1994 FIFA World Cup

1994 FIFA World Cup
World Cup USA '94
	Making Soccer History
Tournament details
Host country	United States
Dates	17 June – 17 July 1994
Teams	24 (from 5 confederations)
Venue(s)	9 (in 9 host cities)
Final positions
Champions	Brazil (4th title)
Runners-up	Italy
Third place	Sweden
Fourth place	Bulgaria
Tournament statistics
Matches played	52
Goals scored	141 (2.71 per match)
Attendance	3,597,042 (69,174 per match)
Top scorer(s)	Hristo Stoichkov; Oleg Salenko; (6 goals each)
Best player(s)	Romário
Best young player	Marc Overmars
Best goalkeeper	Michel Preud'homme
Fair play award	Brazil
	← 1990 1998 →

The 1994 FIFA World Cup was the 15th FIFA World Cup, the world championship for men's national soccer teams. It was hosted by the United States and took place from 17 June to 17 July 1994, at nine venues across the country. The United States was chosen as the host by FIFA on 4 July 1988. Despite soccer's relative lack of popularity in the host nation, the tournament was the most financially successful^[1]^[2] in World Cup history. It broke tournament records with overall attendance of 3,587,538 and an average of 68,991 per game,^[3] marks that stood unsurpassed as of 2022^[4] despite the expansion of the competition from 24 to 32 teams starting with the 1998 World Cup.^[5]

Brazil was crowned the winner after defeating Italy 3–2 in a penalty shoot-out at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California near Los Angeles, after the game had ended 0–0 after extra time. It was the first World Cup final to be decided on penalties. The victory made Brazil the first nation to win four World Cup titles. There were three new entrants in the tournament: Greece, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia; Russia also appeared as a separate nation for the first time, following the breakup of the Soviet Union, and for the first time since 1938, a unified Germany took part in the tournament. They were also defending champions, but were eliminated in quarter-finals by Bulgaria. It was the first World Cup where three points were awarded for a victory instead of two and also the first with the back-pass rule. This was done to encourage a more attacking style of soccer as a response to the criticism of the defensive tactics and low-scoring matches of the 1990 World Cup. This resulted in an average of 2.71 goals per match.

Background and preparations

Bidding process

Three nations bid for host duties: United States, Brazil, and Morocco.^[6] The vote was held in Zurich on 4 July 1988 (Independence Day in the United States), and only took one round with the United States bid receiving a little over half of the votes by the FIFA Executive Committee members.^[6] FIFA hoped that by staging the world's most prestigious tournament there, it would lead to a growth of interest in the sport.^[7]

An inspection committee also found that the proposed Brazilian stadiums were deficient, while the Moroccan bid relied on the construction of nine new stadiums. Conversely, all the proposed stadiums in the United States were already built and fully functioning; US Soccer spent $500 million preparing and organising the tournament, far less than the billions other countries previously had spent and subsequently would spend on preparing for this tournament.^[8] The U.S. bid was seen as the favourite and was prepared in response to losing the right to be the replacement host for the 1986 tournament following Colombia's withdrawal.^[9]

One condition FIFA imposed was the creation of a professional soccer league – Major League Soccer was founded in 1993 and began operating in 1996.^[10] There was some initial controversy^[11] about awarding the World Cup to a country where soccer was not a nationally popular sport, and at the time, in 1988, the U.S. no longer had a professional league; the North American Soccer League, established in 1967, had folded in 1984 after attendance faded.^[11] The success of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, particularly the soccer tournament that drew 1.4 million spectators throughout the event, also contributed to FIFA's decision.^[12]

The United States had previously bid to host the 1986 FIFA World Cup, after Colombia withdrew as the host nation in November 1982 because of economic concerns. Despite a presentation led by former North American Soccer League players Pelé and Franz Beckenbauer, as well as former United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, the executive committee selected Mexico.^[13] There were proposals by FIFA to introduce larger goals and breaks after every quarter instead of just at half-time in order to appease US television advertisers.^[14]^[15]^[16] These proposals were met with resistance,^[17] and ultimately rejected.

Venues

The games were played in nine cities across the contiguous United States. All stadiums had a capacity of at least 53,000, and their usual tenants were professional or college American football teams.^[18] Other considered venues in other major cities across the United States such as Atlanta, Denver, Kansas City, Las Vegas, Miami, Minneapolis, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Seattle and Tampa were not used, as well as venues in smaller towns such as Annapolis, Maryland; Columbus, Ohio; Corvallis, Oregon; and New Haven, Connecticut.^[19] Several venues, including Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami and Candlestick Park in San Francisco, were rejected because of conflicts with Major League Baseball, so Stanford Stadium, 30 miles (48 km) southeast of San Francisco was used,^[20]^[21] and the Citrus Bowl in Orlando was picked over Miami's two submitted venues (the Orange Bowl, the other Miami venue, required major renovations to meet tournament standards).^[22] The venue used most was the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, with eight games, among them one round of 16 game, a semi-final, the third-place game, and the final. Giants Stadium near New York hosted seven games including a semi-final; Boston (Foxborough), San Francisco (Stanford), and Dallas hosted six games each and Chicago, Washington, and Orlando each hosted five games. The least used was the Pontiac Silverdome near Detroit, the first indoor stadium used in a World Cup, with four group stage games. The Pontiac Silverdome was also the only venue of the nine used that did not host any knockout round games.

Because of the large area of the continental United States, the game locations were often far apart. Some teams in Groups A and B had to travel from Los Angeles or San Francisco all the way to Detroit and back again, covering 2,300 miles (3,700 km) and four time zones. The teams in Groups C and D only played in Foxborough (Boston), Chicago, and Dallas—a trip from Boston to Dallas is 2,000 miles (3,200 km), but only covers two time zones; Chicago is in the same time zone as Dallas but is still 1,000 miles (1,600 km) away from both Dallas and Boston. The teams in Groups E and F had it a bit easier—they played exclusively in New York (East Rutherford), Washington, and Orlando, which, while far apart, were at least all in the same time zone. A few teams, such as Cameroon and Colombia, did not have to travel to cities across the country to play games.

