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List of weather records

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In recent decades, new high temperature records have substantially outpaced new low temperature records on a growing portion of Earth's surface.[1]

This is a list of weather records, a list of the most extreme occurrences of weather phenomena for various categories. Many weather records are measured under specific conditions—such as surface temperature and wind speed—to keep consistency among measurements around the Earth. Each of these records is understood to be the record value officially observed, as these records may have been exceeded before modern weather instrumentation was invented, or in remote areas without an official weather station. This list does not include remotely sensed observations such as satellite measurements, since those values are not considered official records.[2]

Temperature

Measuring conditions

The standard measuring conditions for temperature are in the air, 1.25 metres (4 ft) to 2.00 metres (7 ft) above the ground,[3] and shielded from direct sunlight intensity (hence the term x degrees "in the shade").[4] The following lists include all officially confirmed claims measured by those methods.

Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50 °C (54 to 90 °F).[4] The highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded may have been an alleged reading of 93.9 °C (201.0 °F) at Furnace Creek, California, United States, on 15 July 1972.[5] In recent years[when?] a ground temperature of 84 °C (183.2 °F) was recorded in Port Sudan, Sudan.[6] The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100 °C (194 and 212 °F) for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity.[7]

Satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite, found a maximum temperature of 70.7 °C (159.3 °F), which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in five of the seven years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009). These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature.[4]

Satellite measurements of the surface temperature of Antarctica, taken between 1982 and 2013, found a coldest temperature of −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) on 10 August 2010, at 81°48′S 59°18′E / 81.8°S 59.3°E / -81.8; 59.3. Although this is not comparable to an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperature at this location would have been lower than the official record lowest air temperature of −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F).[8][9]

Hottest

Highest temperatures ever recorded

Main articles: Highest temperature recorded on Earth and Heat wave
A world map showing areas with Köppen Bh (hot, dry climates). The temperatures in these regions have the potential to exceed 50 °C (122 °F) during the hottest seasons.

According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the highest temperature ever recorded was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) on 10 July 1913 in Furnace Creek (Greenland Ranch), California, United States,[10] but the validity of this record is challenged as possible problems with the reading have since been discovered. Christopher C. Burt, a weather historian writing for Weather Underground, believes that the 1913 Death Valley reading is "a myth", and is at least 2.2 or 2.8 °C (4 or 5 °F) too high.[11] Burt proposes that the highest reliably recorded temperature on Earth could still be at Death Valley, but is instead 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) recorded on 30 June 2013.[12] This is lower than a 1931 record of 55 °C (131 °F) recorded in Kebili, Tunisia[13] and is matched by a 1942 record of 54 °C (129 °F) from Tirat Zvi, Israel.[14] 2016 and 2017 readings in Kuwait and Iran have also matched the 2013 Death Valley record, while readings in 2020 and 2021 also at Furnace Creek went even higher, up to 54.4 °C (129.9 °F/130 °F), however, they have not yet been validated by WMO.[15] The WMO has stated they stand by the 1913 record pending any future investigations.

The former highest official temperature on Earth, 57.8 °C (136.0 °F), measured in 'Aziziya, Libya on 13 September 1922, was reassessed in July 2012 by the WMO which published a report that invalidated the record.[13] There have been other unconfirmed reports of high temperatures, but these temperatures have never been officially validated by national weather services/WMO, and are currently considered to have been recorder's errors,[16] thus not being recognised as world records.[17]

