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Robert Kowalski

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For the American medical journalist and author, see Robert E. Kowalski.

Robert Kowalski
Born (1941-05-15) 15 May 1941 (age 83)
Bridgeport, Connecticut, U.S.
NationalityBritish
Alma materUniversity of Chicago (BA)
University of Bridgeport
Stanford University (MSc)
University of Warsaw
University of Edinburgh (PhD)
Known forLogic programming
Prolog
Horn clause
Event calculus
AwardsIJCAI Award for Research Excellence (2011)
Scientific career
FieldsLogic
Computer science
InstitutionsUniversity of Edinburgh
Imperial College London
ThesisStudies in the Completeness and Efficiency of Theorem-Proving by Resolution (1970)
Doctoral advisorBernard Meltzer
Doctoral studentsDavid H. D. Warren
Keith Clark

Robert Anthony Kowalski (born 15 May 1941) is an American-British logician and computer scientist, whose research is concerned with developing both human-oriented models of computing and computational models of human thinking. He has spent most of his career in the United Kingdom.

Education

He was educated at the University of Chicago, University of Bridgeport (BA in mathematics, 1963), Stanford University (MSc in mathematics, 1966), University of Warsaw and the University of Edinburgh (PhD in computer science, 1970).

Career

He was a research fellow at the University of Edinburgh (1970–75) and has been at the Department of Computing, Imperial College London since 1975, attaining a chair in Computational logic in 1982 and becoming Emeritus Professor in 1999.

He began his research in the field of automated theorem proving, developing both SL-resolution[1] with Donald Kuehner and the connection graph proof procedure.[2] He developed SLD resolution and the procedural interpretation of Horn clauses,[3] which underpin the operational semantics of backward reasoning in logic programming. With Maarten van Emden.,[4] he also developed the minimal model and the fixpoint semantics of Horn clauses, which underpin the logical semantics of logic programming.

With Marek Sergot, he developed both the event calculus[5] and the application of logic programming to legal reasoning.[6][7] With Fariba Sadri, he developed an agent model[8][9] in which beliefs are represented by logic programs and goals are represented by integrity constraints.

Kowalski was one of the developers of Abductive Logic Programming, in which logic programs are augmented with integrity constraints and with undefined, abducible predicates.[10][11] This work led to the demonstration with Phan Minh Dung and Francesca Toni that most logics for default reasoning can be regarded as special cases of assumption-based argumentation.[12][13]

In his 1979 book, Logic for Problem Solving,[14] Kowalski argues that logical inference provides a simple and powerful model of problem solving that can be used by both humans and computers. In his 2011 book, Computational Logic and Human Thinking - How to be Artificially Intelligent,[15] he argues that the use of computational logic can help ordinary people to improve their natural language communication skills, and that in combination with decision theory it can be used to improve their practical problem solving abilities.

More recently in joint work with Fariba Sadri, he has developed the logic and computer language LPS,[16] (Logic Production Systems), which integrates much of his previous work on computational logic.

Honours and awards

Kowalski was elected a Fellow of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence in 1991, of the European Co-ordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligence in 1999, and the Association for Computing Machinery in 2001. In 2011, he received the IJCAI Award for Research Excellence, “for his contributions to logic for knowledge representation and problem solving, including his pioneering work on automated theorem proving and logic programming”.[17] In 2012, he received the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Award for Eminent Scientists for 2012–2014.[18] In 2021, he received the Inaugural CodeX Prize for his work with Fariba Sadri and Marek Sergot "in acknowledgment of their groundbreaking work on the application of logic programming to the formalization and analysis of the British Nationality Act. The authors’ seminal article, “The British Nationality Act as a Logic Program,” published in 1986 in the Communications of the ACM journal, is one of the first and best-known works in computational law, and one of the most widely cited papers in the field."[19]

Books

  • Logic for Problem Solving, North Holland, Elsevier, 1979.
  • Computational Logic and Human Thinking: How to be Artificially Intelligent, Cambridge University Press, 2011.

