80]

Protests and vigils have also taken place in other cities, including Tokyo, London, Brisbane, Paris, and Amsterdam.[81]

Censorship and resistance

Further information: Internet censorship in China

The broadcasts of the 2022 FIFA World Cup in China showed scenes of spectators in Qatar without COVID-19 restrictions, despite the Chinese state broadcaster CCTV cutting close-up shots of the maskless audience and replacing them with shots of the players, officials or venues.[82][83] On 22 November, a social media post, titled Ten Questions, went viral on WeChat, asking the rhetorical question of whether Qatar was "on a different planet" for having minimal COVID-19 control measures.[84] The post was shortly taken down, but not before archives could be made outside of the Chinese internet.[85]

Students hold a large Soviet Union flag depicting a hammer and sickle. Two pieces of blank white paper are held over the flag, obscuring the flag's symbol.
Representative of indirect protest symbolism, students at a vigil at the University of Chicago use blank pieces of paper to obscure a flag of the Soviet Union.

Internet censors censored the images and videos circulating on social media, but then they began circulating on Twitter, which has been blocked by the Great Firewall in China.[43] Chinese citizens spread videos and information of the protests across Chinese social media as well, often skirting around censors in creative ways. Harmless words were repeated multiple times to form sentences to express displeasure, such as "good good good good good good good good". To avoid censorship, protesters used blank papers, graffiti, and even mathematical equations to express their discontent. At the demonstration at Tsinghua University in Beijing on 27 November, Friedmann equations, cosmological expressions that estimate the rate of expansion of the universe, were used to imply, according to some observers, the inevitability of the country "opening up" just like the cosmos, while others decoded the message as a play on the physicist's surname, which is a near homophone for "free man".[86][87] Later that evening, protesters near Liangma Bridge began to chant ironically, "I want to do COVID tests! I want to scan my health code!", stimulating Weibo users into using similar phrases to avoid censorship. Video clips of Xi Jinping's own speeches were also used in protest, with people quoting his statement "now the Chinese people are organized and aren't to be trifled with" to avoid censorship and express discontent.[88][89]

On Twitter, where authorities lacked the ability to censor protest imagery for those who had circumvented the Great Firewall, Chinese-language hashtags for cities with active demonstrations had become flooded with pornography, escort services, and gambling spam arising from both new and long-dormant accounts suspected to be Chinese government-run. The problem was exacerbated by the resignation of most of Twitter's trust and safety team following Elon Musk's acquisition of the platform.[90][91][92]

White paper symbolism

Main article: Blank piece of paper (protest tactic)
Blank pieces of paper stuck to the characters "自由" ("Freedom"), part of the Slogan Board at Xidian University

Blank A4 sized sheets of paper became a symbol of the protests, with protesters at Tsinghua university showing blank A4 sheets of paper to represent censorship in China.[93] Protesters have also carried white flowers, standing with paper or flowers at intersections.[70] One protester in Beijing said that she and her husband had been among the first to arrive at the riverside protest on 27 November, and hadn't been sure if any of the people in the area were protestors at first, but seeing she was carrying a blank sheet of paper, they came over and gathered with her.[59]

Chinese diaspora communities promoted the terms "white paper revolution" and "A4 revolution" on online social media to describe the protests.[94] By 28 November, posts containing blank papers, harmless sentences, and Friedmann equations had been removed from Chinese social media platforms.[88][89]

Reactions

Government

Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian said at a regular press conference that "On social media there are forces with ulterior motives that relate this fire with the local response to COVID-19",[95] and "We believe that with the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party and support of the Chinese people, our fight against COVID-19 will be successful."[96] Regarding the case of BBC News journalist Edward Lawrence being assaulted and briefly detained in Shanghai, he stated that he was aware of the situation, but claimed it was caused by Lawrence's failure to identify himself properly.[54]

