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Not to be confused with Burkina Faso.

A woman wearing a burkini while swimming in the waves.
Part of a series on
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A burkini (or burqini; portmanteau of burqa and bikini, though qualifying as neither of these garments) is a style of swimsuit for women. The suit covers the whole body except the face, the hands and the feet, while being light enough for swimming. This type of swimwear was designed with the intention of creating swimwear for Muslims who observe hijab in this way. The amount of skin covered is about the same as the person wearing a wetsuit and a swimming cap.[1]

The burkini was originally designed in Australia by Aheda Zanetti.[2] Zanetti's company Ahiida owns the trademarks to the words burkini and burqini, but they are sometimes used as generic terms for similar forms of swimwear.[3]

In 2016, a number of French municipalities banned the wearing of burkinis, which sparked international controversy and accusations of Islamophobia. The resulting publicity caused a significant increase in sales, especially sales to non-Muslims and to survivors of skin cancer. Before then, Zanetti's company had sold about 700,000 burkinis worldwide.[2]

Creation of the burkini

A burkini displayed on a mannequin in a museum at the Chemical Heritage Foundation. The exhibit highlights the use of polyester and spandex to create elastic clothing.

The burkini is not a traditional item of clothing. It was originally designed by Aheda Zanetti, a Muslim Australian. Zanetti has indicated that several experiences influenced her creation of the burkini. One was watching her niece play netball, wearing traditional Muslim clothing, including a headscarf. Zanetti recognized that there was a lack of sportswear for Muslim girls and women that would meet the needs of both modesty and physical activity, so she designed some culturally appropriate activewear clothing. Without clothing that they considered appropriate, women in the Muslim community were uncomfortable going to public pools and beaches.[4] Cultural restrictions on physical activity have been shown to have serious health implications for Muslim women.[5][6][7] Zanetti began to think about how to design Muslim-friendly sportswear.[4]

The creation of the burkini was also a response to the 2005 Cronulla riots in Sydney, Australia. On 4 December 2005, a small number of volunteer surf lifesavers were involved in an altercation with some young men of Middle Eastern descent. A verbal exchange escalated, resulting in a pushing match that became a fight. One of the lifeguards was badly hurt after falling and striking his head.[8] The following weekend, a racially incited mob of thousands of white Australians gathered and rioted at North Cronulla beach. Following the riots, Surf Life Saving Australia began an initiative to promote diversity and acceptance on Sydney's beaches by recruiting Muslim lifeguards.[9][10] Muslim women were uncomfortable with the available swimwear. By 2007, Zanetti had designed a uniform to be worn by female Muslim lifeguards: a special yellow and red two-piece swimsuit that covered the head and body.[11][4][10][2][12]

Description

Further information: Hijab

Zanetti's Sydney-based company Ahiida owns the trademarks to the words burqini and burkini, but the words have become generic terms for similar forms of modesty swimwear.[3] This type of suit covers the whole body except the face, the hands and the feet, whilst being light enough to enable swimming.[13]

Generally, a pair of straight-legged pants and a long-sleeved tunic tie together so that the tunic will not float up when the swimmer is in the water. A hood, or in some cases a hood and a swim cap, accommodate the wearer's hair and cover the neck, fitting closely around the face.[11] The hood may or may not be attached to the tunic.[14] The suit resembles a full-length wetsuit with a built-in hood, but is somewhat looser.[15] The suits are made of SPF50+ fabric, generally using a finely knit polyester swimsuit fabric rather than the heavier neoprene used for wetsuits.[11]

Depending on the manufacturer and model, a suit can consist of two to four pieces. Aheda Zanetti's original burkini consisted of two pieces: pants and a tunic with an attached hood. It was made from 100 percent polyester.[14] Ahiida now markets three types of burkini (modest fit, slim fit, and active fit) in a variety of colors. The active fit style is more snug than the others and uses a polyester-spandex blend fabric which is coated with Teflon to decrease water resistance.[11]

