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2022 Sumatra earthquake

Coordinates: 0°13′59″N 100°06′22″E / 0.233°N 100.106°E / 0.233; 100.106
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2022 Sumatra earthquake
Ruins of the Raya Kajai mosque
2022 Sumatra earthquake is located in Sumatra
2022 Sumatra earthquake
Padang
Padang
UTC time2022-02-25 01:39:27
ISC event622071228
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date25 February 2022
Local time08:39:27 WIB (UTC+7)
Magnitude6.2 Mw
Depth4.0 km (2 mi)
Epicenter0°13′59″N 100°06′22″E / 0.233°N 100.106°E / 0.233; 100.106[1]
FaultGreat Sumatran fault
TypeStrike-slip
Areas affectedWest Sumatra, Indonesia
Total damageRp. 780 million
Max. intensityMMI VIII (Severe)
Foreshocks1
Aftershocks201
Casualties27 dead, 457 injured, 19,221 displaced

On 25 February 2022 at 08:39 WIB, a moment magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck West Sumatra, Indonesia at a depth of 4.0 km (2.5 mi).[2] Preceded by one foreshock and followed by over 200 aftershocks, the mainshock had an epicenter at the foot of Mount Talakmau in Pasaman Regency.[1] The mainshock was the result of strike-slip faulting along a previously unidentified segment of the Great Sumatran Fault. At least 27 people died, 457 were injured, and 19,221 others were displaced. It inflicted Rp. 780 million worth of damages. The heaviest damage was recorded at three villages around Mount Talakmau. Landslides and flash floods caused additional damage and casualties.

Tectonic setting

Great Sumatra fault

The west coast of Sumatra is dominated by the Sunda megathrust; a 5,500 km (3,400 mi)[3] long convergent boundary where the Australian Plate subducts beneath the Burma Plate and Sunda Plate at a rate of 60 mm (2.4 in) per year.[4] The subduction zone offshore Sumatra was responsible for several large earthquakes in 2004 and 2005. The subduction plate interface can rupture to the trench, triggering large tsunamis such as in 1907, 2004 and 2010.[5]

Dip-slip faults can rupture within the down going Australian Plate as well—the 2009 magnitude 7.6 earthquake near Padang was caused by reverse faulting at about 80 km (50 mi) depth.[6]

Convergence along this plate boundary is highly oblique, severely deforming the overriding Sunda Plate, where it is accommodated by strike-slip motion along the Great Sumatran fault. The Great Sumatran fault is a 1,900 km (1,200 mi)-long strike-slip fault system located on Sumatra. The fault is divided into about 20 segments.[7] It was the source of the 1994 Liwa and 1995 Kerinci earthquakes. In 1933, a magnitude 7.5 earthquake struck Liwa, killing many people and causing widespread damage.[8] It produced its largest earthquake in 1943; measuring Ms  7.8.[9]

Earthquake

A strong ground motion map of the mainshock

The mainshock occurred as a result of right-lateral strike-slip faulting,[10] associated with rupture along a small segment of the Great Sumatran Fault.[11] It had an epicenter located on the slopes of Mount Talakmau.[12] A maximum Modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) of VIII (Severe) was felt over a northwest–southeast trending area.[13] MMI VIII was felt on the northern slopes of Mount Talamau, and in parts of Talamau and Pasaman districts. It was also felt along the eastern portion of the volcano.[13] The mainshock was preceded by a Mw  5.1 foreshock.[14] By 3 March, 201 aftershocks over 1.3 in magnitude had been recorded by the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG). Two aftershocks measured Mw  5.0.[15][16]

The earthquake ruptured a previously unidentified segment of the Great Sumatran Fault; the segment is called the Kajai Fault or Talamau Fault.[15][17] The BMKG initially misidentified the Angkola Fault, another segment of the Great Sumatran Fault, as the source.[17] The aftershock distribution suggest rupture occurred on a strand that extended north of the Sianok Fault, another segment of the Great Sumatran Fault. The newly-identified segment is located between the Angkola Fault in the north and the Sianok Fault in the south, and can only produce earthquakes of up to 6.2 magnitude due to its short length.[17] It strikes northwest–southeast and dips steeply to the southwest; and has a length of about 20 km (12 mi). The 10-second-long rupture occurred at 2–11 km (1.2–6.8 mi) depth along 14 km (8.7 mi) of the fault at the northern portion of Mount Talakmau. It displayed an average slip of about 25 cm (9.8 in); slip was 53 cm (21 in) at its maximum occurring at 7.2 km (4.5 mi) depth.[15]