International

  • United Nations: Jeremy Laurence, spokesperson for the UN Human Rights Office called on Chinese authorities to respect the right to peaceful protest and that protestors should not be arrested for exercising that right.[97]
  • United States: The Biden administration, via National Security Council spokesman John Kirby, voiced support for the protests, and that President Biden was being briefed on the situation.[98][99][100] The U.S. Embassy in Beijing said that Ambassador Nick Burns had raised concerns directly with senior Chinese officials. The embassy encouraged American citizens to keep a 14-day supply of water, food and medication for their household.[101][102][103] Numerous Republican politicians criticized the Biden administration's response as "weak" and "pitiful", and of failing to "stand up to the CCP and stand in solidarity with the Chinese people".[104] According to Politico and The New York Times, a more forceful response from the Biden administration would have given the Chinese government more reason to deflect attention away from the demands of the protesters by alleging foreign involvement in the protests.[102][98]
  • European Union: A European Union foreign policy spokesperson said that the EU was following the protests closely without additional comment.[105]
  • United Kingdom: In response to the arrest of BBC journalist Edward Lawrence, British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak described it as "shocking and unacceptable" and that China was moving towards "even greater authoritarianism".[104][106] British Foreign Secretary James Cleverly called the incident "deeply disturbing" and it was "clear" that the people of China were "deeply unhappy" about the COVID restrictions.[107][97] Business Secretary Grant Shapps said that there was "absolutely no excuse whatsoever" for journalists covering the protests to be attacked by police.[108]
  • Republic of China: The Mainland Affairs Council of Taiwan called on the Chinese government to treat protestors peacefully and rationally and to gradually loosen up COVID restrictions.[109] The Democratic Progressive Party called on the Chinese government to actively listen and respond to the demands of the people.[110]
  • Germany: German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier asked Chinese authorities to "respect" the freedom of protesters and that he "understand[s] why people want to voice their impatience and grievance". He said that he hoped the Chinese authorities would respect the protesters' rights to freedom of expression and freedom of demonstration, and that the protests would remain peaceful.[111] German government spokesperson Steffen Hebestreit suggested that the Chinese government should address its strict COVID lockdown policies by administering Western-made mRNA vaccines, which Germany and Europe had a "very good experience with" and had allowed most countries to ease COVID restrictions.[112]
  • Canada: Prime Minister Justin Trudeau expressed support for freedom of speech in China.[113]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Chinese: 不自由，毋宁死！. This is the formal translation of Patrick Henry's phrase used by scholars.