The variety of climate in different cities all over the United States also sometimes made playing conditions challenging. Aside from the oceanic coolness of Boston (Foxborough), the Mediterranean climate of San Francisco (Stanford), and occasionally the coolness of Chicago, as they had been in Mexico in 1970 and 1986 most matches were played in hot and/or humid conditions, thanks to nearly all of the games being scheduled to be played during the day instead of at night in order to suit a time difference compromise for television in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East; this had always been done every time a World Cup was held in the Americas. Although playing in the mostly dry heat and smoggy conditions of Los Angeles (Pasadena) and the mixture of heat and humidity of Washington and New York sometimes proved to be difficult, the cities with the most consistently oppressive conditions were Orlando and Dallas in the South, because of the combination of heat and extreme humidity.^[23] The Floridian tropical climate of Orlando meant all games there were played in temperatures of 95 °F (35 °C) or above with dew points above 70 or more (the temperature there during the group stage game between Mexico and Ireland was 105 °F (41 °C)) due to the mid-day start times.^[24] Dallas was not much different: in the humid heat of a Texas summer, temperatures exceeded 100 °F (38 °C) during mid-day, when games there were staged in the open-type Cotton Bowl meant that conditions were just as oppressive there as they were in Orlando.^[25] Detroit also proved to be difficult: the Pontiac Silverdome did not have a working cooling system and because it was an air-supported stadium, the air could not escape through circulation, so temperatures inside the stadium would climb past 90 °F (32 °C) with 40% humidity. United States midfielder Thomas Dooley described the Silverdome as "the worst place I have ever played at".^[26]

Of these nine stadiums, all but one have since been either demolished and replaced by other stadia, or have been moderately or heavily modified. The Pontiac Silverdome, Giants Stadium, and Foxboro Stadium have been demolished, and RFK Stadium is no longer in use and is slated for demolition by 2023.^[27] Stanford Stadium, the Cotton Bowl, the Citrus Bowl (Camping World Stadium), and Soldier Field have all been moderately or heavily modified. The Rose Bowl is the only largely unmodified stadium that was used for this tournament.

Pasadena, California (Los Angeles)	Stanford, California (San Francisco)	Pontiac, Michigan (Detroit)	East Rutherford, New Jersey (New York/New Jersey)
Rose Bowl	Stanford Stadium	Pontiac Silverdome	Giants Stadium
Capacity: 94,194	Capacity: 84,147	Capacity: 77,557	Capacity: 76,322

Dallas, Texas	Pasadena Pontiac Stanford East Rutherford Orlando Chicago Dallas Foxborough Washington, D.C. 1994 FIFA World Cup (the United States)
Cotton Bowl
Capacity: 64,000

Chicago, Illinois	Orlando, Florida	Foxborough, Massachusetts (Boston)	Washington, D.C.
Soldier Field	Citrus Bowl	Foxboro Stadium	Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium
Capacity: 63,160	Capacity: 62,387	Capacity: 54,456	Capacity: 53,121

Participating teams and officials

Qualification

Three teams: one African, one Asian, and one European, made their debuts at the 1994 tournament. Nigeria qualified from the African zone alongside Cameroon and Morocco as CAF was granted three spots as a result of the strong performances by African teams in 1986 and 1990. In the Asian zone, Saudi Arabia qualified for the first time by topping the final round group ahead of South Korea as both edged out Japan, who was close to making its own World Cup debut, but was denied by Iraq in what became known as the "Agony of Doha". In the European zone, Greece made their first World Cup appearance after topping a group from which Russia also qualified, competing independently for the first time after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

The defending champions West Germany were united with their East German counterparts, representing the unified Germany for the first time since the 1938 World Cup. Norway qualified for the first time since 1938, Bolivia for the first time since 1950 (and the last time as of 2022), and Switzerland for the first time since 1966. Norway's 56-year gap between appearances in the final tournament equaled Egypt's record in the previous tournament as the longest. This record was later broken by Wales when they qualified for the 2022 tournament, after a 64-year absence. Mexico had its first successful qualification campaign since 1978, failing to qualify in 1982, qualifying as hosts in 1986 and being banned for the Cachirules scandal in 1990.

The qualification campaigns of both Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were affected by political events. The nation of Czechoslovakia dissolved in 1993, completing its qualifying group under the name "Representation of Czechs and Slovaks" (RCS), but failed to qualify for the finals, having been edged out by Romania and Belgium in Group 4. Yugoslavia (which was supposed to play in Group 5) was suspended from international competition in 1992 as part of United Nations sanctions against the country as a result of the Yugoslav Wars. The sanctions were not lifted until 1994, by which time it was no longer possible for the team to qualify. Chile's suspension from the 1990 FIFA World Cup, following the forced interruption of their qualification game against Brazil, extended to the 1994 qualifiers as well.

This was the first World Cup since World War II in which none of the UK Home Nations of England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales qualified (they withdrew their FIFA memberships between 1928 and 1946, during the first three tournaments), with England (finishing third behind Norway and Netherlands in Group 2) missing out after having finished fourth in the 1990 tournament, and Scotland (who finished fourth in Group 1) failing to qualify for the first time since 1970. France, who had been already designated as hosts of the 1998 tournament, also missed out following surprise home losses to Israel and Bulgaria. This was the second World Cup in a row for which France had failed to qualify, and the last one to date not to feature England, France, and Japan. Other notable absentees were 1986 and 1990 Round of 16 participants Uruguay, UEFA Euro 1992 champions Denmark, Paraguay, Poland, Portugal and Hungary.

