List of monarchs of Baden

See also: List of consorts of Baden

Monarchy of Baden
Provincial
Grand Ducal coat of arms
Frederick II
Details
Style	His Royal Highness (for Grand Dukes)
First monarch	Berthold I (as Count)
Last monarch	Frederick II (as Grand Duke)
Formation	962
Abolition	22 November 1918
Appointer	Hereditary
Pretender(s)	Bernhard (as Margrave)

Baden was an Imperial Estate of the Holy Roman Empire and later one of the German states along the frontier with France, primarily consisting of territory along the right bank of the Rhine, opposite Alsace and the Palatinate.

History

The territory evolved out of the Breisgau, an early medieval county in the Duchy of Swabia. A continuous sequence of counts is known since 962; the counts belong to the House of Zähringen. In 1061, the counts first acquired the additional title of Margrave of Verona. Even though they lost the March of Verona soon thereafter, they kept the title of margrave. In 1112, the title of Margrave of Baden was first used.

For most of the early modern period, the Margraviate of Baden was divided into two parts, one ruled by the Catholic Margraves of Baden-Baden, and the other by the Protestant Margraves of Baden-Durlach. In 1771, the main Baden-Baden line became extinct, and all of the Baden lands came under the rule of the Baden-Durlach line. The reunited margraviate existed until 1803.

During the Napoleonic era, in the imperial reorganisation of 1803, Baden gained a great deal of additional territory, and its ruler was promoted to become one of the few prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire. However, this situation lasted only for three years until the crushing Battle of Austerlitz at the hands of Napoleon's armies, which caused the Holy Roman Empire to be declared dissolved eight months later, in August 1806.

By definition the Electorate of Baden then ceased to exist as such. Just as the former Holy Roman Emperor noe assumed the title of Emperor of Austria, so the ruler of Baden assumed that of Grand Duke of Baden. The Grand Duchy of Baden, with increased additional territory, continued in existence approximately within its 1806 borders until the fall of the German monarchies in 1918, when it became the Republic of Baden.

Counts in Breisgau

• Berthold I, before 962–982
• Berthold II, 982–1005/06
• Berthold III, 1005/06–1024
• Berthold IV, 1024–1073
• Herman I of Baden, 1040–1074

The Margraviate of Baden

Main article: Margraviate of Baden

During the 11th century, the Duchy of Swabia lacked a powerful central authority and was under the control of various comital dynasties, the strongest of them being the House of Hohenstaufen, the House of Welf, the Habsburgs and the House of Zähringen. Emperor Henry III had promised the ducal throne to the Zähringen scion Berthold, however, upon Henry's death in 1056, his widow Agnes of Poitou appointed Rudolf of Rheinfelden as Duke of Swabia. Berthold renounced his rights and was compensated with the Duchy of Carinthia and the March of Verona in Italy. Not able to establish himself, he finally lost both territories, when he was deposed by King Henry IV of Germany during the Investiture Controversy in 1077. Berthold retired to his Swabian home territory, where he died the next year. The Veronese margravial title was nevertheless retained by his eldest son, Herman I.

Herman II, son of Herman I and grandson of Berthold, had concluded an agreement with the rival Hohenstaufen dynasty, and about 1098 was enfeoffed with immediate territory by Emperor Henry IV. He chose to establish his residence in Germany, as he had been born and raised there. His lordship of choice was Baden (present-day Baden-Baden), where his father had gained the right to rule by marrying the heiress, Judit von Backnang-Sulichgau, Countess of Eberstein-Calw. In Baden, Herman II had Hohenbaden Castle built. Construction began about 1100, and when it was completed in 1112, he marked the occasion by adopting the title of Margrave of Baden.