Other styles of "Islamic" swimwear include the brands Veilkini and MyCozzie.[16] The MyCozzie brand, based in Dubai but designed by Australian Jenny Nicholson, was not designed solely for Islamic women. The basic suit consists of two pieces, and has an optional hood. The material contains both lycra and polyester.[14][17] In 2009, Zanetti criticized the MyCozzie suit, claiming that its use of lycra could make it heavier and that the optional hood could be unsafe, claims which Nicholson disputed.[14] The Veilkini brand offers skirted two piece suits in multiple styles, made of a spandex and polyester mix.[18]

Other companies that make body-covering suits include Splashgear (California), Acquagym (Brazil), Haşema (Turkey), Nike, and Speedo. Suits such as the Nike "Swift Suit" may be more body-hugging, designed to maximize hydrodynamics, rather than address issues of modesty.[11]

In addition to modesty, full-body swimsuits offer protection from the sun, and in some cases, enhanced athletic performance. They satisfy real needs for populations that include both Muslim and non-Muslim women.[11]: 26 

Modest dress

Further information: Types of hijab

The design of the burkini is intended to be in accord with the (hijab).[11] However, what constitutes proper attire for women is a matter of debate in Islamic tradition, and differs by country and community. Some moderate Muslims accept the burqini as meeting a commonly applied standard that requires a woman to cover all parts of her body except her hands and face (including covering her hair) when in mixed company.[11]: 28 

Others are concerned that stretchy or clinging fabric reveals the outline of the body.[19] More restrictive Muslims may also advocate that the head covering be long enough to cover the breasts, or that a skirt cover the hips. For similar reasons, pants are sometimes considered overly revealing. Hanafi scholars such as those at Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt, reject full-body swimsuits as allowable wear in mixed company.[11]: 29–30 

An even stricter standard requires covering of the face except for the eyes (niqab).[11]: 30  The most restrictive standard of dress involves covering the entire body with a burqa or chadaree which includes a screen over the face and eyes.[11]: 30  The burqa, which is not a swimsuit, provides much more cover than the burkini, although the two are sometimes confused by non-Muslims due to the similarity in names. The issue of women's dress is very much an issue of gendered gaze. In single-sex pools, where men are not allowed, the degree of women's cover is not considered a problem.[11]: 30 

"Muslim women are not the only women (or men) who would like some latitude, please, in their choices of swim (and other) attire. Not all people like to share the shape or sight of their body with others, particularly strangers."[11]: 28 

"I received my new burqini today... It may seem like such a small thing to some, but I had to fight back the tears today when I tried it on... finally, I can be Muslim and still do all the things I love, comfortably."[11]: 25 

As noted by professor of Dress Studies and Fashion Design Heather Marie Akou, arguments about the burkini (and other forms of female dress) are not just about a garment, but also about the symbolism, assumptions, and political implications projected onto it.[11]: 26  Discussions of feminism, immigration, and secularism bring forth widely differing views of the burqini and other modesty swimwear. The burqini can be seen as a personal clothing choice, an indicator of women's subjugation, an enabler of women's increased physical freedom, or a militant and fundamentalist religious symbol that challenges a secularist state.[11]: 31–34 

Users

Woman wearing a burkini while playing beach handball, where uniforms typically are bikini or similar adapted sports wear.

In 2016, Zanetti estimated that 40% of her customer base has been non-Muslim. She stated: "We've sold to Jews, Hindus, Christians, Mormons, women with various body issues. We've had men asking for them, too."[10]

Notable non-Muslim wearers have included Nigella Lawson, who wore a burkini in Australia in 2011, not out of religious observance, but to protect her skin.[20] When introduced at Marks & Spencer stores in Britain in March 2016, burkinis sold out.[21]

For modesty

The burkini has also found popularity in Israel, both among Orthodox Jews and among Muslims, and is called either burkini or simply "modest swimwear".[22]