List of qualified teams

The following 24 teams, shown with their pre-tournament FIFA World Ranking from June 1994,^[28] qualified for the final tournamentː

AFC (2)

CAF (3)

OFC (0)

None qualified

Mexico (16)
United States (23) (hosts)

Argentina (8)
Brazil (3)
Bolivia (43)
Colombia (17)

UEFA (13)

Belgium (27)
Bulgaria (29)
Germany (1)
Greece (31)
Italy (4)
Netherlands (2)
Norway (6)
Republic of Ireland (14)
Romania (7)
Russia (19)
Spain (5)
Sweden (10)
Switzerland (12)

Squads

Teams were selected following usual FIFA rules with 22 players. Greece, Italy, Saudi Arabia, and Spain were the only countries that had all their players coming from domestic teams, while the Republic of Ireland and Nigeria had no players from domestic teams. Saudi Arabia was the only team with no players from European teams.

Referees

Draw

Seeding and drawing

The FIFA Organising Committee upheld the tradition to seed the hosts (United States) and holders (Germany), along with the other four teams ranked in the top five based on their results obtained in the last three FIFA World Cups. The newly introduced FIFA World Ranking was not used as part of the calculated ranking for the seeding in this World Cup, as FIFA considered it to be too new.^[29] Despite that it was not used in any way, for comparison purposes the teams' pre-tournament FIFA World ranking position from June 1994 are shown in parenthesis,^[30] followed by the official and used ranking (OR) position determined by the results obtained in the last three world cups.

The six top-seeded teams, were allocated in pot 1 and would be drawn into the first position of the six groups playing in the group stage. The remaining 18 teams were allocated into three pots based on geographical sections, with the: six qualified teams from Africa and Americas in pot 2, the top-6 ranked European teams in pot 3, while pot 4 comprised the 7th-10th best qualified European teams along with the two qualified Asian teams.

The principle of the draw was that each of the six drawn groups would have one team drawn respectively from pot 1, 2, 3 and 4; while respecting the following geographical limitations:

At least two European teams from UEFA in all groups, with one group having three European teams.
United States and Mexico can not be drawn in the same group, due to the rule of only accepting maximum one CONCACAF team per group.
Brazil and Argentina can not be drawn with another South American team, due to the rule of only accepting maximum one CONMEBOL team per group.
As all qualified Asian teams from AFC were in the same pot 4, and all qualified African teams from CAF in the same pot 2, this automatically respected the rule of only allowing maximum one Asian team and maximum one African team per group, as part of the normal draw procedure - without needing to observe special restricting sub-rules for them.

Pot 1 Top-seeded teams (top 5 teams + hosts)	Pot 2 Africa & Americas (CAF, CONCACAF and CONMEBOL)	Pot 3 Best unseeded from Europe (UEFA)	Pot 4 Asia and worst ranked from Europe (AFC and UEFA)
United States (hosts) (23, OR=18) Germany (1990 champions) (1, OR=1) Argentina (8, OR=2) Italy (4, OR=3) Brazil (3, OR=4) Belgium (27, OR=5)	Mexico (16, OR=8) Cameroon (24, OR=9) Morocco (28, OR=11) Colombia (17, OR=13) Nigeria (11, OR=new) Bolivia (43, OR=new)	Spain (5, OR=6) Russia (19, OR=7) Ireland (14, OR=10) Romania (7, OR=12) Netherlands (2, OR=14) Bulgaria (29, OR=15)	South Korea (37, OR=16) Sweden (10, OR=17) Greece (31, OR=new) Norway (6, OR=new) Switzerland (12, OR=new) Saudi Arabia (34, OR=new)

The draw took place at the Las Vegas Convention Center and was televised live on 19 December 1993 on ESPN in the United States & Eurosport in all Europe.^[31]

Ahead of the draw, the FIFA Organising Committee had decided to allocate the top-seeded first group position A1 for the United States as the hosts, C1 for defending champions Germany, and E1 for the Italian team who had requested to play most of their group matches at the Giants Stadium in New York. The three other top seeded teams would be located at the first position of either group B/D/F, with the decision largely depending on the identity of the other drawn group members for the seeded teams. Therefore, this last decision would only be made by a secret vote made by the FIFA Organising Committee a few minutes after all teams had been drawn for all groups, and the decision would only be announced as the last step of the televised draw event. To make this procedure possible, the six drawn groups would during the draw be given the colours green, orange, white, black, pink and blue; and the closing remarks at the event would then reveal the group letters represented by the colours. The six groups from A to F would play their group matches in the following nine cities:^[32]

Group A and B are playing in Detroit, San Francisco and Los Angeles.
Group C and D are playing in Chicago, Dallas and Boston.
Group E and F are playing in New York, Washington DC, and Orlando.

Procedure for the draw:^[33]

