Shqiptar
Shqiptar (Albanian definite form: Shqip(ë)tari; Template:Lang-aln;[1] plural: Shqiptarë/-t, Shqyptarë/-t) is an Albanian ethnonym (endonym), by which Albanians call themselves.[2][3] They call their country Shqipëria (Template:Lang-aln).[2]
Etymology
The first documentation of the adverb/adjective shqip can already be found in the Meshari, the oldest Albanian language book published in 1555 by Gjon Buzuku.[4][5] Johann Georg von Hahn (1854) was the first to derive the term Shqiptar from the Albanian verbs shqipoj ("to speak clearly") and shqiptoj ("to speak out, pronounce").[6] While Gustav Meyer (1891) was the first to derive shqipoj from the Latin verb excipere, denoting people who speak the same language,[6] similar to the ethno-linguistic dichotomies Sloven—Nemac and Deutsch—Wälsch.[3] This etymology is widely accepted by modern Albanologists.[7][8][9][10][11] Demetrio Camarda (1864)[12] on the other hand, was the first to derive Shqiptar from the Albanian noun shqipe or shqiponjë (eagle). This theory, now considered a folk etymology, is based mainly on the symbolic meaning of the eagle for the Albanian people, as it is their national bird, a totem associated with freedom and heroism in Albanian folklore. It has been used as a national symbol since their earliest records, and was a common heraldic symbol for many Albanian dynasties in the Late Middle Ages; an example is the flag of Skanderbeg, whose family symbol was the black double-headed eagle, which is displayed on the Albanian flag.[13][14][15][16]
ik er andej u bere ti
Non-Albanian usage
Use in Western Europe
Skipetar/s is a historical rendering or exonym of the term Shqiptar by some Western European authors in use from the late 18th century to the early 20th century.[17]
Use in South Slavic languages
The term Shiptar (Serbo-Croatian Latin and Slovene: Šiptar; Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic and Macedonian: Шиптар) used in Serbo-Croatian, Slovene and Macedonian is an ethnic slur, and it is also considered derogatory by Albanians when used by South Slavic peoples, due to its negative connotations.[18][19][20][21][22]
After 1945, in pursuit of a policy of national equality, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia designated the Albanian community as Shiptars, however with increasing autonomy during the 1960s for Kosovo Albanians, their leadership requested, and attained in 1974, the term Albanians be officially used stressing a national over an only ethnic, self-identification.
These developments resulted in the word Šiptar in Serbian usage acquiring pejorative connotations that implied Albanian racial and cultural inferiority. It continued to be used by some Yugoslav and Serb politicians to relegate the status of Albanians to simply one of the minority ethnic groups.
The official (and often neutral) term for Albanians in South Slavic languages is Albanac (in Serbo-Croatian Latin), Албанац (in Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic), and Albanec (in Slovene and Macedonian) or Албанец in Macedonian Cyrillic.[23][24][25]
Dušan Spasojević, a Serbian gangster, was nicknamed “Šiptar”.[26][27]
In 2018, the Supreme Court in Belgrade defined the word as racist and discriminatory against Albanians.[28][dead link]
In 2019, the Serbian Defense Minister, Aleksandar Vulin, sparked controversy by using the pejorative for Albanians.[29]
During a game between Austria and North Macedonia at the UEFA Euro 2020, immediately after scoring a goal, Austrian forward Marko Arnautović—who is of paternal Serb descent—shouted to Macedonian players Ezgjan Alioski and Egzon Bejtulai—both Macedonian Albanians—"Jeb'o sam ti majku šiptarsku" (Error: {{language with name/for}}: missing language tag or language name (help)).[30][31][32] He was punished with suspension for the next game against Netherlands.[33]
See also
Sources
Citations
- ^ Fialuur i voghel Sccyp e ltinisct [Small Dictionary of Albanian and Latin, 1895, Shkodër.
- ^ a b Lloshi 1999, p. 277.
- ^ a b Mirdita 1969, pp. 13–14.
- ^ Matzinger 2013, pp. 107–108.
- ^ Frashëri, Kristo (2013). Etnogjeneza e shqiptarëve - Vështrim historik.
- ^ a b Demiraj 2010, p. 548.
- ^ Elsie 2001, p. 79.
- ^ Orel 1998, p. 119.
- ^ Demiraj 2010, pp. 533–565.
- ^ Frashëri, Kristo (2013). Etnogjeneza e shqiptarëve - Vështrim historik.
- ^ Matzinger 2013, pp. 103–122.
- ^ Demetrio Camarda, Saggio di grammatologia comparata sulla lingua albanese, vol. 2 (Livorno: Successore di Egisto Vignozzi, 1864), 152.
- ^ Elsie 2001, p. 78.
- ^ Elsie 2010, p. 140.
- ^ The Flag Bulletin. Flag Research Center. 1987-01-01.
- ^ Hodgkison 2005.
- ^ Demiraj 2010, pp. 534–535.
- ^ Mojzes 2011, p. 202.
- ^ Wilmer 2014, p. 437.
- ^ Guzina 2003, p. 30.
- ^ Neofotistos 2010a, p. 288.
- ^ Neofotistos 2010b, pp. 884–891.
