Little broad-nosed bat
| Little broad-nosed bat | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| Family: | Vespertilionidae |
| Genus: | Scotorepens |
| Species: | S. greyii
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| Binomial name | |
| Scotorepens greyii Gray, 1842
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The little broad-nosed bat (Scotorepens greyii) (pronounced skoh’-toh-rep’-enz grey’-ee-ee’) translates to "Grey’s darkness creeper".[2] Sometimes called Grey’s broad-nosed after the third governor of South Australia, Sir John Edward Grey.[2] It is a species of vesper bat, which is one of the largest and best-known family of bats. They are endemic to Australia, are insectivores and have a broad range within the mainland, mainly in hot arid areas but also found in tropical rainforests.[3][4]
Description
Scotorepens greyii individuals have a slender body shape, a broad square muzzle when viewed from above and have varied fur colouring. Fur ranges from brown to grey-brown on the back, with the base of the hairs being lighter than the tips; the belly fur is also lighter. Their forearm is small, their ears are relatively broad, and the tragus has a narrow and pointed tip. The glans penis has up to ten spines on the head, mainly in two rows. [3][2] They are similar in appearance to other broad-nosed bats such as the Greater, Inland, Northern and Eastern broad-nosed bats.[5] But most notably, they are almost impossible to differentiate in the field where their ranges overlap such as Northern Broad-nosed bats where their ranges overlap in the Kimberley.[3]
Identification
| Weight | Forearm length | Ear length | Tail length | Wingspan | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average | 6.4 g | 31.3 mm | 11.4 mm | 32.2 mm | 234 mm |
| Range | 4-8.5 g | 27.3–35 mm | 9.7–12.9 mm | 25.2–48.5 mm | 212–250 mm |
Distribution and habitat
The range of Scotorepens greyii includes all of mainland Australia, but it is not found in the southern half of Western Australia and South Australia, Tasmania, Cape York Peninsula, most of the south eastern coast and most of Victoria.[3] Although they have a broad range, their abundance within the range is relatively small and blurred by crossover range from similar species.[5]
They live in mostly hot arid regions but also reside in more temperate tropical areas. These areas range from dry grasslands, sandy deserts, inland rivers with redgums, monsoon forests, melaleuca forests, open forests, mixed shrubland and paperbark swamps. They are commonly caught around water.[3][4][2][5]
Behaviour
Like most bats, the little broad-nosed bat is nocturnal and begins being active soon after sunset. They rely on good eyesight and echolocation to find their prey.[4]
Diet and foraging
The little broad-nosed bat is an insectivore which feeds and drinks while in flight. They forage for prey close to tree tops, over water, open grassland and other open habitat. They are characteristically fast fliers which make abrupt darts and turns to catch prey. They eat a lot of beetles, bugs and ants. They also consume moths, termites, cockroaches, katydids, crickets, flies and lacewings. They drink while in flight and are known to be feisty; they have been observed preying on moths their own size.[3][4][2][5][6]
Roost habits
Little broad-nosed bats are known to roost in hollows, usually in trees but they have also been found in fence posts and in the space under metal caps of telegraph poles. They will also roost in disused buildings; 20 individuals have been found roosting in one area.[3][4] It is thought that Scotorepens greyii has some kind of seasonal migration or seasonal change in foraging behaviour due to extreme differences in bat numbers found at different times of the year.[3]
Torpor
Despite its small size, the little broad-nosed bat is able to survive the extreme summer temperatures in its arid Australian environment by utilizing torpor and roost selection to conserve energy.[7] Torpor helps the bats retain body water and reduces heat production from metabolic reactions.[7] S. greyii minimizes energy expenditure using passive rewarming from its lethargic state. Roosting in poorly insulated dead trees allows solar radiation to rouse them instead of physical activity.[7] Most endotherms perform thermoregulation, an energetically demanding process where an organism uses metabolic processes along with physiological changes to control body temperature. Little broad-nosed bats are able to alternate between thermoregulation and thermoconformation, a process where body temperature fluctuates with ambient temperature, to save energy and delay hyperthermia.[8]
Reproduction
Scotorepens greyii has different mating behaviour depending on where the bats are located. It is thought that in more arid areas mating begins before winter in April and they give birth in October while in more temperate areas they are known to mate during winter and give birth in late spring or summer. They frequently give birth to twins and the young bats are capable for foraging within one to two months.[3]
Conservation
They are not considered endangered or threatened. Although there are no major threats to the species they are vulnerable to loss of roost sites in tree hollows and loss of feeding grounds by forestry activities, clearing for agriculture and housing.[6]
References
- ^ Lumsden, L.F.; Reardon, T.B.; Armstrong, K.N. (2020). "Scotorepens greyii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T14943A22015147. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T14943A22015147.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Van Dyck, Steve; Strahan, Ronald (2008). The Mammals of Australia. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 9781877069253.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Churchill, S. (2009). Australian bats (2nd ed.). Crows Nest N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 9781741754612.
- ^ a b c d e Cronin, L.; Westmacott, M. (2000). Key guide to Australian mammals. Annadale, N.S.W.: Envirobook. ISBN 9780858811720.
- ^ a b c d Menkhorst, P.; Knight, F. (2010). A field guide to the mammals of Australia. South Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195573954.
- ^ a b "Little Broad-nosed Bat". Australian Museum. 2020.
- ^ a b c Bondarenco, Artiom; Körtner, Gerhard; Geiser, Fritz (2016-07-02). "How to keep cool in a hot desert: Torpor in two species of free-ranging bats in summer". Temperature. 3 (3): 476–483. doi:10.1080/23328940.2016.1214334. ISSN 2332-8940. PMC 5079220. PMID 28349087.
- ^ Bondarenco, Artiom; Körtner, Gerhard; Geiser, Fritz (2014). "Hot bats: extreme thermal tolerance in a desert heat wave". Naturwissenschaften. 101 (8): 679–685. doi:10.1007/s00114-014-1202-2. ISSN 0028-1042. PMID 25005222. S2CID 253639278.