To avoid sun exposure

The burkini has also been adopted by cancer survivors and others who are at high risk of skin cancer.[23][1] Like other types of sun protective clothing, people who wear burkinis may reduce their risk of skin cancer.[24]

In Asia, where light-colored complexions are fashionable, the burkini is used by women who want to be outside without tanning.[25] They may pair it with a facekini to avoid having a darker-skinned face. It has also been worn by celebrities to avoid sunburns or UV-induced skin damage, which can lead to premature skin aging.[25]

By country

France

In August 2009, a woman in France was prevented from swimming in a public pool wearing a burkini, amidst ongoing controversy about Muslim dress. The action was justified by reference to a law that forbids swimming in street clothes.[26] The controversy over the burkini in France may also be seen as reflecting broadly held French attitudes about religious expression in public. French law emphasizes the importance of creating a "religiously neutral arena" in which people are expected to appear similar, as well as being treated equally. In this, France differs significantly from countries such as the United States which emphasizes religious expression.[11]: 33 

In August 2016, the mayor of Cannes banned the swimsuits, citing a possible link to Islamic extremism.[27] At least 20 other French towns, including Nice, subsequently joined the ban.[28][29] Following this, dozens of women were issued fines, with some tickets citing not wearing "an outfit respecting good morals and secularism"; furthermore, some women were verbally attacked by bystanders when they were confronted by the police.[29][30][31][32] Enforcement of the ban also hit beachgoers wearing a wide range of modest attire besides the burkini.[29][32] The media reported that in one case, armed police forced a woman to remove the burkini she was wearing over her clothes on a beach in Nice.[30][31][32] The mayor of Nice's office denied that she was forced to do so, and the mayor condemned what he called the "unacceptable provocation" of wearing such clothes in the aftermath of the Nice terrorist attack.[29][32] As of August 2016, the ban enacted by the commune of Villeneuve-Loubet has been suspended by France's highest administrative court, setting a potential precedent for further legal challenges.[33]

Reactions

The ban was supported by a number of French politicians, including the socialist prime minister Manuel Valls, who said: "The burkini is not a new range of swimwear, a fashion. It is the expression of a political project, a counter-society, based notably on the enslavement of women."[34] Some commentators in France criticized the bans, and reports of Muslim women being stopped by police for wearing headscarves and long-sleeved clothes on beaches caused outrage among members of the French Socialist Party and rights groups.[32] A poll showed that 64% of the French public supported the bans, while another 30% were indifferent.[35]

The bans and their enforcement prompted criticism and ridicule abroad, particularly in English-speaking countries.[29][36][37] A New York Times editorial called French politicians' "paternalistic pronouncements on the republic's duty to save Muslim women from enslavement" bigotry and hypocritical.[38] Liberal British Muslim activist Maajid Nawaz offered a critique of both the swimsuit and its ban: "Burkini is sad symbol of Islam today going backwards on gender issues. Banning it is sad symbol of liberalism today going backwards in reply."[39] Other Muslim commentators, particularly Muslim women, have argued that the burkini gives women who do not wish to expose their body for religious or other reasons the freedom to enjoy the beach.[36][40][41][42]

Human Rights Watch also criticized the ban, stating that it "actually amounts to banning women from the beach, in the middle of the summer, just because they wish to cover their bodies in public. It's almost a form of collective punishment against Muslim women for the actions of others."[43]

Some drew parallels between the burkini ban and the French ban of the Catholic soutane some 111 years earlier after the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State.[44]

Germany

In December 2018, the municipality of Koblenz, citing hygiene concerns, voted to ban the burkini in public swimming pools in 2018, with CDU, AfD and Freie Wähler councillors forming a majority for the decision.[45]

Protests were held against the decision gathering some 70 individuals from Central Council of Muslims in Germany, Social Democratic Party of Germany and Alliance 90/The Greens.[46] In June 2019, German courts overruled and lifted the ban citing violations to the German constitution's call for equality.[47]