House of Zähringen

Partitions of Baden under Zähringen rule

Margraviate of Baden (1161–1515) (Baden-Pforzheim line from 1348)			Baden-Hachberg (1190–1415)
	Baden-Pforzheim (1290–1348)	Baden-Eberstein (1290–1353)		Baden-Hachberg-Sausenberg (1290–1503)
(In 1515 new divisions were made)
		Baden-Sponheim (1515–1533)	Margraviate of Baden-Durlach (Durlach-Sausenberg line from 1604) (1515-1771)
Baden-Baden (Baden-Rodemachern line from 1588) (1515–1771)		Baden-Rodemachern (1536–1666)
			Baden-Durlach-Sausenberg (1577–1604)		Baden-Durlach-Hachberg (1577–1591)
Margraviate of Baden (from Baden-Durlach line) (1771–1803)

Table of rulers

(Note: Between 1190 and 1515 there were three main numberings of rulers in Baden: the Baden numbering, valid for all divisions of Baden with exception of Hachberg; the Hachberg numbering, valid in the namesake territory; and the Hachberg-Sausenberg, division of the previous, which also adopted an independent numbering for its rulers. With the reunion of Baden in 1503, Baden original numbering ended up prevailing over the others.)

Ruler		Born	Reign	Death	Ruling part	Consort	Notes
Herman II		c.1060	1074–1130	7 October 1130	Baden	Judith of Hohenberg c.1105 two children	He was the first to use the title of "Margrave of Baden" (in 1112).
Herman III the Great		c.1105	1130–1160	16 January 1160	Baden	Bertha of Lorraine 1134 one child Maria of Bohemia After 1141 one child	In 1151, the margraviate of Verona was taken from Ottokar III of Styria and conferred on Herman III. Took part in the Second Crusade.
Herman IV		c.1135	1160–1190	13 September 1190	Baden	Bertha of Tübingen 1162 seven children	Took part in various battles at the side of the German Emperor, and also joined on the Third Crusade.
Henry I		c.1180?	1190–1231	2 July 1231	Baden-Hachberg	Agnes of Urach Before 1231 three children
Herman V		c.1180	1190–1243	16 January 1243	Baden	Irmengard of the Palatinate-Rhine 1217 four children
Henry II		Before 1231	1231–1289	1297 or 1298	Baden-Hachberg	Anne of Üsingen-Ketzingen Before 1289 eight children	Abdicated in 1289, and joined the Teutonic Knights.
Herman VI		c.1226	1243–1250	4 October 1250	Baden	Gertrude of Austria 1248 two children	Fought in the Austrian War of Succession in 1246, claiming the title "Duke of Austria" from 1248.
Frederick I		c.1249	1250–1268	29 October 1268	Baden	Unmarried	Nephew and uncle (respectively son and brother of Herman VI) ruled jointly. Frederick accompanied King Conradin in his battles and was beheaded with him in 1268. From then on, Rudolph ruled alone.
Rudolph I		c.1230	1250–1288	19 November 1288	Baden	Kunigunde of Eberstein 20 May 1257 eight children
Herman VII the Rouser		c.1266	1288–1291	12 July 1291	Baden	Agnes of Truhendingen Before 6 October 1278 four children	Children of Rudolph III, ruled jointly. From 1290 the brothers shared land with the sons of Herman VII.
Rudolph II the Elder		c.1266?	1288–1295	14 February 1295	Baden	Adelaide of Ochsenstein 2 May 1285 three children
Rudolph III the Younger		c.1266?	1288–1332	2 February 1332	Baden	Jutta of Strassberg 1306 no children
Hesso		c.1268	1288–1297	13 February 1297	Baden	Clara of Klingen Before 1291 one child? Irmengard of Württemberg Before 1295 no children Adelaide of Rieneck Before 1299 one child
Henry III		Before 1289	1289–1330	1330	Baden-Hachberg	Agnes of Hohenberg Before 1310 three children
Rudolph I		Before 1289	1290–1313	1313	Baden-Hachberg-Sausenberg	Agnes of Rötteln 1298 or 1299 three children	Son of Henry II, founded the Baden-Hachberg-Sausenberg Branch.
Frederick II		Before 1278	1291–1333	22 June 1333	Baden-Eberstein	Agnes of Weinsberg before 16 October 1312 one child Margaret of Vaihingen Before 1333 four children	Son of Herman VII, founded the Baden-Baden-Eberstein Branch
Herman VIII		Before 1278	1291–1300	1300	Baden-Pforzheim	Unmarried	Son of Herman VII, ruled jointly with his brother Rudolph IV.