- ^ Guzina 2003, pp. 32
"There is similar terminological confusion over the name for the inhabitants of the region. After 1945, in pursuit of a policy of national equality, the Communist Party designated the Albanian community as ‘Šiptari’ (Shqiptare, in Albanian), the term used by Albanians themselves to mark the ethnic identity of any member of the Albanian nation, whether living in Albania or elsewhere.… However, with the increased territorial autonomy of Kosovo in the late 1960s, the Albanian leadership requested that the term ‘Albanians’ be used instead—thus stressing national, rather than ethnic, self-identification of the Kosovar population. The term ‘Albanians’ was accepted and included in the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution. In the process, however, the Serbian version of the Albanian term for ethnic Albanians—‘Šiptari’—had acquired an openly pejorative flavor, implying cultural and racial inferiority. Nowadays, even though in the documents of post- socialist Serbia the term ‘Albanians’ is accepted as official, many state and opposition party leaders use the term ‘Šiptari’ indiscriminately in an effort to relegate the Kosovo Albanians to the status of one among many minority groups in Serbia. Thus the quarrel over the terms used to identify the region and its inhabitants has acquired a powerful emotional and political significance for both communities."
- ^ "Serbian Defense Minister Sparks Controversy by Using Pejorative for Albanians".
- ^ "Croatia Museum Upsets Albanians by Using Insulting Term". 31 August 2018.
- ^ "Glavni ortak zemljak". Novosti.rs (in Serbian). Večernje novosti. 6 March 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
- ^ "Banditi pod šapkom zemljaka". Novosti.rs (in Serbian). Večernje novosti. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
- ^ "Serbia: l'Alta corte emette sentenza storica. "Šiptar", un termine offensivo". 22 October 2018.
- ^ "Serbian Defense Minister Sparks Controversy by Using Pejorative for Albanians".
- ^ "Arnautovic says he is 'not a racist' and apologises after North Macedonia clash".
- ^ "'I'm f***ing your Albanian mother' - Marko Arnautovic apologises for Euro 2020 outburst". 15 June 2021.
- ^ "Arnautović apologises and denies being a racist after outburst at Alioski".
- ^ "AB: Austria v North Macedonia". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 16 June 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
Bibliography
- Bartl, Peter (2001) [1995]. Albanci: od srednjeg veka do danas (in Serbian). Translated by Milenković, Ljubinka. Belgrade: Clio. ISBN 9788671020176. OCLC 51036121.
- Cole, Jeffrey E. (2011). Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1598843026.
- Demiraj, Bardhyl (2010). "Shqiptar–The generalization of this ethnic name in the XVIII century". In Demiraj, Bardhyl (ed.). Wir sind die Deinen: Studien zur albanischen Sprache, Literatur und Kulturgeschichte, dem Gedenken an Martin Camaj (1925-1992) gewidmet. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 533–565. ISBN 9783447062213.
- Elsie, Robert (2001). A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology and Folk Culture. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN 1-85065-570-7.
- Elsie, Robert (2010), Historical Dictionary of Albania, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, vol. 75 (2 ed.), Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-0810861886
- Everett-Heath, John (2017). The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192556462.
- Guzina, Dejan (2003). "Kosovo or Kosova – Could it be both? The Case of Interlocking Serbian and Albanian Nationalisms". In Bieber, Florian; Daskalovski, Židas (eds.). Understanding the war in Kosovo. London: Psychology Press. pp. 30–52. ISBN 9780714653914.
- Hodgkison, Harry (2005). Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero. ISBN 1-85043-941-9.
- Rusakov, Alexander (2017). "Albanian". In Mate Kapović (ed.). The Indo-European Languages (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-67855-9.
- Lloshi, Xhevat (1999). "Albanian". In Hinrichs, Uwe; Uwe Büttner (eds.). Handbuch der Südosteuropa-Linguistik. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
- Malcolm, Noel (1998). Kosovo: A Short History. ISBN 978-0-3304-1224-7.
- Matasović, Ranko (2019). A Grammatical Sketch of Albanian for Students of Indo European (PDF). Zagreb.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Matzinger, Joachim (2013). "Shqip bei den altalbanischen Autoren vom 16. bis zum frühen 18. Jahrhundert [Shqip within Old Albanian authors from the 16th to the early 18th century]". Zeitschrift für Balkanologie. pp. 103–122.
- Mirdita, Zef (1969). "Iliri i etnogeneza Albanaca". Iz istorije Albanaca. Zbornik predavanja. Priručnik za nastavnike. Beograd: Zavod za izdavanje udžbenika Socijalističke Republike Srbije.
- Mojzes, Paul (2011). Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-0663-2.
- Neofotistos, Vasiliki P. (2010a). "Cultural Intimacy and Subversive Disorder: The Politics of Romance in the Republic of Macedonia". Anthropological Quarterly. 83 (2).
- Neofotistos, Vasiliki P. (2010b). "Postsocialism, Social Value, and Identity Politics among Albanians in Macedonia". Slavic Review. 69 (4): 882–902. doi:10.1017/S003767790000989X. S2CID 165104213.
- Orel, Vladimir (1998). Albanian etymological dictionary. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11024-3.
- Skutsch, C. (2013). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781135193881. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
- Wilmer, Franke (2014). The Social Construction of Man, the State and War: Identity, Conflict, and Violence in Former Yugoslavia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-95621-9.