References

  1. ^ a b Yvette Tan & Emily McGarvey (29 November 2022). "China Covid: Chinese protesters say police seeking them out". BBC News. Retrieved 29 November 2022. But on Monday, planned protests in Beijing did not happen after officers surrounded the assembly point. In Shanghai, large barriers were erected along the main protest route and police made several arrests. .... But overseas Chinese have continued protesting, in at least a dozen cities across the world.
  2. ^ a b c d Buckley, Chris (29 November 2022). "With Intimidation and Surveillance, China Tries to Snuff Out Protests". The New York Times.
  3. ^ a b c d e Pollard, Martin Quin; Baptista, Eduardo (29 November 2022). "Chinese authorities seek out COVID protesters". Reuters. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  4. ^ Kanis Leung & Zen Soo (29 November 2022). "China lockdown protests pause as police flood city streets". Associated Press. Retrieved 29 November 2022. With police out in force, there was no word of additional protests against strict government anti-pandemic measures Tuesday in Beijing, as temperatures fell well below freezing. Shanghai, Nanjing and other cities where online calls to gather had been issued were also reportedly quiet.
  5. ^ a b c d e Hall, Casey; Horwitz, Josh; Pollard, Martin Quin (27 November 2022). "Clashes in Shanghai as COVID protests flare across China". Reuters. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Kwon, Jake (23 November 2022). "Workers at the world's largest iPhone factory in China clash with police, videos show". CNN. Beijing and Hong Kong. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  7. ^ a b Wang, Vivian (28 November 2022). "A Protest? A Vigil? In Beijing, Anxious Crowds Are Unsure How Far to Go". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  8. ^ "從中國南京傳媒學院開始，學生發起「白紙革命」，上海等中國7大城市大學生發起「白紙革命」 全球最大文具商全面下架A4白紙". {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)
  9. ^ a b c d e Tian, Yew Lun (26 November 2022). "Protests erupt in Xinjiang and Beijing after deadly fire". Reuters. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  10. ^ a b c "China Xinjiang: Urumqi rocked by Covid lockdown protests after deadly fire". BBC News. 26 November 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Chien, Amy Chang; Che, Chang; Liu, John; Mozur, Paul (24 November 2022). "In a Challenge to Beijing, Unrest Over Covid Lockdowns Spreads". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  12. ^ a b "Xinjiang residents complain of hunger after 40-day COVID lockdown". Al Jazeera English. 15 November 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  13. ^ Jiang, Steven (19 April 2022). "Hunger and anger in Shanghai's unending lockdown nightmare". CNN. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  14. ^ Kang, Dake (26 November 2022). "10 killed in apartment fire in northwest China's Xinjiang". Associated Press. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  15. ^ a b Gan, Nectar (27 November 2022). "Protests erupt across China in unprecedented challenge to Xi Jinping's zero-Covid policy". CNN. Beijing. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  16. ^ a b Li, Lyric; Shepard, Christian (19 November 2022). "As China eases coronavirus restrictions, confusion and angst follow". The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  17. ^ Wang, Vivian; Mozur, Paul; Qian, Isabelle (27 April 2022). "China's Covid Lockdown Outrage Tests Limits of Triumphant Propaganda". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  18. ^ Spegele, Brian (9 November 2022). "Lockdowns Spread as New Omicron Variants Evade China's Zero-Covid Net". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  19. ^ Hong, Jinshan (11 November 2022). "These Are the 20 New Rules China Is Following to Combat Covid". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  20. ^ a b Yu, Verna (27 November 2022). "Depressed, powerless, angry: why frustration at China's zero-Covid is spilling over". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  21. ^ "Beijing sees record Covid cases as China outbreak spirals". Yahoo! News. Agence France-Presse. 21 November 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  22. ^ "China Covid: Protesters openly urge Xi to resign over China Covid curbs". BBC News. 27 November 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  23. ^ "Protesters are so upset with China's COVID rules, some are openly saying Xi should go". NPR. 27 November 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  24. ^ Magramo, Kathleen; McCarthy, Simone (15 November 2022). "Residents 'revolt' over oppressive Covid lockdowns in China's Guangzhou". CNN. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  25. ^ McDonell, Stephen (15 November 2022). "China zero Covid: Violent protests in Guangzhou put curbs under strain". BBC News. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  26. ^ Lee, Yimou (31 October 2022). "EXCLUSIVE Output of Apple iPhones at major China plant could fall 30% amid COVID curbs -source". Reuters. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  27. ^ "China urges military veterans to work at iPhone factory". BBC News. 17 November 2022.
  28. ^ "China asks retired military and government staff to boost production at COVID-hit iPhone factory". Sky News. 17 November 2022.
  29. ^ Toh, Michelle (18 November 2022). "Foxconn has recruited 100,000 new workers for largest iPhone factory, state media reports | CNN Business". CNN.