Impact

House damaged by the earthquake in Pasaman Regency

A survey by the Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management (BNPB),[18] revealed 1,075 seriously damaged, 3,447 moderately damaged, and 2,105 slightly damaged homes. In addition, 70 religious buildings, 208 educational facilities, and 25 health facilities were also damaged.[13] The total cost of damage was at an estimated 780 million Indonesian rupiahs.[19] The worst affected villages were located on the northern slopes of Mount Talamau; Kajai, Talamau District and Aua Kuniang, Pasaman District. Malampah, Tigo Nagari District on the eastern flank of Mount Talamau was also badly affected. In these areas, buildings were moderately to heavily damaged.[13]

At least 27 people were killed and 457 were injured.[20] Although most victims died in collapsed buildings, some were killed by landslides on Mount Talakmau.[21] At least 52 people sustained serious injuries—45 in West Pasaman Regency, 5 in Pasaman Regency and 1 in Agam Regency.[22] Many of the injured were treated at Yarsi Hospital.[23] A further 19,221 people were displaced.[20][24] At least 5,000 displaced residents sought refuge across 35 evacuation centers.[25]

A video footage of mobilized landmass was recorded at Malampah. The phenomena was eventually classified as a type of flash flood which occurred due to a breached landslide dam. The earthquake triggered a landslide on the Batang Kapa River upstream,[26] creating a natural dam which obstructed the flow of water. The dam was breached and a flash flood occurred, carrying debris downstream.[27] An official from the BNPB said a similar phenomena was also observed during the 2009 earthquake.[28] An additional 17 landslides occurred on the slopes of Mount Talakmau. A landslide in Jorong Sungai Siriah measured 6 m (20 ft) high and 30 m (98 ft) wide.[19] In Labuah Kaciak, hot springs appeared in the ground ejecting water and mud; residents were adviced not to approach the area by the BNPB.[29] The presence of hot springs were the result of geothermal activity along a fault.[30]

The earthquake was felt as far away as Klang Valley in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Some residents and workers rushed out of their homes and offices.[31] Workers were evacuated from the Bernama headquarters in the city.[32] In Port Dickson, a private hospital and government building sustained light damage.[33] Shaking was also felt in Singapore.[10] Shaking was felt in Singapore, where residents reported tremors in Punggol, Simei, Redhill, Queenstown, Ang Mo Kio and Kallang. There were also reports of shaking in the Marina Bay Financial Centre.[34]

Response

A landslide in Tigo Nagari District, Pasaman Regency

Rescuers were deployed to landslide-affected areas to search for the missing.[35][36] They also salvaged through rubble.[37] On 1 March, rescuers safely evacuated five individuals trapped under a landslide which occurred in Nagari Kajai, Talamau District.[38] The injured were transported to hospitals in the province.[39] Bodies were also retrieved from the landslides.[40] On 28 February, a disaster relief volunteer experienced a seizure and died.[41]

The BNPB warned residents about the potential for flash floods. Rivers in the affected area had dried up due to blockage upstream caused by landslides.[42] Residents were urged to stay away from hilly areas due to the threat of landslides and rockslides from rain.[43] Smoke was observed emitting from Mount Talakmau.[44] The BNPB confirmed volcanic activity on the volcano and some residents were evacuated as a precautionary measure.[44]

Assistance

Minister of Social Affairs, Tri Rismaharini, visited some evacuation centers. According to her, logistics distributed 2,000 packs of ready-to-eat food. Additional aid including tents and sanitary kits were also transported. The families of individuals killed were compensated Rp 15 million as a form of assistance.[45] President Joko Widodo ordered the deployment of humanitarian aid consisting of sugar, oil, rice, biscuits, mineral water and tea bags, among other necessities via trucks.[46]