By continent
Africa
Country/Region Temperature Town/Location Date
 Algeria 51.3 °C (124.3 °F) El Bayadh, El Bayadh Province
Ouargla, Ouargla Province 		2 September 1979[18]
5 July 2018[19]
 Botswana 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) Maun 7 January 2016[20][21]
 Burkina Faso 47.2 °C (117.0 °F) Dori 1984[22]
 Chad 47.6 °C (117.7 °F) Faya-Largeau 22 June 2010[23]
 Comoros 36.0 °C (96.8 °F) Hahaya International Airport 15 November 2017[24]
 Eswatini (Swaziland) 47.4 °C (117.3 °F) Lavumisa ?[25]
 Gambia 49.0 °C (120.2 °F) Jenoi 2001[26]
 Ghana 43.8 °C (110.8 °F) Navrongo 26 March 2017[24]
 Guinea 45.0 °C (113.0 °F) Koundara, Boké Region 29 March 2017[24]
 Madagascar 43.6 °C (110.5 °F) Ejeda, Atsimo-Andrefana ?[27]
 Morocco (then the French protectorate in Morocco) 51.7 °C (125.1 °F) Inezgane 19 August 1940[28]
 Niger 49.5 °C (121.1 °F) Diffa 7 September 1978[29]
 Nigeria 46.4 °C (115.5 °F) Yola 3 April 2010[citation needed]
 Réunion 36.9 °C (98.4 °F) Le Port 6 March 2004[30]
 South Africa (then the  Union of South Africa) 50.0 °C (122.0 °F) Dunbrody, Eastern Cape 3 November 1918[31][note 1]
 Sudan 49.7 °C (121.5 °F) Dongola 25 June 2010[23]
 Tunisia (then the French protectorate of Tunisia) 55 °C (131 °F) Kebili 7 July 1931[33][note 2]
 Western Sahara (then the  Spanish Sahara) 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) Semara 13 July 1961[34]
 Zambia 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) Mfuwe, Eastern Province 13 October 2010[23]
Antarctica
Country/Region Temperature Town/Location Date
 Antarctica (all land/ice south of 60°S) 19.8 °C (67.6 °F) Signy Research Station, Signy Island 30 January 1982[35]
 Antarctica (mainland and adjoining islands) 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) Esperanza Base, Trinity Peninsula 6 February 2020[36][37][38][note 3]
 Antarctica (Antarctic Plateau > 2,500 metres (8,202 ft)) −7.0 °C (19.4 °F) Automated Weather Station D-80 (coordinates: 70°6'S, 134°53'W, elevation: 2,500 metres (8,202 ft)) 28 December 1989[39]
Antarctica South Pole −12.3 °C (9.9 °F) Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 25 December 2011[40]
Asia
Country/Region Temperature Town/Location Date
 Afghanistan (then,  Islamic Republic of Afghanistan) 49.9 °C (121.8 °F) Farah August 2009[41]
 Bangladesh 45.1 °C (113.2 °F) Rajshahi 30 May 1972[42]
 Bhutan 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) Phuentsholing 27 August 1997[43]
 Cambodia 42.6 °C (108.7 °F) Preah Vihear 15 April 2016[44]
 China 50.5 °C (122.9 °F) Erbao Township, Turpan, Xinjiang 10 July 2017[45]
 Hong Kong 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) Wetland Park
Sheung Shui 		22 August 2017[24]
24 July 2022[46]
 India 51.0 °C (123.8 °F) Phalodi, Rajasthan 19 May 2016[47]
 Indonesia 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan 16 August 1997[48][49]
 Iran 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) Ahvaz Airport (OIAW) 29 June 2017[50]
 Iraq 53.9 °C (129.0 °F) Basra 22 July 2016[51][52]
 Israel (then  Mandatory Palestine) 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) Tirat Zvi 21 June 1942[14][note 4]
 Japan 41.1 °C (106.0 °F) Kumagaya, Saitama
Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 		23 July 2018[54][55]
17 August 2020[55]
 Jordan 50.0 °C (122.0 °F) Jordan University Agriculture Research Center 6 September 2002[56]
 Kazakhstan 49.1 °C (120.4 °F) Turkistan ?[57]
 Kuwait 53.9 °C (129.0 °F) Mitribah 21 July 2016[58][note 5]
 Kyrgyzstan 43.6 °C (110.5 °F) Jangy-Jer July 1944[59]
 Laos 42.3 °C (108.1 °F) Seno 12 April 2016[44]
 Macau 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) Coloane 22 August 2017[24]
 Malaysia 40.1 °C (104.2 °F) Chuping 9 April 1998[60]
 Maldives 34.9 °C (94.8 °F) Hanimaadhoo 16 April 2016[44]
 Mongolia 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) Khongor, Darkhan-Uul Province 24 July 1999[61]
 Myanmar 47.2 °C (117.0 °F) Myinmu 14 May 2010[62][63]
   Nepal 46.4 °C (115.5 °F) Ataria 16 June 1995[64]
 Oman 51.6 °C (124.9 °F) Joba 16 June 2021[65]
 Pakistan 53.7 °C (128.7 °F) Mohenjo-daro and Turbat 28 May 2017[66]
26 May 2010[58]
 Philippines (first recorded under the United States Insular Government) 42.2 °C (108.0 °F) Tuguegarao, Cagayan Valley 12 April 1912
11 May 1969[67]
 Qatar 50.4 °C (122.7 °F) Doha 14 July 2010[23]
 Russia (Siberia) 43.2 °C (109.8 °F) Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai 5 June 1898[68][69]
 Saudi Arabia 52.0 °C (125.6 °F) Jeddah 22 June 2010[70][23]
 Singapore 37.0 °C (98.6 °F) Tengah 17 April 1983[71]
 South Korea 41.0 °C (105.8 °F) Hongcheon, Gangwon Province 1 August 2018[72]
 Syria 49.4 °C (120.9 °F) Al-Hasakah 30 July 2000 [73][74]
 Taiwan 40.2 °C (104.4 °F) Dawu, Taitung County
Taitung City 		25 July 2020[75][76]
9 May 2004[75][76]
 Tajikistan 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) Panji Poyon ?[77]
 Thailand 44.6 °C (112.3 °F) Mae Hong Son 28 April 2016[44]
 Turkey 49.1 °C (120.4 °F) Cizre, Şırnak Province 20 July 2021[78]
 Turkmenistan (then the  Turkmen SSR,  Soviet Union) 50.1 °C (122.2 °F) Repetek Biosphere State Reserve, Karakum Desert 28 July 1983[79][80]
 United Arab Emirates 52.1 °C (125.8 °F) Al Jazeera Border Gate July 2002[81][82]
 Vietnam 65.0 °C (149.0 °F) Huong Khe District, Ha Tinh Province 26 April 2005[83][84]
Europe
Country/Region Temperature Town/Location Date
 Andorra 39.4 °C (102.9 °F) Borda Vidal 28 June 2019[85]
 Armenia 43.7 °C (110.7 °F) Meghri
Yerevan 		1 August 2011[86][87]