  30. ^ a b Liu, Juliana; Gan, Nectar (24 November 2022). "Foxconn offers to pay workers to leave world's largest iPhone factory after violent protests". CNN. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  31. ^ a b Pollard, Martin Quin; Lee, Liz (25 November 2022). "China's widening COVID-19 curbs trigger public pushback". Reuters. Beijing. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  32. ^ Gan, Nectar; Wang, Selina (25 November 2022). "As anger rises and tragedies mount, China shows no sign of budging on zero-Covid". CNN. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  33. ^ Kang, Dake (26 November 2022). "10 killed in apartment fire in northwest China's Xinjiang". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  34. ^ Feng, Emily (28 November 2022). "How a deadly fire in Xinjiang prompted protests unseen in China in three decades". NPR.
  35. ^ "拒絕防疫政策，火災後的烏魯木齊及多地民衆上街抗議封控" [Rejecting the disease prevention policy, a post-fire Urimqi marches against lockdown]. Initium Media (in Chinese). 25 November 2022. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022.
  36. ^ "'No more lockdowns': China zero-Covid protests spread after deadly fire". South China Morning Post. Associated Press. 27 November 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  37. ^ "白紙革命》過度防疫！烏魯木齊大火網傳44死 人群包圍政府大樓槓市委書記" [Blank paper revolution> Over-prevention! Urumqi fire causes an alleged 44 dead; crowds surround city govt building and rebuke the secretariat]. Liberty Times (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 26 November 2022.
  38. ^ a b Bellamy, Daniel (27 November 2022). "China: Calls for Xi Jinping to resign as rare COVID rule protests spread across major cities". Euronews. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  39. ^ "Protests against strict lockdown hit Shanghai, other China cities". Nikkei Asia. Beijing. Associated Press. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h Buckley, Chris (26 November 2022). "Protests Erupt in Shanghai and Other Chinese Cities Over Covid Controls". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  41. ^ a b Pollard, Martin Quin; Goh, Brenda (27 November 2022). "Blank sheets of paper become symbol of defiance in China protests". Reuters. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  42. ^ "南京传媒学院学生聚集点亮灯光，高喊："人民万岁！逝者安息！"" [Students from Nanjing Institute of Communication and Communication gathered to light up the lights and shouted: "Long live the people! Rest in peace!"]. China Digital Times (in Simplified Chinese). 26 November 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  43. ^ a b c Davidson, Helena; Yu, Verna (27 November 2022). "Anti-lockdown protests spread across China amid growing anger at zero-Covid strategy". The Guardian. Taipei. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  44. ^ "China Covid Unrest Boils Over as Citizens Defy Lockdown Efforts". Bloomberg News. 27 November 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  45. ^ a b c Hall, Casey; Horwitz, Josh; Pollard, Martin Quin (27 November 2022). "Protests in Shanghai and Beijing as anger over China's COVID curbs mounts". Reuters. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  46. ^ a b c d Kuo, Lily (27 November 2022). "Rare protests against China's 'zero covid' policy erupt across country". The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  47. ^ a b Kang, Dake; Wu, Huizhong (27 November 2022). "Crowd angered by lockdowns calls for China's Xi to step down". Associated Press. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  48. ^ Cheong, Danson (27 November 2022). "China signals no change to zero-Covid-19 policy amid mass protests that challenge Xi". The Straits Times. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  49. ^ Wong, Tess; Williams, Nathan (28 November 2022). "China Covid: Protests continue in major cities across the country". BBC News. Singapore & London. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  50. ^ Kang, Dake; Wu, Huizhong (28 November 2022) [2022-11-27]. "Protesters angry at China's lockdowns call for Xi to resign; crowds clash with police in Shanghai". USA TODAY. Shanghai. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  51. ^ "See How Covid Protests Are Spreading Across China Through Video". Bloomberg News. 27 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  52. ^ "China eases up after protests". Taipei Times. Associated Press. 29 November 2022.
  53. ^ "China Covid: BBC journalist detained by police during protests". BBC News. 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  54. ^ a b "BBC says Chinese police assaulted and detained its reporter at Shanghai protest". The Guardian. 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  55. ^ Chen, Shiyin (27 November 2022). "BBC Says Journalist Beaten by Police at China Covid Protests". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  56. ^ Milliken, David; Pollard, Martin Quin (27 November 2022). "BBC says Chinese police assaulted one of its journalists at Shanghai protest". Reuters. London and Beijing. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  57. ^ BBC News Press Team [@BBCNewsPR] (27 November 2022). "BBC Statement on Ed Lawrence" (Tweet) – via Twitter. We have had no official explanation or apology from the Chinese authorities, beyond a claim by the officials who later released him that they arrested him for his own good in case he caught Covid from the crowd. We do not consider this a credible explanation.
  58. ^ Helen, Davidson; Yu, Verna (28 November 2022). "Clashes in Shanghai as protests over zero-Covid policy grip China". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  59. ^ a b c d Wang, Vivian (28 November 2022). "A Protest? A Vigil? In Beijing, Anxious Crowds Are Unsure How Far to Go". The New York Times.