In June 2018, a school in western Germany created controversy after it was found handing out burkinis to students who otherwise refused to attend swim classes.[48] Some argued that the school is sending a misogynistic message, including Julia Klöckner, a member of Angela Merkel's Christian Democratic party, who said the school creates a "misogynistic understanding in a place where children and teenagers are supposed to learn the opposite."[49] Others, including Franziska Giffey, the German minister of family affairs, support the school's decision saying, "the most important thing is the well-being of the children, and that means that all learn to swim."[48] The school has stated that burkinis were paid for by private donations.[49]

Morocco

In 2014 some private pools in Morocco's tourist hotspots prohibited the wearing of burkinis, citing "hygiene reasons", which also sparked political controversy.[50]

Switzerland

In December 2017, the Swiss city of Geneva passed a law requiring swimmers to wear swimsuits that do not go lower than the knee and keep the swimmer's arms bare.[51] The city passed the law under hygiene concerns with a vote of 41 to 30 in favor of redefining the definition of swimwear.[51] The definition sparked controversies among some, including Sami Kanaan, the city's socialist administrative advisor, who called the rule a "denial of an open, multicultural and liberal Geneva".[52] The rule is an extension of one passed in September which only authorized swimmers to wear "any clothing that is specifically used for swimming".[53] The September ruling was a result of young people swimming in public pools in "streetwear", raising questions about hygiene.[51]

Quebec

After the ban in 2016 France, some politicians in Quebec called for a same ban.[54][55][56]