12 July 2018[88]

 Austria 40.5 °C (104.9 °F) Bad Deutsch-Altenburg 8 August 2013[89]
 Azerbaijan 46.0 °C (114.8 °F) Julfa and Ordubad ?[90]
 Belarus 38.9 °C (102.0 °F) Gomel 7 August 2010[23]
 Belgium 41.8 °C (107.2 °F) Begijnendijk, Flemish Brabant[note 6] 25 July 2019[91]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina (then  Austria–Hungary-occupied Bosnia Vilayet,  Ottoman Empire) 46.2 °C (115.2 °F) Mostar 31 July 1901[92][93]
 Bulgaria 45.2 °C (113.4 °F) Sadovo, Plovdiv Province 5 August 1916[94]
 Croatia (then the  SR Croatia,  SFR Yugoslavia) 42.8 °C (109.0 °F) Ploče 5 August 1981[95]
 Cyprus 46.2 °C (115.2 °F) Nicosia, Visitor Center Athalassa 4 September 2020[96]
 Czech Republic 40.4 °C (104.7 °F) Dobřichovice, Prague-West District 20 August 2012[97]
 Denmark 36.4 °C (97.5 °F) Holstebro, Midtjylland 10 August 1975[98]
 Estonia 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) Võru 11 August 1992[99]
 Finland 37.2 °C (99.0 °F) Joensuu Airport, Liperi 29 July 2010[100][23]
 France 46.0 °C (114.8 °F) Vérargues, Hérault 28 June 2019[93]
 Germany 41.2 °C (106.2 °F) Duisburg-Baerl, North Rhine-Westphalia and Tönisvorst, North Rhine-Westphalia[note 6] 25 July 2019[101]
 Greece 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) Athens 10 July 1977[102]
 Hungary 41.9 °C (107.4 °F) Kiskunhalas 20 July 2007[103]
 Iceland (then the Kingdom of Iceland) 30.5 °C (86.9 °F) Teigarhorn, Djúpivogur 22 June 1939[104][105]
 Ireland (then part of the  United Kingdom) 33.3 °C (91.9 °F) Kilkenny Castle, County Kilkenny 26 June 1887[106]
 Italy 47.0 °C (116.6 °F) Foggia, Apulia[note 7] 25 June 2007[107][108]
 Latvia 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) Ventspils 4 August 2014[109][110]
 Liechtenstein 37.4 °C (99.3 °F) Ruggell 13 August 2003[111][112]
 Lithuania 37.5 °C (99.5 °F) Zarasai, Utena County 30 July 1994[113]
 Luxembourg 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) Steinsel, Luxembourg[note 6] 25 July 2019[114]
 Malta 43.8 °C (110.8 °F) Malta International Airport 9 August 1999[115][116]
 Moldova 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) Fălești 7 August 2012[117]
 Montenegro 44.8 °C (112.6 °F) Podgorica
Danilovgrad 		16 August 2007
8 August 2012[118]
 Netherlands 40.7 °C (105.3 °F) Gilze en Rijen[note 6][note 8] 25 July 2019[120]
 North Macedonia 45.7 °C (114.3 °F) Demir Kapija, Demir Kapija 24 July 2007[121]
 Norway 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) Nesbyen, Viken 20 June 1970[122]
 Poland 40.2 °C (104.4 °F) Prószków[note 9] 29 July 1921[124]
 Portugal 47.4 °C (117.3 °F) Amareleja, Beja 1 August 2003[125]
 Romania 44.5 °C (112.1 °F) Ion Sion, Brăila County 10 August 1951[126]
 Russia (in Europe) 45.4 °C (113.7 °F) Utta, Kalmykia 12 July 2010[127]
 San Marino 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) Serravalle 3 August 2017
9 August 2017[24]
 Serbia 44.9 °C (112.8 °F) Smederevska Palanka, Podunavlje 24 July 2007[128]
 Slovakia 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) Hurbanovo 20 July 2007[129]
 Slovenia 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) Cerklje ob Krki 8 August 2013[130]
 Spain 47.6 °C (117.7 °F) La Rambla, Cordoba (as La Rambla Privilegio) 14 August 2021[131]
 Sweden 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) Ultuna, Uppsala County
Målilla, Kalmar County 		9 July 1933
29 June 1947[132]
  Switzerland 41.5 °C (106.7 °F) Grono, Moesa District 11 August 2003[133]
 Ukraine 42.0 °C (107.6 °F) Luhansk 12 August 2010[134][23]
 United Kingdom 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) Coningsby, Lincolnshire 19 July 2022[135]
 Vatican City 40.7 °C (105.3 °F) Vatican City 2 August 2017[24]
North America
Country/Region Temperature Town/Location Date
 Anguilla 34.2 °C (93.6 °F) The Valley 12 September 2015[136]
 Antigua and Barbuda 34.9 °C (94.8 °F) V. C. Bird International Airport, St. John's 12 August 1995[137][138]
 British Virgin Islands 35.0 °C (95.0 °F) Terrance B. Lettsome International Airport 22 July 2016[139]
 Canada 49.6 °C (121.3 °F) Lytton, British Columbia 29 June 2021[140][141][142][143][144]
 Cayman Islands 34.9 °C (94.8 °F) Owen Roberts International Airport, Grand Cayman 21 August 2016[139]
 Cuba 39.7 °C (103.5 °F) Veguitas (Granma Province) 12 April 2020[145]
 Dominican Republic 43.0 °C (109.4 °F) Mao 31 August 1954[146]
 Greenland 30.1 °C (86.2 °F) Ivittuut 23 June 1915[147][148][149]
 Guatemala 45.0 °C (113.0 °F) Estanzuela, Zacapa 12 May 1998[150][151]
 Martinique 36.5 °C (97.7 °F) Saint-Pierre 6 October 2010[152]
 Mexico 52.0 °C (125.6 °F) Mexicali area 28 July 1995[153][154]
 Panama 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) San Francisco 20 March 1998[155]
 Puerto Rico 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) Mona Island 2 July 1996[156]
 United States 56.7 °C (134.0 °F) Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California 10 July 1913[11][157][12]
 United States Virgin Islands 37.2 °C (99 °F) Saint Thomas
Cruz Bay 		4 August 1994 and 23 June 1996[156]
31 July 1988[156]
Oceania
Country/Region Temperature Town/Location Date
 Australia 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) Oodnadatta, South Australia[note 10]
Onslow, Western Australia 		2 January 1960[158][159][160]
13 January 2022[161][162][163]
 Marshall Islands 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) Utirik Atoll 24 August 2016[139]
 New Zealand 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) Rangiora, Canterbury 7 February 1973[164]
 Palau 35.0 °C (95.0 °F) Koror 22 March 2018[165]
 Samoa 35.3 °C (95.5 °F) Asau 24 December 1968[166]
 Solomon Islands 36.1 °C (97.0 °F) Honiara, Guadalcanal Province 1 February 2010[23]
 Tonga 35.5 °C (95.9 °F) Niuafoou 1 February 2016[139]
 Vanuatu 36.2 °C (97.2 °F) Lamap Malekula 8 February 2016[139]
 Wallis and Futuna 35.8 °C (96.4 °F) Futuna Airport 10 January 2016[139]
South America
Country/Region Temperature Town/Location Date
 Argentina 48.9 °C (120.0 °F) Rivadavia, Salta Province[note 11] 11 December 1905[158][167][168]
 Bolivia 46.7 °C (116.1 °F) Villamontes, Tarija Department 29 October 2010[23][note 12]
 Brazil 44.8 °C (112.6 °F) Nova Maringá, Mato Grosso 4 November 2020
5 November 2020[169]
 Chile 44.9 °C (112.8 °F) Quillón, Biobio Region[note 13] 26 January 2017[170][171]
 Colombia 45.0 °C (113.0 °F) Puerto Salgar, Cundinamarca 29 December 2015[172]
 French Guiana 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni 27 September 2016[139]
 Paraguay 45.0 °C (113.0 °F) Pratts Gill, Boquerón Department 14 November 2009[173]
 Peru 39.8 °C (103.6 °F) Chulucanas, Department of Piura