Homes that were slightly damaged would be repaired by the district government body. Moderate to heavily damaged homes would be rebuilt by the provincial and central government, respectively.[47] In October of 2022, the BNPB assisted in repairing 1,111 homes in West Pasaman Regency through the provision of Rp. 27 billion to the local government. Assistance in Rp. 50 million, 20 million and 3–5 million were allocated to homes with heavy, moderate and light damage, respectively.[48] On 19 October, construction began for a damaged mosque in West Pasaman Regency under a Rp. 800 million budget.[49]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ a b "M 6.1 - 66 km NNW of Bukittinggi, Indonesia". earthquake.usgs.gov. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  2. ^ ISC-OB Event 622071228 [IRIS].
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  4. ^ Belle Philibosian Kerry Sieh Jean‐Philippe Avouac Danny H. Natawidjaja Hong‐Wei Chiang Chung‐Che Wu Hugo Perfettini Chuan‐Chou Shen Mudrik R. Daryono Bambang W. Suwargadi (2014). "Rupture and variable coupling behavior of the Mentawai segment of the Sunda megathrust during the supercycle culmination of 1797 to 1833". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 119 (9): 7258–7287. Bibcode:2014JGRB..119.7258P. doi:10.1002/2014JB011200.
  5. ^ Martin, S.S.; Li, L.; Okal, E.A.; Morin, J.; Tetteroo, A.E.G; Switzer, A.D.; Sieh, K.E. (2019). "Reassessment of the 1907 Sumatra "Tsunami Earthquake" Based on Macroseismic, Seismological, and Tsunami Observations, and Modeling". Pure and Applied Geophysics. 176 (7): 2831–2868. doi:10.1007/s00024-019-02134-2. hdl:10356/136833. S2CID 135197944.
  6. ^ Wiseman, K.; Banerjee, P.; Bürgmann, R.; Sieh, K.; Dreger, D.S.; Hermawan, I. (1 September 2012). "Source model of the 2009 Mw 7.6 Padang intraslab earthquake and its effect on the Sunda megathrust". Geophysical Journal International. 190 (3): 1710–1722. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05600.x.
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  9. ^ ISC-OB Event 899872 [IRIS].
  10. ^ a b "Gempa Kuat Sumbar Terasa hingga Malaysia dan Singapura, Ini Pemicunya" (in Indonesian). Padek. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
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  13. ^ a b c d "Laporan Singkat Tanggap Darurat Bencana Gempa Bumi Tanggal 25 Februari 2022 Di Daerah Pasaman Barat" [Brief Report on Earthquake Emergency Response on February 25, 2022 in West Pasaman Region]. Kebencanaan Geologi (in Indonesian). Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. 6 April 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  14. ^ M Haikal (25 February 2022). "Analisis BMKG Terkait Gempa Pasbar, Dipicu Sesar Besar Sumatra". Kata Sumbar (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  15. ^ a b c Supendi, P.; Rawlinson, N.; Prayitno, B.S.; Sianipar, D.; Simanjuntak, A.; Widiyantoro, S.; Palgunadi, K.H.; Kurniawan, A.; Shiddiqi, H.A.; Nugraha, A.D.; Sahara, D.P.; Daryono, D.; Triyono, R.; Adi, S.P.; Karnawati, D.; Daniarsyad, G.; Ahadi, S.; Fatchurochman, I.; Anugrah, S.D.; Heryandoko, N.; Sudrajat, A. (9 December 2022). "A previously unidentified fault revealed by the February 25, 2022 (Mw 6.1) Pasaman Earthquake, West Sumatra, Indonesia". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interior. 334: 106973. doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2022.106973.
  16. ^ Azhar Ferdian (26 February 2022). "Sudah 62 Kali Gempa Susulan Terjadi Di Pasaman, PVMBG: Waspada Likuefaksi". Sin Po.id (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  17. ^ a b c Hanani, A. B. (1 March 2022). "Segmen Patahan Baru Ditemukan BMKG Pasca Gempa Pasaman Barat". Antara (in Indonesian). Ulasan.co. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  18. ^ Immanuel Christian (7 March 2022). "Gempa Pasaman, ribuan rumah rusak". alinea.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  19. ^ a b Hatta Rizal (25 February 2022). "Gempa Pasbar Rusak Belasan Rumah di Kabupaten 50 Kota" (in Indonesian). Kata Sumbar. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  20. ^ a b Muhari, A. (8 April 2022). "Perkuat Ketahanan Wilayah Pasca Gempa Pasaman Barat, Rakor TIPB Kembali Digelar" [Strengthening Regional Resilience After the West Pasaman Earthquake, TIPB Coordination Meeting is Held Again] (in Indonesian). Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  21. ^ "Update Korban Gempa Pasaman Barat: 10 Meninggal, 4 Masih Dicari". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  22. ^ Adikara, Banu (4 March 2022). "Update Gempa Sumbar: 12 Orang Tewas, 52 Orang Luka Berat". Jawapos.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  23. ^ Muhammad Fadli (25 February 2022). "Duka Sumbar, 4 Orang Ditemukan Meninggal Akibat Runtuhan Gempa Pasaman Barat". Padang Harian Haluan (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  24. ^ "Indonesia earthquake death toll climbs to 11 after more bodies recovered on Sumatra". The Guardian. Associated Press. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  25. ^ Dewi Nurita (25 February 2022). "410 Rumah Rusak Akibat Gempa Pasaman Barat" (in Indonesian). Tempo. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  26. ^ "Tanggapan Bencana Gerakan Tanah / Tanah Longsor Di Kecamatan Tigo Nagari, Kabupaten Pasaman Sumatera Barat" [Landslide Movement / Landslide Disaster Response in Tigo Nagari District, Pasaman Regency, West Sumatra]. Kebencanaan Geologi. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. 26 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  27. ^ Perdana Putra (27 February 2022). Ardi Priyatno Utomo (ed.). "Fenomena Tanah Bergerak Pasca-gempa di Pasaman Bukan Likuefaksi tapi Banjir Bandang" (in Indonesian). Kompas. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  28. ^ Ocky A. M. (25 February 2022). "Tanah Bergerak di Malampah Pasca Gempa Pasaman, BMKG Belum Pastikan Likuifaksi" (in Indonesian). Kata Sumbar. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  29. ^ Ocky A. M. (25 February 2022). "Pasca Gempa, Muncul Semburan Air Panas dari Tanah di Pasaman" (in Indonesian). Kata Sumbar. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  30. ^ Fitriana, N. (27 February 2022). Persada, G. (ed.). "Penjelasan BMKG soal Heboh Fenomena Air Panas yang Muncul Pasca Gempa di Pasaman Barat" [BMKG's explanation of the Hot Water Phenomena that Appeared After the Earthquake in West Pasaman] (in Indonesian). Kompas. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  31. ^ "The earthquake in West Sumatra was also felt in Malaysia" (in Malay). Kosmo!. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  32. ^ "Gegaran di Lembah Klang susulan gempa bumi di Sumatera Barat" (in Malay). MalaysiaKini. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  33. ^ "Sumatra quake tremors: Hairline cracks found, but buildings in Negri safe so far". The Star. Malaysia. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  34. ^ Ian Cheng (25 February 2022). "Tremors felt in Singapore after 6.0-magnitude earthquake in Northern Sumatra: NEA". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  35. ^ "Rescuers search for survivors after West Sumatra deadly earthquake". The Jakarta Post. Agence France-Presse. 26 February 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  36. ^ Dimas Ryandi (27 February 2022). Saifan Zaking (ed.). "Korban Meninggal Gempa Sumbar Jadi 11 Orang" (in Indonesian). JawaPos. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  37. ^ Nurjana, R. (26 February 2022). "Searchers dig in Indonesia earthquake rubble for victims". Associated Press News. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  38. ^ Febrian Fachri; Ilham Tirta (1 March 2022). "Lima Orang Terjebak Longsor di Pasaman Barat Dievakuasi" (in Indonesian). Republika. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  39. ^ Nasution, R., ed. (26 February 2022). "Five known dead in Pasaman earthquake: Search And Rescue team". Antara. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  40. ^ Perdana Putra (2 March 2022). "UPDATE Gempa Pasaman, 1 Korban Lagi Ditemukan Meninggal, Tertimbun Longsor Cukup Dalam" (in Indonesian). Kompas. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  41. ^ "Innalillahi, Seorang Relawan Gempa Pasbar Meninggal Dunia" (in Indonesian). Kabar Sumbar. 1 March 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  42. ^ Febrian Fachri; Agus Yulianto (25 February 2022). "Waspada, Pasca-Gempa Ada Potensi Banjir Bandang di Pasaman Barat" (in Indonesian). Republika. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  43. ^ "Waspada Gempa Susulan, Hindari Kawasan Perbukitan dan Bangunan Rusak". Padek (in Indonesian). 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  44. ^ a b Perdana Putra (25 February 2022). Gloria Setyvani Putri (ed.). "Pascagempa M 6,1, Gunung Talamau di Pasaman Barat Keluarkan Asap dan Longsor" (in Indonesian). Kompas. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  45. ^ Agam Prayogi (26 February 2022). Miechell Octovy Koagouw (ed.). "Korban Gempa Pasbar Terima 2.000 Paket Makanan". Radio Republik Indonesia (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  46. ^ Haikal, M. (1 March 2022). "Jokowi Kirim Bantuan Sembako ke Korban Gempa Pasbar dan Pasaman" [Jokowi Sends Basic Food Aid to Pasbar and Pasaman Earthquake Victims] (in Indonesian). Katasumbar. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  47. ^ Juni Fitra Yenti (27 February 2022). "BNPB: Pemerintah akan Perbaiki Rumah Rusak Terdampak Gempa Pasaman Barat M 6,2". Padang Harian Haluan (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  48. ^ "Kepala BNPB Kunker dan Monev Penanggulangan Bencana di Pasbar, Pemkab Pasbar Terima Rp 27,7 Milyar Lebih Dana Pembangunan Rumah" [Head of BNPB Kunker and Monev for Disaster Management in Pasbar, Pasbar Regency Government Receives Rp. 27.7 billion more in Housing Development Funds] (in Indonesian). Portal Kabupaten Pasaman Barat. 16 October 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  49. ^ Tirta, I. (19 October 2022). "Satu Masjid Terdampak Gempa di Pasaman Barat Mulai Dibangun" [One Mosque Affected by the Earthquake in West Pasaman Begins to be Built] (in Indonesian). Republika. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
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