Pot 1 was used to draw the six top-seeded teams into the first position of the six groups designated by the colours green, orange, white, black, pink and blue. Group letters behind each colour would only be decided by a following secret FIFA Organising Committee vote, and only be revealed after the draw had been completed. Although the committee had already predetermined ahead of the draw that: the United States should play in group A, Germany should play in group C, and Italy should play in group E.^[32]
Pot 2 was used to draw one team to each of the six coloured groups, with the draw conducted in the colour order from left to right (green, orange, white, black, pink, blue); while this order however at the same time had to respect the following restricted geographical rules:
- Rule 1: First two drawn non South American teams shall irrespectively of the colour order, first be drawn into the two groups led by a South American team, in order to avoid the possibility for these groups later to be drawn by a second South American team.
- Rule 2: First drawn South American team or one of the last two African teams shall irrespectively of the colour order, first be drawn into the group led by the CONCACAF team, the United States, in order to avoid the possibility for this group later to be drawn by the second CONCACAF team Mexico.
- Rule 3: One of the two South American teams or one of the last two African teams shall irrespectively of the colour order, first be drawn into the first available open group being led by a European team, in order to avoid the meeting of two South American teams in the same group.
- Rule 4: Mexico can not be drawn together with the United States as they are both CONCACAF teams, so Mexico will be grouped with the first still open available group being led by a European or South American team, as per the colour order.
Pot 3 was used to draw one European team to each of the six coloured groups, with the draw conducted in the colour order from left to right (green, orange, white, black, pink, blue).
Pot 4 was used to draw one European/Asian team to each of six coloured groups, with the draw conducted in the colour order from left to right (green, orange, white, black, pink, blue). However, in order to respect the geographical rule that five of the groups shall have two European teams - and the rule that three European teams is only allowed in one group, the colour order will be skipped subject to these allocation rules:
- Rule 1: All drawn Asian (AFC) teams would not be drawn into any of the three groups led by a top-seeded CONCACAF/CONMEBOL team (United States/Brazil/Argentina), but would instead only be allowed to join a group being led by a top-seeded European team.
- Rule 2: All drawn European (UEFA) teams, shall first be drawn into the three groups led by a top-seeded CONCACAF/CONMEBOL team (United States/Brazil/Argentina), until the point of time when only European team(s) remain to be drawn from the last pot 4.
The exact group position number for the teams (2, 3 or 4) in each coloured group, were also drawn immediately from six special group bowls, after each respective team had been drawn from pot 2, 3 and 4.
Group letters behind each colour (green, orange, white, black, pink and blue) would finally be decided by a final secret FIFA Organising Committee vote, being announced as the last part of the televised event.

The draw was officiated by FIFA general-secretary Sepp Blatter. Teams were drawn by German legend Franz Beckenbauer, heavyweight boxing champion Evander Holyfield and comedian and actor Robin Williams. Numbers for placement in the group were drawn by actor Beau Bridges, Women's World Cup champion Michelle Akers, model Carol Alt, artist Peter Max, racecar driver Mario Andretti and Olympic gold medalist in gymnastics Mary Lou Retton.^[34]^[35]^[33]

Results of the draw

Group A (blue)	Group B (orange)	Group C (green)	Group D (white)	Group E (pink)	Group F (black)
United States (23, OR=18) Switzerland (12, OR=new) Colombia (17, OR=13) Romania (7, OR=12)	Brazil (3, OR=4) Russia (19, OR=7) Cameroon (24, OR=9) Sweden (10, OR=17)	Germany (1, OR=1) Bolivia (43, OR=new) Spain (5, OR=6) South Korea (37, OR=16)	Argentina (8, OR=2) Greece (31, OR=new) Nigeria (11, OR=new) Bulgaria (29, OR=15)	Italy (4, OR=3) Ireland (14, OR=10) Norway (6, OR=new) Mexico (16, OR=8)	Belgium (27, OR=5) Morocco (28, OR=11) Netherlands (2, OR=14) Saudi Arabia (34, OR=new)

In each group, the teams will play three matches, one against each of the other teams. After completion of the group stage, the best two teams of each group as well as the four best ranked third places, will advance to round 16 in the knockout stage. This format was identical with the tournament structure being used in 1986 and 1990. Compared to all previous editions of the World Cup, a victory in the group stage will however now be rewarded with 3 points instead of the previously granted 2 points.

Summary

The format of the competition stayed the same as in the 1990 World Cup: 24 teams qualified, divided into six groups of four. Sixteen teams would qualify for the knockout phase: the six group winners, the six group runners-up, and the four third-placed teams with the best records. This was the last time this format was used, due to the expansion of the finals tournament in 1998 to 32 teams. FIFA introduced three rule changes for this tournament to encourage attacking play: three points awarded for a win in a group stage match instead of two, a relaxed offside rule and a ban on picking up back-passes to goalkeepers. The number of goals increased to 2.73 per game from the record-low of 2.21 in 1990.^[36]

The tournament saw the end of Diego Maradona's World Cup career, having played in the 1982, 1986, and 1990 World Cups, and leading Argentina to the 1986 World Cup title and the final of the 1990 World Cup. Maradona was expelled from the tournament after he failed a drug test that uncovered ephedrine, a weight-loss drug, in his blood. Colombia, despite high expectations due to their style and impressive qualifying campaign, failed to advance from the round robin. The team was dogged by influence from betting syndicates and drug cartels, with coach Francisco Maturana receiving death threats over squad selection.^[37]^[38] After scoring an own goal for the United States and effectively eliminating Colombia from the competition, defender Andrés Escobar was shot to death outside a bar in a Medellín suburb 10 days later.^[39]

Lothar Matthäus scoring a penalty kick in Germany's quarter-final against Bulgaria at Giants Stadium on 10 July. Bulgaria came back to win the game.

On the field, Bulgaria was one of the biggest surprises of the tournament. The Bulgarians had never won a game in five previous World Cup finals but, led by Hristo Stoichkov who eventually shared the tournament lead in scoring, they made a surprising^{[to whom?]} run; Bulgaria won two of their three group games to qualify for the second round, where they advanced with a 3–1 penalty shoot-out win over Mexico. Bulgaria then faced the reigning world champions, Germany, in the quarter-finals, where goals from Stoichkov and Yordan Letchkov gave them a 2–1 victory. Bulgaria went on to finish in fourth place after losing to Italy and Sweden, in the semi-finals and third-place game, respectively.

The host nation United States, after a 23rd-place finish in the 1990 tournament, advanced to the second round as one of the best third-place teams. They were eliminated in the Round of 16 in a 1–0 defeat to Brazil on Independence Day.