Lancones, Department of Piura

2013, 2016[174]
 Uruguay 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) Paysandú, Paysandú Department

Florida, Florida Department

20 January 1943[175][176]
14 January 2022[177]
 Venezuela 43.6 °C (110.5 °F) Santa Ana de Coro, Falcón 29 April 2015[136]

Other high-temperature records

  • Highest "feels like" temperature 81.1°C (178°F): In Dhahran, Saudi Arabia on 8 July 2003.[178]
  • Most consecutive days above 37.8 °C (100 °F): 160 days; Marble Bar, Western Australia from 31 October 1923 to 7 April 1924.[179]
  • Most consecutive days above 48.9 °C (120 °F): 43 days; Death Valley, California from 6 July through 17 August 1917.[180]
  • Highest natural ground surface temperature: 93.9 °C (201.0 °F), in Death Valley, California, 15 July 1972.[5]
  • Highest temperature during rain: 48.3 °C (119.0 °F) in Imperial, California, 24 July 2018[181]
  • Highest overnight low temperature: 44.2 °C (111.6 °F) at the Khasab weather station (WMO Index = 41241) in Oman on 17 June 2017.[182][note 14]
  • Highest minimum temperature for a 24-hour period and for a calendar day: 42.6 °C (108.7 °F) at Qurayyat, Oman on 25 June 2018.[184]
  • Highest average monthly temperature: 42.3 °C (108.1 °F), in Death Valley, California, for the month of July 2018.[185][186]
  • Highest temperature north of the Arctic Circle: 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) in Verkhoyansk, Russia on 20 June 2020.[187][188][189][190]
  • Highest temperature ever recorded north of the 50th parallel north: 49.6 °C (121.3 °F) at Lytton, British Columbia, Canada.[142][143][144]

Humidity

  • Highest dew point temperature: A dew point of 35 °C (95 °F) — while the temperature was 42 °C (108 °F) — was observed at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, at 3:00 p.m. on 8 July 2003.[191]
  • Highest temperature with 100% relative humidity: A temperature of 34 °C (93 °F) with 100% relative humidity in Jask, Iran, on 21 July 2012.[192]