See also

References

  1. ^ Kowalski, R. and Kuehner, D., "Linear Resolution with Selection Function", in Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 2, 1971, pp. 227–260. Reprinted in Anthology of Automated Theorem-Proving Papers, Vol. 2, Springer-Verlag, 1983, pp. 542–577.
  2. ^ Kowalski, R., "A Proof Procedure Using Connection Graphs", in Journal of the ACM Vol. 22, No. 4, 1975, pp. 572–595.
  3. ^ Kowalski, R., "Predicate Logic as Programming Language", in Proceedings IFIP Congress, Stockholm, North Holland Publishing Co., 1974, pp. 569–574. Reprinted in Computers for Artificial Intelligence Applications, (eds. Wah, B. and Li, G.-J.), IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Angeles, 1986, pp. 68–73.
  4. ^ van Emden, M. and Kowalski, R., "The Semantics of Predicate Logic as a Programming Language", in Journal of the ACM, Vol. 23, No. 4, 1976, pp. 733–742.
  5. ^ Kowalski, R. and Sergot, M., "A Logic-based Calculus of Events", in New Generation Computing, Vol. 4, No. 1, February 1986, pp. 67–95. Also in Knowledge Base Management-Systems, (eds. C. Thanos and J. W. Schmidt), Springer-Verlag, pp. 23–51. Also in The Language of Time: A Reader (eds. Inderjeet Mani, J. Pustejovsky, and R. Gaizauskas). Oxford University Press, 2005.
  6. ^ Sergot, M., Sadri, F., Kowalski, R., Kriwaczek, F., Hammond, P., and Cory, T., "The British Nationality Act as a Logic Program", in Communications of the ACM, Vol. 29, No. 5, 1986, pp. 370–386.
  7. ^ Kowalski, R., "Legislation as Logic Programs", in Logic Programming in Action (eds. G. Comyn, N. E. Fuchs, M. J. Ratcliffe), Springer-Verlag, 1992, pp. 203–230.
  8. ^ Kowalski, R., "Using Metalogic to Reconcile Reactive with Rational Agents". In Meta-Logics and Logic Programming (K. Apt and F. Turini, eds.), MIT Press, 1995.
  9. ^ Kowalski, R. and Sadri, F., "From Logic Programming towards Multi-agent Systems", Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, Volume 25 (1999), pp. 391–419.
  10. ^ Eshghi, K.,and Kowalski, R., "Abduction through deduction". Department of Computing, Imperial College, 1988.
  11. ^ Kakas, T., Kowalski, K. and Toni, F., "Abductive Logic Programming". Journal of Logic and Computation, 1992, Vol. 2 No. 6, pp. 719–770.
  12. ^ Bondarenko, A., Dung, P. M., Kowalski, R., and Toni, F. " An Abstract Argumentation-theoretic Approach to Default Reasoning". Journal of Artificial Intelligence, 93(1–2), 1997, pp 63–101.
  13. ^ Dung, P. M., Kowalski, R., and Toni, F. "Dialectic proof procedures for assumption-based, admissible argumentation". Journal of Artificial Intelligence, 170(2), February 2006, pp. 114–159.
  14. ^ Kowalski, R.A., 1979. [1] Logic for Problem Solving, Elsevier, North Holland.
  15. ^ Kowalski, R.A., 2011. [2] Computational Logic and Human Thinking - How to be Artificially Intelligent, Cambridge University Press.
  16. ^ "LPS | Logic Production Systems".
  17. ^ "Book review: Computational Logic and Human Thinking: How to be Artificially Intelligent – Association for Logic Programming".
  18. ^ "JSPS awards for eminent scientists". www.jsps.go.jp.
  19. ^ "New CodeX Prize Awarded to Computational Law Pioneers During 9th Annual CodeX FutureLaw Conference". Stanford Law School. 8 April 2021.
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