Brazil's win over the hosts helped take them to the final against Italy. Brazil's path was relatively smooth as they never trailed over 270 minutes of the knockout stage, defeating the Netherlands in the quarter-finals and Sweden in the semis after the aforementioned win over the hosts. The Italians meanwhile had made hard work of reaching the final. During the group stage, Italy struggled and narrowly advanced to the next round, despite losing 1–0 to the Republic of Ireland. Italian playmaker Roberto Baggio, who as the reigning FIFA World Player of the Year and Ballon D'Or holder, was expected^{[by whom?]} to be one of the stars of the tournament,^{[citation needed]} had not yet scored a goal. During the Round of 16 games against Nigeria, Italy was trailing 1–0 in the dying minutes when Baggio scored the tying goal, forcing the game into extra time. He scored again with a penalty kick to send Italy through. Baggio carried the Italians from there, scoring the game-winning goal in the quarter-final against Spain, and both goals in Italy's semi-final victory over Bulgaria.^[40]

The third-place playoff was set between Bulgaria and Sweden, the team which scored more goals than any other in this World Cup with 15 over seven matches. These teams had also previously met in the qualifying group. Sweden won, 4–0. Swedish forward Tomas Brolin was named to the All-star team.^[41]

The final game at the Rose Bowl was tense but devoid of scoring chances. It was the second time in 24 years that the two nations had met in a final. After 120 goalless minutes, the World Cup was decided for the first time by a penalty shoot-out. After four rounds, Brazil led 3–2, and Baggio, playing injured, had to score to keep Italy's hopes alive.^[40] He missed by shooting it over the crossbar, and the Brazilians were crowned champions for the fourth time.^[42] After the game ended, then-Vice-president Al Gore hosted the awarding ceremony by handing Brazilian captain Dunga the prestigious trophy; the Brazil national team dedicated the title to the deceased Formula One motor racing champion and countryman Ayrton Senna, who had died two and a half months prior.^{[citation needed]}

The tournament's Golden Boot went jointly to Bulgaria's Stoichkov and Oleg Salenko of Russia, the latter becoming the first player to score five goals in a game, coming in a 6–1 victory against Cameroon. Both players scored six goals in the tournament. Brazilian striker Romário, with five goals, won the Golden Ball as the tournament's best player.^[42]

Despite the controversy, the U.S. staged a hugely successful tournament, with an average attendance of nearly 70,000, surpassing the 1966 FIFA World Cup average attendance of 51,000, thanks to the large seating capacities of the stadiums in the United States in comparison to the generally smaller venues of Europe and Latin America. To this day, the total attendance for the final tournament of nearly 3.6 million remains the highest in World Cup history, despite the expansion of the competition from 24 to 32 teams at the 1998 World Cup in France.^[4]

Opening ceremony

The opening ceremony of the World Cup was held on 17 June at Chicago's Soldier Field. The ceremony was emceed by Oprah Winfrey, who fell off the dais in introducing Diana Ross, who gave a musical performance. Ross was also supposed to kick a soccer ball into the goal from the penalty spot at the beginning of her performance, with the goal then splitting in two as part of a pre-orchestrated stunt. She kicked the ball wide to the left, missing the goal, but the goalposts collapsed anyway in accordance with the stunt plans. In addition, Daryl Hall and Jon Secada also gave musical performances.^[43] It was officially opened by then-President Bill Clinton.^[44]

Group stage

Times are Eastern Daylight Time (UTC−4) (East Rutherford, Foxborough, Orlando, Pontiac and Washington), Central Daylight Time (UTC−5) (Chicago and Dallas), and Pacific Daylight Time (UTC−7) (Pasadena and Stanford).

In the following tables:

Pld = total games played
W = total games won
D = total games drawn (tied)
L = total games lost
GF = total goals scored (goals for)
GA = total goals conceded (goals against)
GD = goal difference (GF−GA)
Pts = total points accumulated

Group A

The Group A game between the United States and Switzerland was the first to take place indoors, played under the roof at the Pontiac Silverdome.

Following the tournament, Colombian defender Andrés Escobar was shot dead on his return to Colombia, after his own goal had contributed to his country's elimination.

Victories against Colombia and the United States (in front of a crowd of 93,869) were enough to see Romania through as group winners, despite a 4–1 hammering by Switzerland in between. The magnitude of that victory allowed Switzerland to move ahead of the United States on goal difference, although the hosts qualified for the second round as one of the best third-placed teams.

Switzerland's 4–1 victory over Romania came nearly 40 years to the date of Switzerland's last World Cup victory, also a 4–1 victory, on that occasion over Italy. The United States' 2–1 victory over Colombia was its first World Cup victory since 29 June 1950, when it upset England 1–0 in the 1950 World Cup.

Pos	Team v t e	Pld	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	Pts	Qualification
1	Romania	3	2	0	1	5	5	0	6	Advance to knockout stage
2	Switzerland	3	1	1	1	5	4	+1	4
3	United States (H)	3	1	1	1	3	3	0	4
4	Colombia	3	1	0	2	4	5	−1	3

Source: FIFA
(H) Hosts

June 18, 1994

11:30 EDT (UTC-4)

United States	1–1	Switzerland
Wynalda 44'	Report	Bregy 39'

Pontiac Silverdome, Pontiac

Attendance: 73,425

Referee: Francisco Oscar Lamolina (Argentina)

June 18, 1994

16:30 PDT (UTC-7)

Colombia	1–3	Romania
Valencia 43'	Report	Răducioiu 15', 89' Hagi 34'

Rose Bowl, Pasadena

Attendance: 91,856

Referee: Jamal Al Sharif (Syria)

June 22, 1994

16:00 EDT (UTC-4)

Romania	1–4	Switzerland
Hagi 35'	Report	Sutter 16' Chapuisat 52' Knup 65', 72'

Pontiac Silverdome, Pontiac

Attendance: 61,428

Referee: Neji Jouini (Tunisia)

June 22, 1994

16:30 PDT (UTC-7)

United States	2–1	Colombia
Escobar 35' (o.g.) Stewart 52'	Report	Valencia 90'

Rose Bowl, Pasadena

Attendance: 93,869

Referee: Fabio Baldas (Italy)

June 26, 1994

13:00 PDT (UTC-7)

Switzerland	0–2	Colombia
	Report	Gaviria 44' Lozano 90'

Stanford Stadium, Stanford

Attendance: 83,401

Referee: Peter Mikkelsen (Denmark)