Coldest

Lowest temperatures recorded

Main articles: Lowest temperature recorded on Earth and Cold wave
By continent
Africa
Country/Region Temperature Town/Location Date
 Algeria −13.8 °C (7.2 °F) Mécheria 28 January 2005[18]
 Burkina Faso 5.0 °C (41.0 °F) Markoye January 1975[22]
 Botswana −15.0 °C (5.0 °F) Tsabong ?[193]
 Eswatini (Swaziland) −6.7 °C (19.9 °F) Big Bend ?[25]
 Gambia 4.0 °C (39.2 °F) Jenoi 2003[26]
 Ghana 11.0 °C (51.8 °F) Kumasi, Tafo ?[194]
 Guinea 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) Bareing 2 January 1982[195]
 Lesotho −21.0 °C (−5.8 °F) ?[196]
 Madagascar −1.0 °C (30.2 °F) Antsirabe, Vakinankaratra ?[27]
 Morocco (then the French protectorate in Morocco) −23.9 °C (−11.0 °F) Ifrane 11 February 1935[197]
 Niger −2.4 °C (27.7 °F) Bilma 13 January 1995[29]
 Réunion −5.0 °C (23.0 °F) Gite de Bellecome 10 September 1975[30]
 South Africa −20.1 °C (−4.2 °F) Buffelsfontein, near Molteno, Eastern Cape 23 August 2013[198]
 Spain( Canarias) −14.5 °C (5.9 °F) Teide, Tenerife 29 January 2018[199]
 Sudan −1.0 °C (30.2 °F) Zalingei December 1961
January 1962[200]
Antarctica
Country/Region Temperature Town/Location Date
 Antarctica −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) Vostok Station 21 July 1983[158][201][202][note 15]
South Pole −82.8 °C (−117.0 °F) Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 23 June 1982[203]
Asia
Country/Region Temperature Town/Location Date
 Afghanistan −52.2 °C (−62.0 °F) Shahrak January 1964[41]
 Armenia (then the  Armenian SSR,  Soviet Union) −42.0 °C (−43.6 °F) Paghakn and Ashocq 1961[86]
 Azerbaijan −33.0 °C (−27.4 °F) Julfa and Ordubad ?[90]
 Bangladesh (then the Bengal Presidency of British India) 1.1 °C (34.0 °F) Dinajpur 3 February 1905[204]
 China −53.0 °C (−63.4 °F) Mohe City, Heilongjiang 22 January 2023[205][206][207]
 Cambodia 7.0 °C (44.6 °F) Mondulkiri, Ratanakiri and Preah Vihear 29 January 2007[208]
 Hong Kong −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) Tai Mo Shan 24 January 2016
 India −48.0 °C (−54.4 °F) Dras, Ladakh 9 January 1995[209]
 Indonesia −9.0 °C (15.8 °F) Dieng Plateau 24 June 2019[210]
 Iran −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F) Saqqez 1972[211]
 Israel −14.2 °C (6.4 °F) Merom Golan 10 January 2015[212]
 Japan −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) Asahikawa, Hokkaidō 25 January 1902[55]
 Jordan −16.0 °C (3.2 °F) Shoubak 15 December 2013[56]
 Kazakhstan −57.0 °C (−70.6 °F) Atbasar ?[57]
 Kuwait −4.8 °C (23.4 °F) Salmy 3 January 2009[213][214]
 Kyrgyzstan −53.6 °C (−64.5 °F) Fergana Valley ?[215]
 Malaysia 7.8 °C (46.0 °F) Cameron Highlands 1 February 1978[60]
 Maldives 17.2 °C (63.0 °F) Hulhulé Island, located at Ibrahim Nasir International Airport 11 April 1978[216]
 Mongolia −55.3 °C (−67.5 °F) Züüngovi, Uvs Province 31 December 1976[61][217]
 Myanmar −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) Hakha 30 December 1990[218][23]
   Nepal −45 °C (−49 °F) Sagarmatha ?[64]
 North Korea (then Japanese Korea) −43.6 °C (−46.5 °F) Chunggangjin 12 January 1933[219]
 Pakistan −24 °C (−11 °F) Skardu 7 January 1995[220]
 Philippines 6.3 °C (43.3 °F) Baguio 18 January 1961[67][221] [note 16]
 Qatar 1.5 °C (34.7 °F) Abu Samra 5 February 2017[24]
 Russia (Siberia) (first in the  Russian Empire, then in the  Russian SFSR,  Soviet Union) −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) Verkhoyansk and
Oymyakon, both in Sakha Republic 		7 February 1892
6 February 1933[223]
 Saudi Arabia −12.0 °C (10.4 °F) Turaif ?[224]
 Singapore 19.0 °C (66.2 °F) Paya Lebar 14 February 1989[71]
 South Korea −32.6 °C (−26.7 °F) Yangpyeong 5 January 1981[225]
 Syria −23.0 °C (−9.4 °F) Idlib January 1951[226]
 Taiwan −18.4 °C (−1.1 °F) Yushan 31 January 1970[227][228]
 Thailand −1.4 °C (29.5 °F) Sakon Nakhon 2 January 1974[229]
 Turkey −46.4 °C (−51.5 °F) Çaldıran, Van Province 9 January 1990[78]
 Turkmenistan −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F) Daşoguz Region ?[79]
 United Arab Emirates −5.4 °C (22.3 °F) Jebel Jais 3 February 2017[24]
 Vietnam (then DR Vietnam) −6.1 °C (21.0 °F) Sa Pa 4 January 1974[230]
Europe
Country/Region Temperature Town/Location Date
 Albania −29.0 °C (−20.2 °F) Shtylle 9 January 2017[231]
 Austria −52.6 °C (−62.7 °F) Grünloch doline 19 February 1932[232]
 Belarus (then the  Byelorussian SSR,  Soviet Union) −42.2 °C (−44.0 °F) Slavnom, Vitsebsk Voblast 17 January 1940[233]
 Belgium −30.1 °C (−22.2 °F) Valley of the Lesse in Rochefort 20 January 1940[234]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina (then the  SR Bosnia and Herzegovina,  SFR Yugoslavia) −42.5 °C (−44.5 °F) Igman in Sarajevo Canton 24 January 1963[235]
 Bulgaria −38.3 °C (−36.9 °F) Tran 25 January 1947[94]
 Croatia −34.6 °C (−30.3 °F) Gračac 13 January 2003[236][note 17]
 Cyprus −12.8 °C (9.0 °F) Trikoukia, Prodromos 30 January 1964[237]
 Czech Republic (then part of  Czechoslovakia) −42.2 °C (−44.0 °F) Litvínovice 11 February 1929[97]
 Denmark −31.2 °C (−24.2 °F) Thisted Municipality, North Denmark Region 8 January 1982[98]