  60. ^ "Protests spread in China as anger mounts over 'zero-COVID'". Al Jazeera. 27 November 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  61. ^ Lai, Chin-hung (27 November 2022). "抗議封控！大陸多所大學出現示威海報 學生舉白紙抗議" [Protest against lockdown! Protest posters appear at universities in China, students protest with white paper]. United Daily News (in Traditional Chinese). Retrieved 27 November 2022. 一名北京清大女學生在校內的紫荊餐廳門口，高舉白紙大喊口號……有一名老師穿越人群，到學生面前稱「你們現在搞到失控了！」嘗試勸離人群。該女生還哭著說：「如果我們因為害怕被捕，所以就不敢發聲，我覺得我們的人民都會對我們失望。作為清華的學生，我會後悔一輩子！」 [A female student at Beijing's Tsinghua University holds up a white paper and shouts slogans at the entrance of the Bauhinia Restaurant on campus... A teacher went through the crowd and said, "You're out of control!" and tried to persuade the crowd to leave. The girl also cried, 'If we are afraid to speak out because we are afraid of being arrested, I think our people would be disappointed in us. As a student of Tsinghua, I would regret it for the rest of my life!']
  62. ^ Chen, Laurie (27 November 2022). "'Long Live The People!' Beijingers Gather For Frigid Anti-lockdown Rally". Barron's. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  63. ^ Crisp, James; Pan, Jenny (27 November 2022). "China clamps down on 'A4 revolution' by removing images of white paper from internet". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  64. ^ Davidson, Helen; Yu, Verna (28 November 2022). "Chinese police out in force in attempt to deter Covid lockdown protests". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  65. ^ Wong, Kayla; Martens, Hannah (28 November 2022). "China blames 'forces with ulterior motives' for linking Xinjiang fire with strict Covid-19 rules". Mothership. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  66. ^ Cheng, Rita; Huang, Xiaoshan; Cheng, Raymond (27 November 2022). Foster, Malcolm; Mudie, Luisetta (eds.). "Angered by COVID lockdowns, protests spread across China as some call for Xi's ouster". Radio Free Asia. Translated by Mudie, Luisetta. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  67. ^ "In China's Wuhan, Where Covid Outbreak Began, Hundreds Protest On Streets". NDTV. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  68. ^ Buckley, Chris; Wang, Vivian; Che, Chang; Chien, Amy Chang (27 November 2022). "After Deadly Blaze, Surge of Defiance Against China's Covid Policies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  69. ^ Grundy, Tom (27 November 2022). "China protests: University of Hong Kong calls in police as duo stage Urumqi fire solidarity vigil". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  70. ^ a b "Protests hit Shanghai and Beijing". Taipei Times. Agence France-Presse. 28 November 2022.
  71. ^ a b "Students sent home as China boosts police presence". Taipei Times. Agence France-Presse. 30 November 2022.
  72. ^ Cheng, Evelyn (28 November 2022). "China's Covid infections drop for the first time in more than a week". CNBC. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  73. ^ Hameed, Mansoor (28 November 2022). "Police barricade street in Shanghai after two nights of protests". The Siasat Daily. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  74. ^ a b Gan, Nectar; Wang, Philip (29 November 2022). "China's security apparatus swings into action to smother Covid protests". CNN. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  75. ^ Grundy, Tom (28 November 2022). "In Pictures: Hongkongers stage 'blank placard' demo in solidarity with China protests". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  76. ^ 自由時報電子報 (28 November 2022). ""White paper revolution" Chinese police "preventive" clearance, many people in Hangzhou business district were arrested". Liberty Times (in Chinese). Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  77. ^ McDonald, Joe; Kang, Dake; Wu, Huizhong (29 November 2022). "Students sent home, police on patrol as China curbs protests". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  78. ^ McCarthy, Simone; Chang, Wayne (29 November 2022). "Chinese health officials defend zero-Covid policy but pledge to rectify some measures amid protests". CNN. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  79. ^ Lu, Chia-jung (27 November 2022). "聲援中國抗議 自由廣場燭光哀悼烏魯木齊逝者" [Solidarity with China's Protests, Freedom Square Candlelight Mourning Urumqi's Dead]. Central News Agency (Taiwan) (in Traditional Chinese). Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  80. ^ Hioe, Brian (27 November 2022). "Vigil Held in Liberty Plaza in Solidarity for Victims of Urumqi Fire, Protests in China". New Bloom Magazine. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  81. ^ Pang, Jessie (28 November 2022). "China's protests over lockdowns spread to campuses and communities abroad". Reuters. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  82. ^ "Chinese TV Cuts Maskless World Cup Scenes As Covid Protests Mount: Report". NDTV. Beijing. Agence France-Presse. 27 November 2022.
  83. ^ Low, De Wei (28 November 2022). "World Cup Fans Without Masks Pose Dilemma for Chinese TV Amid Protests". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  84. ^ "一边是封控，一边是世界杯：中国网民的"平行宇宙"" [Lockdown here, World Cup there: Chinese netizens' "parallel universes"]. BBC News (in Simplified Chinese). 24 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  85. ^ "【404文库】长安课堂｜十问" [[404 Archive] Ten Questions by "Chang'an Classroom"]. China Digital Times (in Simplified Chinese). 22 November 2022.