June 26, 1994

13:00 PDT (UTC-7)

United States	0–1	Romania
	Report	Petrescu 18'

Rose Bowl, Pasadena

Attendance: 93,869

Referee: Mario van der Ende (Netherlands)

Group B

Group B produced two of the four semi-finalists of this World Cup — Brazil and Sweden — and was also one of the two groups in which only two, rather than three, sides progressed to the second round. The match between the two eliminated teams, Cameroon and Russia, broke two World Cup records. Oleg Salenko of Russia became the first – and remains the only^{[citation needed]} – man to score five goals in a single World Cup game as Russia won 6–1. The goals also ensured that Salenko finished the tournament joint-top scorer with six goals, having previously bagged one against Sweden. Cameroon left a mark too as Roger Milla, at the age of 42, became the oldest World Cup goalscorer of all time, as he grabbed his side's consolation goal in the game. The result was not enough to take Russia through following losses to Brazil and Sweden. Brazil beat Cameroon, and then confirmed the top spot with a draw to Sweden.

The Swedes also progressed, finishing in second place with five points. Sweden's 3–1 victory over Russia was the nation's first World Cup victory since 3 July 1974. Russia failed to progress to the second round for the second time, while Cameroon failed to repeat their surprise performance from the previous tournament.^[45]

Pos	Team v t e	Pld	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	Pts	Qualification
1	Brazil	3	2	1	0	6	1	+5	7	Advance to knockout stage
2	Sweden	3	1	2	0	6	4	+2	5	Advance to knockout stage
3	Russia	3	1	0	2	7	6	+1	3
4	Cameroon	3	0	1	2	3	11	−8	1

Source: FIFA

June 19, 1994

16:30 PDT (UTC–7)

Cameroon	2–2	Sweden
Embé 31' Omam-Biyik 47'	Report	Ljung 8' Dahlin 75'

Rose Bowl, Pasadena

Attendance: 93,194

Referee: Alberto Tejada Noriega (Peru)

June 20, 1994

13:00 PDT (UTC–7)

Brazil	2–0	Russia
Romário 26' Raí 52' (pen.)	Report

Stanford Stadium, Stanford

Attendance: 81,061

Referee: Lim Kee Chong (Mauritius)

June 24, 1994

13:00 PDT (UTC–7)

Brazil	3–0	Cameroon
Romário 39' Márcio Santos 66' Bebeto 73'	Report

Stanford Stadium, Stanford

Attendance: 83,401

Referee: Arturo Brizio Carter (Mexico)

June 24, 1994

19:30 EDT (UTC–4)

Sweden	3–1	Russia
Brolin 39' (pen.) Dahlin 60', 82'	Report	Salenko 4' (pen.)

Pontiac Silverdome, Pontiac

Attendance: 71,528

Referee: Joël Quiniou (France)

June 28, 1994

13:00 PDT (UTC–7)

Russia	6–1	Cameroon
Salenko 15', 41', 44' (pen.), 72', 75' Radchenko 81'	Report	Milla 46'

Stanford Stadium, Stanford

Attendance: 74,914

Referee: Jamal Al Sharif (Syria)

June 28, 1994

16:00 EDT (UTC–4)

Brazil	1–1	Sweden
Romário 47'	Report	K. Andersson 23'

Pontiac Silverdome, Pontiac

Attendance: 77,217

Referee: Sándor Puhl (Hungary)

Group C

As was the case with Group B, Group C would only send two teams into the Round of 16 as Spain and defending champions Germany progressed to round two. Coming from two goals down with four minutes left to snatch a 2–2 draw against Spain, the South Koreans very nearly eclipsed that feat against Germany when they came from 3–0 down to lose narrowly 3–2. In spite of these comebacks, South Korea was held to a 0–0 draw against Bolivia in their other group game when a win would have seen them through. Spain's late implosion against the South Koreans effectively decided that it would be Germany who won the group and not them.

Germany, who defeated Bolivia 1–0 in the tournament's opening game, finished with seven points. Spain had to settle for second place despite leading in all three games.

Despite Bolivia finishing last in the group, Erwin Sanchez made team history after scoring the nation's first World Cup goal in a 3–1 loss to Spain. Prior to 1994, Bolivia had never scored in either of their previous appearances at the 1930 and 1950 World Cups.

Pos	Team v t e	Pld	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	Pts	Qualification
1	Germany	3	2	1	0	5	3	+2	7	Advance to knockout stage
2	Spain	3	1	2	0	6	4	+2	5	Advance to knockout stage
3	South Korea	3	0	2	1	4	5	−1	2
4	Bolivia	3	0	1	2	1	4	−3	1

Source: FIFA

June 17, 1994

14:00 CDT

Germany	1–0	Bolivia
Klinsmann 61'	Report

Soldier Field, Chicago

Attendance: 63,117

Referee: Arturo Brizio Carter (Mexico)

June 17, 1994

18:30 CDT

Spain	2–2	South Korea
Salinas 51' Goikoetxea 55'	Report	Hong Myung-bo 85' Seo Jung-won 90'

Cotton Bowl, Dallas

Attendance: 56,247

Referee: Peter Mikkelsen (Denmark)

June 21, 1994

15:00 CDT

Germany	1–1	Spain
Klinsmann 48'	Report	Goikoetxea 14'

Soldier Field, Chicago

Attendance: 63,113

Referee: Filippi Cavani (Uruguay)

June 23, 1994

19:30 EDT

South Korea	0–0	Bolivia
	Report

Foxboro Stadium, Foxborough

Attendance: 54,453

Referee: Leslie Mottram (Scotland)

June 27, 1994

15:00 CDT

Bolivia	1–3	Spain
E. Sánchez 67'	Report	Guardiola 19' (pen.) Caminero 66', 70'

Soldier Field, Chicago

Attendance: 63,089

Referee: Rodrigo Badilla (Costa Rica)