 Estonia −43.5 °C (−46.3 °F) Jõgeva, Jõgeva County 17 January 1940[99]
 Finland −51.5 °C (−60.7 °F) Pokka, Kittilä, Lapland 28 January 1999[100][238]
 France −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) Mouthe, Doubs 17 January 1985[239]
 Germany −45.9 °C (−50.6 °F) Funtensee, Berchtesgadener Land, Bavaria 24 December 2001[240]
 Greece −27.8 °C (−18.0 °F) Ptolemaida 27 January 1963[241]
 Hungary −35.0 °C (−31.0 °F) Görömbölytapolca 16 February 1940[103]
 Iceland (then Danish Iceland) −37.9 °C (−36.2 °F) Grímsstaðir 21 January 1918[104]
 Ireland (then part of the  United Kingdom) −19.1 °C (−2.4 °F) Markree Castle, County Sligo 16 January 1881[106]
 Italy −49.6 °C (−57.3 °F) Busa Fradusta, Pale di San Martino 10 February 2013[242]
 Latvia −43.2 °C (−45.8 °F) Daugavpils 8 February 1956[109]
 Lithuania −42.9 °C (−45.2 °F) Utena, Utena County 1 February 1956[113]
 Malta 1.4 °C (34.5 °F) Malta International Airport 29 January 1981[115][116]
 Moldova −35.5 °C (−31.9 °F) Brătușeni, Edineț District 20 January 1963[117]
 Netherlands (then Nazi-occupied Netherlands) −27.4 °C (−17.3 °F) Winterswijk 27 January 1942[243]
 North Macedonia (then the  SR Macedonia,  SFR Yugoslavia) −31.5 °C (−24.7 °F) Berovo, Berovo Municipality 27 January 1954[244]
 Norway (then part of  Sweden–Norway) −51.4 °C (−60.5 °F) Karasjok, Finnmark 1 January 1886[122]
 Poland (then Nazi-occupied Poland) −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) Siedlce, Masovian Voivodeship 11 January 1940[124]
 Portugal −16.0 °C (3.2 °F) Penhas da Saúde, Covilhã Municipality
Miranda do Douro 		16 January 1945 and 5 February 1954[245]
 Romania −38.5 °C (−37.3 °F) Bod, Brașov County 25 January 1942[246]
European Russia (then the  Russian SFSR,  Soviet Union) −58.1 °C (−72.6 °F) Ust' Shchugor, Komi Republic 31 December 1978[102]
 Serbia −39.8 °C (−39.6 °F) Karajukića Bunari, Zlatibor District 26 January 2006[247]
 Slovakia (then  Czechoslovakia) −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) Vígľaš-Pstruša 11 February 1929[129]
 Slovenia (then  SR Slovenia,  SFR Yugoslavia) −34.5 °C (−30.1 °F) Babno Polje 15 February 1956
16 February 1956
13 January 1968[note 18][248]
 Spain −32.0 °C (−25.6 °F) Estany Gento (Province of Lleida)[note 19] 2 February 1956[249]
 Sweden −52.6 °C (−62.7 °F) Vuoggatjålme, Lappland 2 February 1966[132]
  Switzerland −41.8 °C (−43.2 °F) La Brévine 12 January 1987[133]
 Ukraine (then the  Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic,  Soviet Union) −41.9 °C (−43.4 °F) Luhansk 8 January 1935[134][250]
 United Kingdom −27.2 °C (−17.0 °F) Braemar, Aberdeenshire
Altnaharra, Sutherland 		11 February 1895
10 January 1982
30 December 1995[251]
North America
Country/Region Temperature Town/Location Date
 Antigua and Barbuda 16.1 °C (61.0 °F) V. C. Bird International Airport, Antigua 31 December 1974 and 28 January 1976[137][138]
 Canada −63.0 °C (−81.4 °F) Snag, Yukon 3 February 1947[201][252]
 Cayman Islands 11.1 °C (52.0 °F) Owen Roberts International Airport, Grand Cayman ?[253]
 Cuba 0.6 °C (33.1 °F) Bainoa, Mayabeque Province 18 February 1996[254]
 Dominican Republic −7.0 °C (19.4 °F) Valle Nuevo, La Vega Province 17 January 1983[255]
 Greenland −69.6 °C (−93.3 °F) Klinck Automated Weather Station, Greenland Ice Sheet 22 December 1991[187]
 Guatemala −11.5 °C (11.3 °F) Olintepeque, Quetzaltenango Department ?[150]
 Martinique 14.1 °C (57.4 °F) Le Lamentin 25 December 1964[152]
 Mexico −25.1 °C (−13.2 °F) Madera, Chihuahua 27 December 1997[256]
 Panama 2.0 °C (35.6 °F) Bajo Grande, Chiriquí Province 20 February 1995[155]
 Puerto Rico 4.4 °C (40 °F) Aibonito
San Sebastián 		9 March 1911
24 January 1966[156]
 US Virgin Islands 10.6 °C (51 °F) Anna's Hope, Saint Croix 31 January 1954[156]
 United States
( Alaska) 		−62.2 °C (−80 °F) Prospect Creek, Alaska 23 January 1971[257]
 United States
(contiguous) 		−56.7 °C (−70 °F) Rogers Pass, Montana 20 January 1954[258]
South America
Country/Region Temperature Town/Location Date
 Argentina −32.8 °C (−27.0 °F) Sarmiento, Chubut Province 1 June 1907[259][note 20]
 Brazil −14.0 °C (6.8 °F) Caçador, Santa Catarina 11 June 1952[260][261]
 Chile −28.5 °C (−19.3 °F) Balmaceda, Aysen Region 16 June 1958[262]
 Colombia −11.0 °C (12.2 °F) Páramo de Berlín, Tona, Santander 11 December 1974[263]
 Curaçao 18.9 °C (66.0 °F) Willemstad 12 December 2017[264]
 French Guiana 16.9 °C (62.4 °F) Maripasoula 23 January 1964[265]
 Paraguay −7.5 °C (18.5 °F) Pratts Gill, Boquerón Department 13 July 2000[266]
 Peru −25.2 °C (−13.4 °F) Mazo Cruz, Puno Region 30 June 1966[267]
 Uruguay −11.0 °C (12.2 °F) Melo, Cerro Largo Department 14 June 1967[175][176]
Oceania
Country/Region Temperature Town/Location Date
 Australia −23.0 °C (−9.4 °F) Charlotte Pass, New South Wales 29 June 1994[159][268]
 United States
( Hawaii) 		−11.1 °C (12.0 °F) Mauna Kea, Hawaii 17 May 1979[269]
 New Zealand −25.6 °C (−14.1 °F) Ranfurly, Central Otago 18 July 1903[270]
 Samoa 11.1 °C (52.0 °F) Afiamalu 29 September 1971[166]
 Solomon Islands 17.0 °C (62.6 °F) Rennell
Tingoa 		Early June 2016
30 June 2016[271]