  86. ^ Koh, Ewe (28 November 2022). "Why Are Students Holding Up This Physics Equation During China's COVID Protests?". Vice. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  87. ^ "Chinese Protesters Use Tricks to Evade Censors, Vent Covid Anger". Bloomberg News. 27 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  88. ^ a b Teng, Jing Xuan. "Wordplay, Blank Signs, Music: How China Is Protesting Zero-Covid". Barron's. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  89. ^ a b Henderson, Matthew (27 November 2022). "This could be the beginning of the end for Xi Jinping". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  90. ^ Porter, Jon (28 November 2022). "Twitter hit with wave of porn and spam obscuring tweets about China protests". The Verge. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  91. ^ Menn, Joseph (27 November 2022). "Twitter grapples with Chinese spam obscuring news of protests". The Washington Post. San Francisco. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  92. ^ Fingas, Jon (27 November 2022). "Twitter spam obscures China COVID policy protest news". Engadget. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  93. ^ Davidson, Helen (28 November 2022). "China Covid protests explained: why are people demonstrating and what will happen next?". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  94. ^ Feng, John (28 November 2022). "Why 'White Paper Revolution' Has Become Key Symbol of China COVID Protest". Newsweek. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  95. ^ Singh, Anamica (28 November 2022). "Beijing blames 'forces with ulterior motives' for fuelling rage in the country". WION. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  96. ^ "After Protests, China Says 'Fight Against Covid-19 Will Be Successful'". Barron's. Agence France Presse. 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  97. ^ a b "Global governments urge China to respect COVID protests". Deutsche Welle. 28 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  98. ^ a b Sanger, David E. (28 November 2022). "White House Weighs How Forcefully to Support Protesters in China". The New York Times. Washington. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  99. ^ Hjelmgaard, Kim; Collins, Michael (28 November 2022). "White House weighs in as China gripped by large-scale protests over Xi's COVID-19 policies". USA Today. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  100. ^ Jean-Pierre, Karine; Kirby, John (28 November 2022). "Press Briefing by Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre and National Security Council Coordinator for Strategic Communications John Kirby" (Press release). James S. Brady Press Briefing Room: The White House. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  101. ^ "U.S. Mission China Statement to American Citizens" (Press release). U.S. Embassy in Beijing. 28 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  102. ^ a b Toosi, Nahal; Kine, Phelim (28 November 2022). "Biden administration reacts with caution to China protests". Politico. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  103. ^ Wang, Orange (29 November 2022). "US embassy in China urges Americans to stock up on daily necessities amid Covid surge and protests". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  104. ^ a b Razdan, Kushbook; Birmingham, Finbarr (29 November 2022). "US Republicans slam Biden for 'weakness' on China protests; UK's Sunak seethes over journalist detention". South China Morning Post. New York and Brussels. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  105. ^ Lau, Stuart (29 November 2022). "Rip up China trip plans, EU chief is told as protests grow". Politico Europe. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  106. ^ Sunak, Rishi (28 November 2022). PM speech to the Lord Mayor's Banquet: 28 November 2022 (Speech). Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street: Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 29 November 2022.{{cite speech}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  107. ^ Ott, Haley; Palmer, Elizabeth; Zhang, Shuai (28 November 2022). "China's Xi Jinping faces calls to step down as deadly fire sparks unprecedented protests over "zero-COVID" policy". CBS News. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  108. ^ Wingate, Sophie (28 November 2022). "UK warns China after BBC journalist 'beaten' by police during protests". The Independent. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  109. ^ Wu, Chia-jung; Ko, Lin; Wang, Yang-yu; Lin, Sean (29 November 2022). "Taiwan calls on China to adjust strict COVID-19 policy amid protests (update)". Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  110. ^ Chen, Yun (28 November 2022). "《白紙革命》民進黨：密切關注 北京必須正視人民聲音" ["White Paper Revolution" DPP: Paying close attention. Beijing must listen to the voice of the people.]. 自由時報 [Liberty Times] (in Traditional Chinese). Taipei. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  111. ^ Blanchard, Sandrine; Romaniec, Rosalia (28 November 2022). "Frank-Walter Steinmeier ne voit "pas d'issue" en ce moment pour l'Ukraine" [Frank-Walter Steinmeier sees 'no way out' right now for Ukraine]. Deutsche Welle (in French). Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  112. ^ von der Burchard, Hans (28 November 2022). "Germany to China: Use Western vaccines, duh". Politico Europe. Berlin. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  113. ^ "Trudeau expresses support for Chinese protesters as show of dissent roils Beijing". CTV News. 29 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China&oldid=1124696352"