Christian corporatism
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Christian corporatism is a societal, economic, or a modern political application of the Christian doctrine of Paul of Tarsus in I Corinthians 12:12-31 where Paul speaks of an organic form of politics and society where all people and components are functionally united, like the human body.[1]
Christian corporatism has been supported by the Roman Catholics, Protestants and Christian democrats.[2][3] The rise of the Christian Democratic movement tempered the more authoritarian Corporatism in the 1800s. Economic application of Christian corporatism has promoted consultations between employers and workers.[2]
Medieval Europe
During the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church sponsored the creation of various institutions including brotherhoods, monasteries, religious orders, and military associations, especially during the Crusades to sponsor connection between these groups.[4]
Roman Catholic
Catholic corporatism has its origins in the counter-revolutionary catholic circles in continental Europe. These movements attacked the outcomes of the French Revolution; liberalism, democracy, secularism and anti-clericalism. These attacks were also directed at the Manchester school of economics, and so there was a desire for corporations that were like the old guild system.[5] However, even by the 1880s this thought was a romanticized view of medieval guilds. Unsurprisingly, and many of its early advocate, including Adam Mueller and Karl Von Vogelsang, were landed aristocrats.[6]
In 1881, Pope Leo XIII commissioned theologians and social thinkers to study corporatism and provide a definition for it. In 1884 in Freiburg, the commission declared that corporatism was a "system of social organization that has at its base the grouping of men according to the community of their natural interests and social functions, and as true and proper organs of the state they direct and coordinate labor and capital in matters of common interest."[7]
In the aftermath of the Freiburg meeting, corporatism grew in popularity and the corporatist internationale was formed in 1890 followed by the publishing of Rerum novarum (1891) by the Roman Catholic Church that for the first time declared the Church's blessing to trade unions and called for organized labour to be recognized by politicians.[8] Many corporatist unions in Europe were backed by the Roman Catholic Church to challenge the rise of anarchist, Marxist and other radical unions, with the corporatist unions being fairly conservative in comparison to their radical rivals.[9]
Some[who?] argue that on the fortieth anniversary of the publishing of Rerum novarum, Pope Pius XI in Quadragesimo anno (1931) advocated Christian corporatism as an alternative to capitalist individualism and socialist totalitarianism whereby people would be organized into workers' guilds or vocational groups that would cooperate under the supervision of a neutral state.[10] Though, some critics of Christian corporatism will look to certain sections in Quadragesimo anno like section 95 in order to refute the idea of corporatism.
Protestant
In response to the rise in popularity of Roman Catholic corporatism in the 1890s, Protestant corporatism arose, especially in Germany, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia.[3] However, corporatism in the Netherlands and Scandinavia was far less influential in the interwar period then that in Sothern, Central and eastern Europe.[11]
Reference list
- ^ Wiarda 1997, p. 28.
- ^ a b Gehler & Kaiser 2004, p. 66.
- ^ a b Wiarda 1997, p. 39.
- ^ Wiarda 1997, p. 31.
- ^ Pollard 2017, p. 42.
- ^ Pollard 2017, p. 43.
- ^ Wiarda 1997, p. 35.
- ^ Wiarda 1997, p. 37.
- ^ Wiarda 1997, p. 38.
- ^ Kroeker 1995, p. 94.
- ^ Wiarda 1997, p. 41.
- Gehler, Michael; Kaiser, Wolfram (2004). Christian Democracy in Europe since 1945. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5662-3.
- Kroker, Peter Travis (1995). Christian ethics and political economy in North America : a critical analysis. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
- Pollard, John (2017). "Corporatism and political Catholicism: The impact of Catholic corporatism in inter-war Europe". In Costa Pinto, Antonio (ed.). Corporatism and Fascism. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781315388908.
- Wiarda, Howard J. (1997). Corporatism and Comparative Politics: The Other Great "Ism". M.E. Sharpe.