Rudolph Hesso		c.1290	1297–1335	17 August 1335	Baden	Joanna of Burgundy Before 1335 two children	With no male heirs, Baden-Baden was inherited after his death by his cousin, Rudolf IV, Margrave of Baden-Pforzheim.
Rudolph IV		Before 1278	1291–1335	25 June 1348	Baden-Pforzheim	Liutgard of Bolanden 28 February 1318 no children Maria of Oettingen 18 February 1326 two children	Ruled Pforzheim with his brother Herman VIII. Rudolph inherited Baden in 1335, after the death of his cousin Rudolph Hesso.
			1335-1348		Baden
Henry		1300	1313–1318	1318	Baden-Hachberg-Sausenberg	Unmarried	Sons of Rudolph IV, ruled jointly.
Rudolph II		1301	1313–1352	1352	Baden-Hachberg-Sausenberg	Catherine of Thierstein c.1343 two children
Otto		1302	1318–1384	1384	Baden-Hachberg-Sausenberg	Catherine of Grandson no children Elisabeth of Strasbourg Before 1352 no children
Henry IV		Before 1310	1330–1369	1369	Baden-Hachberg	Anna of Usenberg Before 1369 four children
Herman IX		Before 1333	1333–1353	13 April 1353	Baden-Eberstein	Matilda of Vaihingen c.3 June 1341 one child	Son of Frederick II, he had a son, who predeceased him. At his death Baden-Baden-Eberstein returned to Baden-Baden.
Rudolph V		Before 1348	1348–1361	28 August 1361	Baden-Pforzheim	Adelaide of Belfort 26 August 1347 no children	After his death without children, Pforzheim returned again to Baden-Baden, to the hands of his nephew Rudolph VI.
Frederick III		1327	1348–1353	2 September 1353	Baden	Margaret of Baden-Baden 1345 two children	Sons of Rudolph V, ruled jointly. Frederick married his cousin Margaret, daughter of Rudolph Hesso, and Rudolph IX inherited (after his nrtoher and uncle's death) Pforzheim, reuniting it with Baden-Baden.
Rudolph VI		c.1345	1353–1372	21 March 1372	Baden	Matilda of Sponheim 1356 three children	Inherited Pforzheim from his uncle, Rudolph V, in 1361, reuniting it with Baden.
Otto I		Before 1369	1369–1386	9 July 1386	Baden-Hachberg	Unmarried	Died at the Battle of Sempach, against the Swiss.
Bernard I		1364	1372–1431	5 April 1431	Baden	Margaret of Hohenberg 1 September 1384 (annulled 1391) no children Anna of Oettingen 27 March 1398 ten children	Sons of Rudolph IX, ruled jointly. In 1415 Bernard annexed the lands of Baden-Hachberg.
Rudolph VII		After 1356?	1372–1391	1391	Baden	Unmarried
Rudolph III		1343	1384–1428	8 February 1428	Baden-Hachberg-Sausenberg	Adelaide of Lichtenberg 1373 no children Anna of Freiburg 1387 thirteen children
John I		Before 1369	1386–1409	1409	Baden-Hachberg	Unmarried	Brothers of Otto I, ruled jointly.
Hesso		Before 1369	1386–1410	1410	Baden-Hachberg	Anna of Geroldseck Before 1381 three children Margaret of Tübingen 1381 one child
Otto II		Before 1381	1410–1415	1418	Baden-Hachberg	Unmarried	In 1415, possibly in debt, sold Hachberg to his cousin Bernard I of Baden-Baden.
William		11 July 1406	1428–1441	15 August 1482	Baden-Hachberg-Sausenberg	Elisabeth of Montfort-Bregenz 1425 (annulled 1436) three children	Abdicated in 1441 for his sons.
James I		15 March 1407	1431–1453	13 October 1453	Baden	Catherine of Lorraine 25 July 1422 seven children
Hugo		After 1427	1441–1444	1444	Baden-Hachberg-Sausenberg	Unmarried	Sons of Wiliam I, ruled jointly. In 1458, Rudolph inherited the Swiss county of Neuchâtel.
Rudolph IV		1426 or 1427	1441–1487	12 April 1487	Baden-Hachberg-Sausenberg	Margaret of Vienne c.1450 two children
Bernard II		1428 or 1429	1453–1458	15 July 1458	Baden	Unmarried	Co-ruled with his brother Charles I. He spent most of his income assisting the poor and those in need.
Charles I		1427	1453–1475	24 February 1475	Baden	Catherine of Austria 1 July 1447 six children	Co-ruled with his brother until 1458. then ruled alone.
Christopher I		13 November 1453	1475–1515	19 April 1527	Baden	Ottilie of Katzenelnbogen 30 January 1469 fifteen children	In 1503 annexed Baden-Hachberg-Sausenberg. Ruled an unified Baden, but abdicated for his sons, who divided Baden again.
Philip		1454	1487–1503	9 September 1503	Baden-Hachberg-Sausenberg	Maria of Savoy October 1478 one child	Also count of Neuchâtel. Didn't have male heirs and Baden-Hachberg Sausenberg was incorporated in Baden-Baden. However, his possessions in Neuchâtel passed to his daughter Joanna.