June 27, 1994

15:00 CDT

Germany	3–2	South Korea
Klinsmann 12', 37' Riedle 20'	Report	Hwang Sun-hong 52' Hong Myung-bo 63'

Cotton Bowl, Dallas

Attendance: 63,998

Referee: Joël Quiniou (France)

Group D

File:Caniggia gol vs nigeria.jpg

Claudio Caniggia scoring for the second goal, Argentina 2 v 1 Nigeria at Foxboro Stadium

Tournament favourites Argentina led by Diego Maradona collected a maximum of six points from their opening two games after dominating Greece 4–0 in Foxboro with a Gabriel Batistuta hattrick before winning a close match against a formidable Nigeria with a 2–1 victory on the same field four days later; despite this Argentina finished third in the group. Nigeria had been very impressive on their World Cup debut, and despite the narrow loss to Argentina, had emerged as group winners following victories against Bulgaria and Greece, the latter in which Nigeria doubled its lead late on a goal from Daniel Amokachi – a goal that would allow Nigeria to top its group. Maradona only played with Argentina during their first two games, both in Foxborough (playing Greece and Nigeria and scoring his last ever World Cup goal against the former); he was thrown out of the tournament after testing positive for ephedrine.

Having qualified for the tournament through a last-gasp goal against France, Bulgaria surprised many people, as the nation had never even won a game at the World Cup finals prior to this tournament. Despite losing its opening game 3–0 to Nigeria, Bulgaria came back in style with a 4–0 win over Greece (who had suffered exactly the same fate five days earlier against Argentina), and a 2–0 win against Argentina saw them advance. Argentina had actually been winning the group going into injury time, while Bulgaria played the last 25 minutes with 10 men; however, a 91st-minute header from Nasko Sirakov meant that Argentina dropped two places and finished third. Nigeria won the group on goal difference. Bulgaria's victory over Argentina earned them second place.

Pos	Team v t e	Pld	W	L	GF	GA	GD	Pts	Qualification
1	Nigeria	3	2	1	6	2	+4	6	Advance to knockout stage
2	Bulgaria	3	2	1	6	3	+3	6
3	Argentina	3	2	1	6	3	+3	6
4	Greece	3	0	3	0	10	−10	0

Source: FIFA

21 June 1994

12:30 EDT

Argentina	4–0	Greece
Batistuta 2', 44', 90' (pen.) Maradona 60'	Report

Foxboro Stadium, Foxborough

Attendance: 54,456

Referee: Arturo Angeles (United States)

21 June 1994

18:30 CDT

Nigeria	3–0	Bulgaria
Yekini 21' Amokachi 43' Amunike 55'	Report

Cotton Bowl, Dallas

Attendance: 44,132

Referee: Rodrigo Badilla (Costa Rica)

25 June 1994

16:00 EDT

Argentina	2–1	Nigeria
Caniggia 21', 28'	Report	Siasia 8'

Foxboro Stadium, Foxborough

Attendance: 54,453

Referee: Bo Karlsson (Sweden)

26 June 1994

11:30 CDT

Bulgaria	4–0	Greece
Stoichkov 5' (pen.), 55' (pen.) Letchkov 65' Borimirov 90'	Report

Soldier Field, Chicago

Attendance: 63,160

Referee: Ali Bujsaim (United Arab Emirates)

30 June 1994

18:30 CDT

Argentina	0–2	Bulgaria
	Report	Stoichkov 61' Sirakov 90+3'

Cotton Bowl, Dallas

Attendance: 63,998

Referee: Neji Jouini (Tunisia)

30 June 1994

19:30 EDT

Greece	0–2	Nigeria
	Report	George 45+2' Amokachi 90+5'

Foxboro Stadium, Foxborough

Attendance: 53,001

Referee: Leslie Mottram (Scotland)

Group E

Italy and Norway getting ready to play at Giants Stadium

Group E remains the only group in World Cup history in which all four teams finished with the same points and same goal difference. It began at Giants Stadium where Ray Houghton's chip ensured a shock Irish victory over the then-three-time champions Italy by 1–0, as well as gaining a measure of revenge for the previous World Cup, in which Italy both hosted and eliminated Ireland at the quarter-final stage. The next day in Washington, Norway played its first World Cup game since 1938 and Kjetil Rekdal's goal five minutes from time proved decisive in an equally tense encounter as Norway beat Mexico.

In the second round of group play, Luis García's double had Mexico 2–0 up and in control of the game before a disagreement on the touchline resulted in fines for both Republic of Ireland's manager, Jack Charlton, and their striker John Aldridge. Aldridge was able to regain concentration in time to score six minutes from the end of the game to make it 2–1. Despite their loss, Aldridge's goal proved crucial to Ireland in the final group standings.

During the previous day at Giants Stadium in New Jersey, Italy's World Cup hopes seemed to be diminishing fast as goalkeeper Gianluca Pagliuca was sent off with the game still at 0–0. Yet despite this, Italy was still able to salvage an important 1–0 victory. Norway would ultimately pay a price for their inability to take advantage of Pagliuca's dismissal. With the four teams level on points, the final two group games would each have to finish as draws for things to stay that way. Republic of Ireland made it through after a dreary 0–0 draw with Norway; midfielders Massaro and Bernal traded strikes as Italy and Mexico played to a 1–1 draw.

Those results meant that Mexico won the group on goals scored, with three in the group. With Ireland and Italy also progressing having finished with identical records, the Irish team qualified as second place as a result of their victory against the Italians. Norway's shortcomings in attack ultimately let them down, and they exited the tournament with only one goal.