See also

References

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  2. ^ a b c Taylor, Adam (19 August 2016). "The surprising Australian origin story of the burkini". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  3. ^ a b "Has burqini become a generic trademark?". genericides.org. 7 September 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Zanetti, Aheda (24 August 2016). "I created the burkini to give women freedom, not to take it away". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  5. ^ Kaaki, Lisa (17 June 2010). "Yasmin Altwaijri: Mother, wife and scientist". Arab News. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  6. ^ "Project Principle Investigators". Saudi National Health and Stress Survey. Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  7. ^ Zafar, Rahilla (24 December 2014). "Yasmin Altwaijri: A Saudi Scientist Tackles Mental Health and Obesity". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  8. ^ "Burkini Altercation" (PDF). abc.net.au. Retrieved 18 December 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ Farrell, Paul (8 December 2015). "How Cronulla's summer of simmering tension boiled over into race riots". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  10. ^ a b c Adam Taylor (24 August 2016). "7 uncomfortable facts about France's burkini controversy". Washington Post.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Akou, Heather Marie (18 November 2013). "A Brief History of the Burqini". Dress. 39 (1): 25–35. doi:10.1179/0361211213Z.0000000009. S2CID 218667980.
  12. ^ "Why do some people find the burkini offensive?", BBC, 20 August 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  13. ^ Taylor, Adam (17 August 2006). "The surprising Australian origin story of the 'burkini'". Washington Post.
  14. ^ a b c d Chandab, Taghred (30 August 2009). "Itsy bitsy teeny weeny burqini design battle". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
  15. ^ Taylor, Rob (17 January 2007). "Not so teenie burqini brings beach shift". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  16. ^ Ali Khan, Ujala (2 June 2014). "Desi girl: Most desis don't swim but they do love to be by the seaside". The National. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  17. ^ Belleza, Irish Eden (31 August 2009). "Filling void in modest swimwear". Gulf News General.
  18. ^ "Veilkini". Veilkini.com. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  19. ^ Fitzpatrick, Laura (19 July 2007). "The New Swimsuit Issue". Splashgear. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  20. ^ Jones, Lucy (19 April 2011). "Nigella Lawson's burkini: can you blame her? by Lucy Jones at telegraph.co.uk/". Blogs.telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  21. ^ Rodionova, Zlata (23 August 2016). "Marks & Spencer burkini collection sells out". The Independent. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  22. ^ "אופנת בגדי הים החדשה במגזר החרדי (In Hebrew)". Haaretz. 11 August 2012.
  23. ^ "France's Burkini Ban Backfires: Non-Muslim Women Suit Up". The Hollywood Reporter. 24 August 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  24. ^ "'Burkini' could save lives through skin cancer protection - China.org.cn". www.china.org.cn. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  25. ^ a b Khan, Aina (1 July 2019). "Fan of Modest Swimwear? These are the Brands That You Need to Know About". Vogue Arabia. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  26. ^ "French pool bans 'burkini' swim". 12 August 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  27. ^ "Cannes bans burkinis over suspected link to radical Islamism". BBC News. 12 August 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  28. ^ "Nice joins growing list of French towns to ban burqini". The Local.fr. 19 August 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
  29. ^ a b c d e ALISSA J. RUBIN (24 August 2016). "French 'Burkini' Bans Provoke Backlash as Armed Police Confront Beachgoers". The New York Times.
  30. ^ a b Harry Cockburn (24 August 2016). "Burkini ban: Armed police force woman to remove her clothing on Nice beach". The Independent.
  31. ^ a b Ben Quinn (23 August 2016). "French police make woman remove clothing on Nice beach following burkini ban". The Guardian.
  32. ^ a b c d e Angelique Chrisafis (24 August 2016). "French burkini ban row escalates after clothing incident at Nice beach". The Guardian.
  33. ^ "France burkini: Highest court suspends ban". BBC. 26 August 2016.
  34. ^ Kroet, Cynthia (17 August 2016). "Manuel Valls: Burkini "not compatible" with French values". Politico Europe.
  35. ^ "France 'burkini ban': Court to rule on beach fines". BBC. 25 August 2016.
  36. ^ a b "Critics say France's ban on beach burkinis absurd, illogical, raises questions over French way of integration". AFP/The Straits Times. 20 August 2016.
  37. ^ "Burkini bans cause ripples in France, consternation abroad". AFP/Bangkok Post. 18 August 2016.
  38. ^ Editorial Board (18 August 2016). "France's Burkini Bigotry". The New York Times.
  39. ^ "maajid nawaz on Twitter". Archived from the original on 30 November 2020.
  40. ^ "'It's about freedom': Ban boosts burkini sales 'by 200%'". BBC. 24 August 2016.
  41. ^ Ritu Upadhyay (24 August 2016). "French burkini ban puzzles, upsets Muslim fashion designers". Los Angeles Times.
  42. ^ "Cannes "burkini" ban: What do Muslim women think?". BBC. 13 August 2016.
  43. ^ Jeannerod, Bénédicte (25 August 2016). "France's Shameful and Absurd Burkini Ban". Human Rights Watch.
  44. ^ Chassany, Anne-Sylvaine (15 September 2016). "France: Islam and the secular state". Financial Times. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  45. ^ "Burkini-Verbot in Koblenzer Bädern: Beschluss stößt auf Kritik". www.rhein-zeitung.de (in German). 17 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
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  47. ^ "German court lifts city's ban on burkini swimsuits". New York Post. 14 June 2019.
  48. ^ a b "Germany burkinis: Minister says garments should be allowed in schools". BBC News. 25 June 2018.
  49. ^ a b "German politicians row over use of burkinis in school swimming lessons". The Telegraph. 25 June 2018.
  50. ^ "No Burkinis! Morocco hotels ban 'halal' suit". Al Arabiya News. 26 August 2014.
  51. ^ a b c "Geneva Bans Burkini and Topless Bathing in City's Swimming Pools". The Local. 7 December 2017.
  52. ^ "Burkini ban: Geneva says women must bare arms and legs". Independent. 11 December 2017.
  53. ^ "Burkini ban: Geneva says women must bare arms and legs". MSN News. 11 December 2017.
  54. ^ "Legault shrugs off Trump comparison over burkini and values test".
  55. ^ "A Burkini Ban Won't be Coming to Quebec".
  56. ^ "MNAs want to ban the burkini". 18 August 2016.
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