Bernard III		7 October 1474	1515–1536	29 June 1536	Baden-Baden	Franziska of Luxembourg-Ligny 1535 two children	First margrave of the recreated Baden-Baden. After his death his lands were divided between his sons: Christopher II received Baden-Baden-Rodemachern, and Philibert I, the remaining Baden-Baden. However, as his heirs were minors, the lands remained united under the regency of his widow Franziska.
Ernest I		7 October 1482	1515–1552	6 February 1553	Baden-Durlach	Elisabeth of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach 29 September 1510 seven children Ursula of Rosenfeld 1518 (morganatic) three children Anna Bombast of Hohenheim 1 March 1544 (morganatic) no children	First margrave of Baden-Durlach. Abdicated for his son.
Philip I		6 November 1479	1515–1533	17 September 1533	Baden-Sponheim	Elisabeth of the Palatinate 3 January 1503 Heidelberg six children	Received Baden-Sponheim from his father, Christopher I. Died with no surviving sons, and his lands reverted to Baden-Baden.
Regency of Franziska of Luxembourg-Ligny (1536-1554)							Children of Bernard III, ruled under their mother, and then divided the land.
Philibert I		22 January 1536	1536–1569	3 October 1569	Baden-Baden	Matilda of Bavaria 17 January 1557 four children
Christopher II		26 February 1537	1554–1575	2 August 1575	Baden-Baden-Rodemachern	Cecilia of Sweden 11 November 1564 six children
Bernard IV		1517	1552–1553	20 January 1553	Baden-Durlach	Unmarried	Left no heirs. The land goes to his brother, Charles II.
Charles II		24 July 1529	1553–1577	23 March 1577	Baden-Durlach	Kunigunde of Brandenburg-Kulmbach 10 March 1551 two children Anna of the Palatinate-Veldenz 1 August 1558 Heidelberg six children	After his death Baden-Durlach was divided between his three sons: Baden-Durlach-Hachberg went to Jacob III, second son of Charles; Baden-Durlach-Sausenberg to George Frederick, third son of Charles; the remaining Baden-Durlach went to the oldest son, Ernest Frederick. But as the heirs were minors, until 1584 Baden-Durlach remained united under regents.
Regency of Albert V, Duke of Bavaria (1569-1577)							The Catholic rite was reintroduced on Baden. Left no descendants. Baden-Baden is inherited by his cousin Edward Fortunatus, of the branch of Baden-Rodemachern.
Philip II		19 February 1559	1569–1588	7 June 1588	Baden-Baden	Unmarried
Edward Fortunatus		17 September 1565	1575–1588	8 June 1600	Baden-Rodemachern	Maria van Eicken 13 March 1591 Brussels four children	Son of Christopher II, inherited Baden-Baden in 1588 from his cousin Philip III. In the same year he abdicated of Baden-Baden-Rodemachern to his younger brother Philip IV. In 1594 Baden-Baden was occupied by Baden-Durlach.
			1588-1594		Baden-Baden
James III		26 May 1562	1584–1590	17 August 1590	Baden-Durlach-Hachberg	Elisabeth of Culemborg-Pallandt 6 September 1584 four children	Second son of Charles II, received Baden-Durlach-Hachberg.
Philip IV		15 August 1567	1588–1620	6 November 1620	Baden-Baden-Rodemachern	Maria van Eicken 13 March 1591 Brussels four children	Inherited Baden-Baden-Rodemachern in 1588 from his older brother Edward Fortunatus, who abdicated on him. After his death Rodemachern passed to his nephew and second son of Edward Fortunatus, Herman.
Regency of Ernest Frederick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1590-1591)							Posthumous son of James II, died in infancy, under the illegal regency of the margrave of Baden-Durlach, who also annexed Ernest James' margraviate.
Ernest James		24 August 1590	1590–1591	29 May 1591	Baden-Durlach-Hachberg	Unmarried