Other low-temperature records

  • Coldest summer (month of July in the Northern Hemisphere): −33 °C (−27.4 °F); Summit Camp, Greenland on 4 July 2017.[272]
  • Lowest temperature in the Northern Hemisphere: −69.6 °C (−93.3 °F); Greenland Ice Sheet, Greenland on 22 December 1991.[187]

Record extreme temperature differences

  • Greatest 2-minute temperature increase: 27 °C (49 °F), from −20 °C (−4 °F) to 7 °C (45 °F); Spearfish, South Dakota, on 22 January 1943.[201]
  • Greatest 24-hour temperature increase: +57 °C (+102.6 °F), from −48 °C (−54 °F) to 9 °C (48 °F); Loma, Montana, on 15 January 1972.[273]
  • Fastest temperature drop: 27.2 °C (49 °F) in 5 minutes; Rapid City, South Dakota, 10 January 1911.[201]
  • Largest temperature range ever in 1 area: 105.8 °C (190.4 °F), from −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) on 15 January 1885, 5,7 February 1892 to 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) on 20 June 2020; Verhoyansk, Sakha Republic, Russia[274][275][276][190]

Precipitation

Rain

  • Most in 60 seconds (1 minute): 38 mm (1.5 in). Barot, Sainte-Anne, Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe, France 11:03–11:04 am on 26 November 1970.[278]
  • Most in 180 seconds (3 minutes): 62 mm (2.4 in). Portobelo, Colón, Panama, 29 November 1911[279][280]
  • Most in 300 seconds (5 minutes): 106 mm (4.2 in). Oklahoma, United States, 29 November 1911[279][280]
  • Most in 60 minutes (1 hour): 305 mm (12.0 in). Holt, Missouri, United States, 22 June 1947.[102]
  • Most in 12 hours (1⁄2-day): 1,144 mm (45.0 in); Cilaos, Réunion, 8 January 1966, during Tropical Cyclone Denise.[102]
  • Most in 24 hours (1 day): 1,825 mm (71.9 in); Cilaos, Réunion, 7–8 January 1966, during Tropical Cyclone Denise.[102]
  • Most in 48 hours (2 days): 2,493 mm (98.1 in); Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India, 15–16 June 1995.[102]
  • Most in 72 hours (3 days): 3,929 mm (154.7 in); Commerson, Réunion, 24–26 February 2007, during Cyclone Gamede.[102]
  • Most in 96 hours (4 days): 4,869 mm (191.7 in); Commerson, Réunion, 24–27 February 2007, during Cyclone Gamede.[102]
  • Most in one year: 26,470 mm (1,042 in); Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India, 1860–1861.[102]
  • Most from a single tropical cylone: 6,433 mm (253.3 in); Commerson, Réunion, during Cyclone Hyacinthe in January 1980.[281][282]
  • Highest average annual total (observed over 10 years): 11,872 mm (467.4 in) (over 38 years) and 12,701 mm (500.0 in) (1998–2010); Mawsynram, Meghalaya, India or 13,466 mm (530.2 in) (1980–2011); López de Micay, Cauca, Colombia.[102][283]
  • Most consecutive days with measurable rain a day with at least 0.01 inches (0.25 mm) of rainfall: 331 days in Oahu, Hawaii, 1939-1940[284]

Snow

  • Most in a 24-hour period: 230 centimetres (90.6 in) of snow on Mount Ibuki, Japan on 14 February 1927.[285]
  • Most in one calendar month: 9.91 meters (390 inches) of snow fell in Tamarack, California in January 1911, leading to a snow depth in March of 11.46 meters (451 inches) (greatest measured in North America).[286][287]
  • Most in one season (1 July – 30 June): 29.0 meters, (95 ft); Mount Baker, Washington, United States, 1998 through 1999.[286]
  • Most in one-year period: 31.5 meters (102 ft); Mount Rainier, Washington, United States, 19 February 1971 to 18 February 1972.[201]
  • Deepest snowfall recorded: 11.82 meters (38.8 ft) on Mount Ibuki, Japan on 14 February 1927.[288]
  • Lowest latitude that snow has been recorded at sea level in North America: Snow fell as far south as the city of Tampico, Mexico in February 1895 during the Great Freeze.[289][290]

Wind speeds

Tornadoes

Main article: Tornado records
The Tri-State Tornado holds many records, including the longest known tornado track, fastest speed for a significant tornado, and the deadliest tornado outside of Bangladesh.

Deadliest in history

Outbreaks

  • Largest and most severe: The 2011 Super Outbreak: 207 confirmed tornadoes occurred in a span of 24 hours, with a total of 337 occurring throughout the duration of the outbreak. They affected six US states, and included 11 rated EF4 and 4 rated EF5.[298]

Tropical cyclones

Main article: List of tropical cyclone records

Most intense (by minimum surface air pressure)

Most precipitation

Main article: List of wettest tropical cyclones
  • Most precipitation from a single tropical storm: 6,433 mm (253.3 in); Commerson, Réunion, during Cyclone Hyacinthe in January 1980.

Other severe weather

A picture of the Aurora, Nebraska hailstone, measured at 47.6 cm (18.75 in) in circumference

Hail

Main article: List of costly or deadly hailstorms

Lightning

  • Longest lightning bolt: 768 km (477 mi) on 29 April 2020 in the southern United States.[305]
  • Longest duration for a single lightning flash: 17.1 seconds on 18 June 2020 in Uruguay and northern Argentina.[305]

Ultraviolet index

  • Highest ultraviolet index measured: On 29 December 2003, a UV index of 43.3 was detected at Chile/Bolivia's Licancabur volcano, at 19,423 feet (5,920 m) altitude. A light-skinned individual in such conditions may experience moderate sunburn in as little as 4 minutes.[306]

