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Football in China

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A 2006 football game in Mong Kok Stadium

Football in China includes the practice of American football, arena football, association football, paper football, and other "football"-termed sports in the territory of the People's Republic of China that does not include Hong Kong and Macau.

American football

See also: Chinese National Football League

History

Ancient

Main article: Cuju

The Chinese game of cuju is one of the origins of football itself.[1] Historical mentions date to the Warring States period (475–221 BC), and one manuscript places it in the time of the mythological Yellow Emperor (3rd millennium BC).[2]

Modern

A Chinese Olympic football team at the 1936 Summer Olympics

The Chinese Football Association Super League (referred to as "Chinese Super League" or "Chinese Super League") is the highest-level professional football league in mainland China (Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan have football associations and leagues directly under FIFA and AFC). Its lower leagues are the Chinese Football Association League A, the Chinese Football Association League B, and the Chinese Football Association Member Association Champions League.

The Chinese Super League started in 2004 and was formerly known as the Chinese Football League A, established in 1989. It is organized by the Chinese Football Association and operated by the Chinese Super League Co., Ltd. It is one of the most competitive football leagues in Asia with the highest average attendance rate. The champion will receive the Vulcan Cup. According to the latest ranking of the International Federation of Football History and Statistics in 2017, the Chinese Super League ranks 36th in the world and 3rd in the Asian League.

Since 2006, the number of participating clubs in the Chinese Super League has been stable at 16; on December 29, 2020, the Chinese Football Association confirmed that the Chinese Super League will expand to 18 teams in the 2022 season. The policy of “up 3 down 3”[clarification needed] will be implemented in the 2022 season.

On July 6, 2022, the Chinese Football Association held a meeting to confirm that the Chinese Super League will resume home and away games from the 11th round (second stage) on August 5, 2022. On October 14th, the "restart" time of the Chinese Super League was finally confirmed. The Chinese Super League officially announced the 19th round, the 20th round of supplementary matches and the 23rd-25th rounds.

Association football

Association football in China
Governing bodyCFA
National team(s)China
National competitions
Chinese FA Cup
Chinese FA Super Cup
Chinese FA Women's Cup
Club competitions
Chinese Super League
China League One
China League Two
CMCL
Member Football Association Leagues
Chinese Women's Super League
Chinese Women's Football League
Chinese Futsal League
International competitions

The Chinese Super League (CSL; Chinese: 中超联赛) is the highest tier of professional association football in Mainland China, operating under the auspices of the Chinese Football Association (CFA).[3] The Super League was created by the re-branding of the former top division, Chinese Football Association Jia-A League, in 2004. While the league originally consisted of 12 teams, 16 teams now compete in it. The league has witnessed match-fixing, illegal betting, and violence on and off the pitch[4][5] which the government of the People's Republic of China has promised to fix.[6] Two former top executives of the Football Association of China were arrested and prosecuted for taking bribes.[7] The Super League is criticized for overusing of foreign players in clubs, including some record-breaking transfers of foreign players.[8][9] The racist sentiment against foreign players, including African ones, has been seen.[10][11]

The sport is covered by the media.[12] National competitions are generally televised on CCTV-5 and CCTV-5+. Guangdong Television reserves rights, however, for the Premier League and the UEFA Champions League. Since 1996, CCTV-5 has had weekly programmes televising live games in the Italian Serie A and German Bundesliga to Football Night (足球之夜). Serie A, Bundesliga and La Liga are broadcast on CCTV-5. Shanghai's Dongfang Sports channel also has coverage.

Initiatives have been developed, including Vision China, a part FIFA Vision Asia. The program covers marketing, development, training, sports medicine, competitions, media, and fans. It also includes assessments on association football in China, planning matches, and monitoring them. Goal Project for China, a part of FIFA Goal Project, invested in China to help build the new headquarters of CFA.[13] The government has created at least 70,000 fields and 24,000 schools.[14]

Competition system

The Chinese Super League is carried out in a double-round way of home and away games. There are 34 rounds in the whole season. The Chinese Super League implements the "up 3 down 3" policy, that is, the 16th, 17th and 18th places in the Chinese Super League are directly relegated to the A League. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd places in the A League are directly promoted to the Chinese Super League.

Points rule

Each team has 3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, and 0 points for a loss.

After all the competitions of the Chinese Super League in the current year are completed, the player with the most points will rank first. If two or more teams have an equal number of points, they will be ranked in the following order:

1. Teams with equal points and more points in each other's competitions will be ranked first;

2. Teams with equal points and more goal difference in each other's games will be ranked first;

3. The team with the same score and the highest number of goals in each other's games will be ranked first;

4. The reserve team of the club to which it belongs is ranked first in the reserve team league this season, and it ranks first;

5. Teams with equal points that have the most goal difference in all competitions of the Chinese Super League in that year will rank first;

6. The team with equal points that scored the most goals in all the competitions of the Chinese Super League in that year will be ranked first;

7. The player with the highest fair play points is in the front (red and yellow cards will be deducted, 1 point will be deducted for each yellow card, and 3 points will be deducted for each red card);

8. Ranking will be determined by drawing lots.

Youth football

Main article: Youth football in China
A football school in Qinhuangdao

There are three main pathways for Chinese youth to play football:[15]: 7–8 

  • The school-based system, which is itself divided by age into primary school, middle school, and high school
  • The "National Youth Football Training Centre" (led by the CFA), which supports 12 men's and 14 women's youth training centers as of 2020
  • The professional football club system

References

  1. ^ "History of Football - The Origins". FIFA. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017.
  2. ^ "Origins - Cuju in China". FIFA Museum. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  3. ^ Sheringham, Sam (8 January 2013). "BBC Sport - Didier Drogba & Nicolas Anelka put Chinese football on the map". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  4. ^ Osnos, Evan. "Corruption in Chinese Soccer". The New Yorker. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
  5. ^ Reuters in Beijing (13 June 2012). "China soccer match-fixing: former football chief and top players jailed | World news | guardian.co.uk". London: Guardian. Retrieved 20 September 2012. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  6. ^ Barboza, David (13 June 2012). "Lengthy Prison Terms in Chinese Soccer Corruption Case". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
  7. ^ Barboza, David. "Soccer Officials Sentenced in China", The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-10-9
  8. ^ Price, Steve (5 January 2017). "Why Chinese clubs are breaking transfer records – and why players are wise to go" – via www.theguardian.com.
  9. ^ "Shock new foreign player rules could burst China football bubble". South China Morning Post. 16 January 2017.
  10. ^ "Demba Ba enraged by alleged racism during Chinese Super League match - SupChina". 6 August 2018.
  11. ^ Sui, Celine. "China's Racism Is Wrecking Its Success in Africa".
  12. ^ "Let professionals run Chinese soccer | South China Morning Post". Scmp.com. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
  13. ^ "AFC to support Chinese football". English.people.com.cn. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
  14. ^ Turner, Greg (18 March 2021). "Why Chinese soccer has to die before it can really learn to live". SportsPro. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  15. ^ Peng, Qi; Chen, Zhisheng; Li, Juan; Houlihan, Barrie; Scelles, Nicolas (6 June 2022). "The new hope of Chinese football? Youth football reforms and policy conflicts in the implementation process". European Sport Management Quarterly: 1–23. doi:10.1080/16184742.2022.2083649. ISSN 1618-4742. S2CID 249444192.
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