Regency of Anna of the Palatinate-Veldenz, Louis III, Duke of Württemberg and Louis VI, Elector Palatine (1577-1584)							Children of Charles II. The oldest son, Ernest Frederick, received the remaining Baden-Durlach. Left no descendants and his lands were inherited by George Frederick, his brother from Baden-Durlach-Sausenberg. Occupied Baden-Baden and passed it to his brother after his death. George Frederick was the third son of Charles II, and received Baden-Durlach-Sausenberg. After the death of his older brothers without heirs, he united in 1604 Baden-Durlach under his rule. Also retained, until 1621, Baden-Baden, but was defeated by his kinsman William II, son of Edward Fortunatus. Reunited, in 1604, Baden-Durlach.
Ernest Frederick		17 October 1560	1577–1604	14 April 1604	Baden-Durlach	Anne of East Frisia 21 December 1585 no children
			1594–1604		Baden-Baden
George Frederick		30 January 1573	1577-1604	24 September 1638	Baden-Durlach-Sausenberg	Juliane Ursula of Salm-Neufville 2 July 1592 fifteen children Agatha of Erbach-Breuberg 23 October 1614 three children Elizabeth Stolz 29 July 1621 (morganatic) no children
			1604–1621		Baden-Baden
			1621–1638		Baden-Durlach
Herman Fortunatus		23 January 1595	1620–1665	4 January 1665	Baden-Baden-Rodemachern	Antonia Elisabeth of Criechingen 18 April 1627 three children Maria Sidonia of Daun-Falkenstein After 1635 two children	Second son of Edward Fortunatus, inherited from his uncle Baden-Baden-Rodemachern.
William II		30 July 1593	1621–1677	22 May 1677	Baden-Baden	Catherine Ursula of Hohenzollern-Hechingen 13 October 1624 fourteen children Maria Magdalena of Oettingen-Baldern 1650 Vienna five children	Oldest son of Edward Fortunatus, recovered his inheritance in 1621.
Frederick V the Kinsman		6 July 1594	1638–1659	8 September 1659	Baden-Durlach	Barbara of Württemberg 21 December 1616 seven children Eleonore of Solms-Laubach 8 October 1627 three children Maria Elisabeth of Waldeck-Eisenberg 21 January 1634 no children Anna Maria von Hohen-Geroldseck 13 February 1644 no children Eusebia Elisabeth of Fürstenberg 20 May 1650 no children
Frederick VI the Turkish		16 November 1617	1659–1677	31 January 1677	Baden-Durlach	Christina Magdalena of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Kleeburg 30 November 1642 Stockholm eight children Johanna Bayer of Sendau After 1662 (morganatic) two children
Charles William		1627	1665–1666	1666	Baden-Baden-Rodemachern	Unmarried	Died without descendants and his lands reverted to Baden-Baden.
Louis William the Turkish		8 April 1655	1677–1707	4 January 1707	Baden-Baden	Sibylle of Saxe-Lauenburg 27 March 1690 Ostrov ten children	Grandson of William I. Made war with France.
Frederick VII Magnus		23 September 1647	1677–1709	25 June 1709	Baden-Durlach	Augusta Marie of Holstein-Gottorp 15 May 1670 Husum eleven children
Regency of Sibylle of Saxe-Lauenburg (1707-1727)							Sibylle has been credited with the reconstruction of Baden-Baden, which had been ravaged greatly by the French during various wars.
Louis George the Hunter (under regency of Sibylle of Saxe-Lauenburg (1707-1727))		7 June 1702	1707–1761	22 October 1761	Baden-Baden	Maria Anna of Schwarzenberg 8 April 1721 Český Krumlov four children Maria Anna Josepha of Bavaria 20 July 1755 Ettlingen no children
Charles III William		27 January 1679	1709–1738	12 May 1738	Baden-Durlach	Magdalena Wilhelmine of Württemberg 27 June 1697 (separated 1715) three children
August George		14 January 1706	1761–1771	21 October 1771	Baden-Baden	Maria Victoria of Arenberg 7 December 1735 Rastatt no children	Last male member of the Baden-Baden line, after his death without heirs Baden-Baden fell to the Baden-Durlach line, who reunited all Baden.
Regencies of Magdalena Wilhelmine of Württemberg (1738-1742) and Charles August of Baden-Durlach (1738-1746)							In 1746 attained majority. In 1771 inherited the Baden-Baden lands and reunified the margraviate of Baden.In 1803 became Elector.
Charles Frederick		22 November 1728	1738–1771	10 June 1811	Baden-Durlach	Caroline Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt 28 January 1751 five children Louise Caroline of Hochberg 24 November 1787 (morganatic) five children
			1771–1803		Baden