Pos	Team v t e	Pld	W	D	L	GF	GA	Pts	Qualification
1	Mexico	3	1	1	1	3	3	4	Advance to knockout stage
2	Republic of Ireland	3	1	1	1	2	2	4
3	Italy	3	1	1	1	2	2	4
4	Norway	3	1	1	1	1	1	4

Source: FIFA

June 18, 1994

16:00 EDT (UTC–4)

Italy	0–1	Republic of Ireland
	Report	Houghton 11'

Giants Stadium, East Rutherford

Attendance: 75,338

Referee: Mario van der Ende (Netherlands)

June 19, 1994

16:00 EDT (UTC–4)

Norway	1–0	Mexico
Rekdal 84'	Report

RFK Stadium, Washington

Attendance: 52,395

Referee: Sándor Puhl (Hungary)

June 23, 1994

16:00 EDT (UTC–4)

Italy	1–0	Norway
D. Baggio 69'	Report

Giants Stadium, East Rutherford

Attendance: 74,624

Referee: Hellmut Krug (Germany)

June 24, 1994

12:30 EDT (UTC–4)

Mexico	2–1	Republic of Ireland
García 42', 65'	Report	Aldridge 84'

Citrus Bowl, Orlando

Attendance: 60,790

Referee: Kurt Röthlisberger (Switzerland)

June 28, 1994

12:30 EDT (UTC–4)

Italy	1–1	Mexico
Massaro 48'	Report	Bernal 57'

RFK Stadium, Washington

Attendance: 52,535

Referee: Francisco Oscar Lamolina (Argentina)

June 28, 1994

12:30 EDT (UTC–4)

Republic of Ireland	0–0	Norway
	Report

Giants Stadium, East Rutherford

Attendance: 72,404

Referee: José Torres Cadena (Colombia)

Group F

Just as happened to Argentina in Group D, Belgium endured the same fate in Group F. Despite winning both of its first two matches 1–0 against Morocco and neighbors Netherlands, Belgium finished third as, in an upset, it lost to tournament newcomers Saudi Arabia 1–0 in the third game. During that game, Saudi player Saaed Al-Owairian ran from his own half through a maze of Belgian players to score the game's only goal.

Saudi Arabia advanced through to the Round of 16 as well, having also defeated Morocco 2–1. The Netherlands endured a somewhat nervier experience. The opening 2–1 victory against Saudi Arabia was followed by the 1–0 loss against Belgium before another 2–1 victory against Morocco, with Bryan Roy scoring the winner a mere 12 minutes from time, saw the Dutch win the group having scored more goals than Belgium and beaten Saudi Arabia. Morocco, despite losing all three of their group games, did not leave without a fight, as each of their losses were by just a single goal, 1–0 to Belgium, 2–1 to Saudi Arabia, and 2–1 to the Netherlands.

Pos	Team v t e	Pld	W	L	GF	GA	GD	Pts	Qualification
1	Netherlands	3	2	1	4	3	+1	6	Advance to knockout stage
2	Saudi Arabia	3	2	1	4	3	+1	6
3	Belgium	3	2	1	2	1	+1	6
4	Morocco	3	0	3	2	5	−3	0

Source: FIFA

June 19, 1994

12:30 EDT

Belgium	1–0	Morocco
Degryse 11'	Report

Citrus Bowl, Orlando

Attendance: 61,219

Referee: José Torres Cadena (Colombia)

June 20, 1994

19:30 EDT

Netherlands	2–1	Saudi Arabia
Jonk 50' Taument 86'	Report	Anwar 18'

RFK Stadium, Washington

Attendance: 50,535

Referee: Manuel Díaz Vega (Spain)

June 25, 1994

12:30 EDT

Belgium	1–0	Netherlands
Albert 65'	Report

Citrus Bowl, Orlando

Attendance: 62,387

Referee: Renato Marsiglia (Brazil)

June 25, 1994

12:30 EDT

Saudi Arabia	2–1	Morocco
Al-Jaber 7' (pen.) Anwar 45'	Report	Chaouch 26'

Giants Stadium, East Rutherford

Attendance: 76,322

Referee: Philip Don (England)

June 29, 1994

12:30 EDT

Belgium	0–1	Saudi Arabia
	Report	Al-Owairan 5'

RFK Stadium, Washington

Attendance: 52,959

Referee: Hellmut Krug (Germany)

June 29, 1994

12:30 EDT

Morocco	1–2	Netherlands
Nader 47'	Report	Bergkamp 43' Roy 77'

Citrus Bowl, Orlando

Attendance: 60,578

Referee: Alberto Tejada Noriega (Peru)

Ranking of third-placed teams

Pos	Grp	Team	Pld	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	Pts	Qualification
1	D	Argentina	3	2	0	1	6	3	+3	6	Advance to knockout stage
2	F	Belgium	3	2	0	1	2	1	+1	6
3	A	United States	3	1	1	1	3	3	0	4
4	E	Italy	3	1	1	1	2	2	0	4
5	B	Russia	3	1	0	2	7	6	+1	3
6	C	South Korea	3	0	2	1	4	5	−1	2

Source: FIFA

Knockout stage

July 3 – Pasadena

Romania

3

July 10 – Stanford

Argentina

2

Romania

2 (4)

July 3 – Dallas

Sweden (p)

2 (5)

Saudi Arabia

1

July 13 – Pasadena

Sweden

3

Sweden

0

July 4 – Orlando

Brazil

1

Netherlands

2

July 9 – Dallas

Republic of Ireland

0

Netherlands

2

July 4 – Stanford

Brazil

3

Brazil

1

July 17 – Pasadena

United States

0

Brazil (p)

0 (3)

July 5 – East Rutherford

Italy

0 (2)

Mexico

1 (1)

July 10 – East Rutherford

Bulgaria (p)

1 (3)

Bulgaria

2

July 2 – Chicago

Germany

1

Germany

3

July 13 – East Rutherford

Belgium

2

Bulgaria

1

July 5 – Foxborough

Italy

2

Third place playoff

Nigeria

1

July 9 – Foxborough

July 16 – Pasadena

Italy (a.e.t.)

2

Italy

2

Sweden

4

July 2 – Washington

Spain

1

Bulgaria

0

Spain

3

Switzerland

0

Round of 16

July 2, 1994