Other categories

See also: List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe
  • Highest air pressure ever recorded [above 750 meters (2,461 feet)]: 1,084.8 hPa (32.03 inHg); Tosontsengel, Zavkhan, Mongolia, 19 December 2001.[307] This is the equivalent sea-level pressure; Tosontsengel is located at 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) above sea level.
The highest adjusted-to-sea-level barometric pressure ever recorded (below 750 meters) was at Agata, Evenhiyskiy, Russia (66°53'N, 93°28'E, elevation: 261 m (856.3 ft)) on 31 December 1968 of 1,083.3 hectopascals (hPa) (31.99 inHg).[308]
The discrimination is due to the problematic assumptions (assuming a standard lapse rate) associated with reduction of sea level from high elevations.[307][308]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ A reading of 50.1 °C (122.2 °F) in Vioolsdrif on 28 November 2019 was declared invalid by the South African Weather Service.[32]
  2. ^ According to Christopher Burt, Africa's hottest reliably measured temperature is 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) at Semara, Western Sahara on 13 July 1961.[34] This value was surpassed on 5 July 2018 when 51.3 °C (124.3 °F) was recorded at Ouargla, Algeria.[19]
  3. ^ A reading of 20.75 °C (69.35 °F) on Seymour Island station operated by the Brazilian Polar science research team on 9 February 2020 was invalidated by the World Meteorological Organization owing to the reading being conducted in non-standard conditions.[36][37]
  4. ^ The temperature has been reported as 54.0 °C (129.2 °F), however weather historian Christopher Burt argues that the thermograph trace was misread.[53]
  5. ^ According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia.[58]
  6. ^ a b c d Part of the July 2019 European heat wave
  7. ^ Another record, of 48.5 °C (119.3 °F) in Catenanuova, Sicily, on 10 August 1999, is disputed and considered dubious. The record of 48.8 °C (119.8 °F) in Syracuse, also in Sicily, on 11 August 2021, will be analyzed by the WMO.
  8. ^ A disputed record temperature of 42.9 °C (109.2 °F) was measured on 24 July 2019 in Deelen, Gelderland.[119]
  9. ^ Record measured on German territory at that time: Proskau, Landkreis Oppeln, Oberschlesien (now Prószków, Opole Voivodeship). The record in Poland proper at that time was attained on the same day by the village of Zbiersk at 40.0 °C.[123]
  10. ^ On 16 January 1889, a temperature of 53 °C (128 °F) was recorded at Cloncurry, Queensland. It was measured with a non-standard thermometer, so it is unknown if this reading was valid or not.[158] The reading is not recognised by Australia's Bureau of Meteorology.[159]
  11. ^ According to Christopher Burt, South America's hottest reliably measured temperature is 47.3 °C (117.1 °F) at Campo Gallo, Argentina on 16 October 1936.[34] Another record, of 49.1 °C (120.4 °F), registered in Villa de María del Río Seco, Córdoba Province, on 2 January 1920, is disputed and considered dubious.
  12. ^ Temperature reached on multiple occasions; this is the most recent.
  13. ^ This record is disputed because of the forest fires that occurred around the town of Quillón. It is highly probable those fires have influenced this record.
  14. ^ The former world record was 43.3 °C (110 °F) set on 5 July 1918, in Death Valley, California.[183]
  15. ^ This temperature is considered the lowest ever officially recorded in Antarctica and in the World, as it was perceived by ground-positioned thermometers in 1983. Satellite analyses made on 10 August 2010 pointed to a temperature of −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) near Dome F in Queen Maud Land, but this record is not officially listed because it was measured by remote sensing methods that are not totally consistent, unlike the 1983 temperature. See Lowest temperature recorded on Earth for details.
  16. ^ It is reported by local news outlet that temperatures Mount Pulag which is 2,926 meters above sea level plunges to as low as −2.0 °C (28.4 °F) although it was not verifiable.[222]
  17. ^ A reading of −35.5 °C (−31.9 °F) in Čakovec on 3 February 1929 and −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F) in Gospić were not measured under standard conditions and are not considered to be official record lows in Croatia.[236]
  18. ^ The lowest unofficially measured temperature in Slovenia was recorded at Komna on 9 January 2009 and reached −49 °C (−56 °F).
  19. ^ The records of −34.1 °C (−29.4 °F) of Clot del Tuc de la Llança, Catalonia, and −35.4 °C (−31.7 °F) of Vega de Liordes, León, both registered in January 2021, are not recognized by AEMET.
  20. ^ the Servicio Meteorologico Nacional, Argentina's national meteorological organization, reports a record low of −39 °C (−38 °F) in a high mountain valley of Río de los Patos, but this is not recognized by the World Meteorological Organization.[34]

References

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  2. ^ "World Meteorological Organization: Global Weather & Climate Extremes". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  3. ^ WMO (2018): Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation
  4. ^ a b c Mildrexler, David J.; Zhao, Maosheng; Running, Steven W. (2011). "Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2011 (7): 855–860. Bibcode:2011BAMS...92..855M. doi:10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1.
  5. ^ a b Kubecka, Paul (2001). "A possible world record maximum natural ground surface temperature". Weather. 56 (7): 218–221. Bibcode:2001Wthr...56..218K. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x. S2CID 120698040.
  6. ^ Table 9.2, p. 158, Dryland Climatology, Sharon E. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 1139500244.
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  8. ^ Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite Archived 14 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.
  9. ^ The Coldest Place on Earth: -90°C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Ted Scambos, Allen Pope, Garrett Campbell, and Terry Haran, American Geophysical Union fall meeting, 9 December 2013.
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  11. ^ a b "Doubts Cloud Death Valley's 100-year Heat Record". 15 July 2013. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  12. ^ a b Burt, Christopher C. (22 July 2016). "Hottest Reliably Measured Air Temperatures on Earth". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  13. ^ a b Fadli, Khalid; Cerveny, Randall; Burt, Christopher; Eden, Philip; Parker, David; Brunet, Manola; Peterson, Thomas (2013). "World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (2): 199–204. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94..199E. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1.
  14. ^ a b "Climate Extremes in Israel". Israel Meteorological Service. 21 June 1942. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  15. ^ "Temperature reaches 130°F (54.4°C) at California's Death Valley". 10 July 2021.
  16. ^ Weather Extremes Archived 25 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Weather Underground – Retrieved 14 September 2012.
  17. ^ Burt, Christopher C (2004). Extreme Weather. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-393-32658-1. Retrieved 21 June 2007. heat burst 158.
  18. ^ a b "Seconde Communication Nationale de L'Algerie Sur Les Changements Climatiques a la CCNUCC" (PDF) (in French). Ministere de L'Amenagement du Territoire et de L'Environnement. 2010. p. 27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  19. ^ a b Watts, Jonathan (13 July 2018). "Heatwave sees record high temperatures around world this week". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  20. ^ "Botswana: Heat Wave Breaks Maximum Temperature Records". Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  21. ^ "Weather Data: Botswana, Maun, 2016, January". Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  22. ^ a b "Programme D'Action National D'Adaptation a la Variabilite et aux Changements Climatiques (Pana du Burkina Faso)" (PDF) (in French). Ministere de L'Environnnement et du Cadre de Vie. p. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Masters, Jeff. "Bolivia ties its all-time heat record". Weather Underground. Dr. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i Masters, Jeff (18 January 2018). "NOAA: Earth Had Its Third Warmest Year on Record in 2017". Wunderground. Archived from the original on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  25. ^ a b "Groundwater Resources of Swaziland" (PDF). Swaziland Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Use and Energy. December 1992. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  26. ^ a b "Third National Communication of the Gambia under the UNFCCC" (PDF). Ministry of Climate Change environment and Natural Resources. 2020. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
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  28. ^ "Morocco hits 121°F (49.6°C): a national all-time heat record | Category 6™". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021.
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  31. ^ "What are the temperature, rainfall and wind extremes in SA?". South African Weather Service. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
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