Elector of Baden, 1803–1806

Elector of Baden
Baden Dynasty
Image	Name (Birth–Death)	Began	Ended	Notes
	Charles Frederick Karl Friedrich (1728–1811)	27 April 1803	25 July 1806	The first and only Elector of Baden. Became Grand Duke of Baden.

Grand Dukes of Baden, 1806–1918

Grand Dukes of Baden
Baden Dynasty
Image	Name (Birth–Death)	Began	Ended	Notes
	Charles Frederick Karl Friedrich (1728–1811)	25 July 1806	10 June 1811
	Charles I Karl I (1786–1818)	10 June 1811	8 December 1818	Grandson of Charles Frederick.
	Louis I Ludwig I (1763–1830)	8 December 1818	30 March 1830	Uncle of Charles.
	Leopold I Leopold I (1790–1852)	30 March 1830	24 April 1852	Half-brother of Louis I.
	Louis II Ludwig II (1824–1858)	24 April 1852	22 January 1858	Son of Leopold I. Ruled under the regency of his brother Frederick.
	Frederick I Friedrich I (1826–1907)	22 January 1858	28 September 1907	Brother of Louis II. Served as regent 1852–1858. Took the title of Grand Duke in 1856. Became a subordinate ruler in the German Empire after the Unification of Germany in 1871.
	Frederick II Friedrich II (1857–1928)	28 September 1907	22 November 1918	Son of Frederick I. The last Grand Duke of Baden. Abdicated in the German Revolution of 1918–1919.

Heads of the Grand Ducal House of Baden since 1918

• Leopold I, Grand Duke (1790–1852)
  • Friedrich I, Grand Duke (1826–1907)
    • Friedrich II, Grand Duke 1907–1928 (1857–1928)
  • Prince William of Baden (1829–1897)
    • Maximilian, titular Grand Duke 1928–1929 (1867–1929)
      • Berthold, Margrave 1929–1963 (1906–1963)
        • Maximilian, Margrave 1963–2022 (1933–2022)
          • Bernhard, Margrave 2022–present (born 1970)
            • Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Baden (born 2002)
            • Prince Friedrich (born 2004)
            • Prince Karl-Wilhelm (born 2006)
          • Prince Leopold (born 1971)
          • Prince Michael (born 1976)
        • Prince Ludwig of Baden (born 1937)
          • Prince Berthold of Baden (born 1976)

Presidents of the Republic of Baden, 1918–1945

Main article: List of Ministers-President of Baden-Württemberg § Presidents of the Republic of Baden

See also

• House of Zähringen
• History of Baden-Württemberg
• Coat of arms of Baden