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This article is about the British slang word for a scientist. For other uses, see Boffin (disambiguation).

Boffin is a British slang term for a scientist, engineer, or other person engaged in technical or scientific research and development. A "boffin" was viewed by some in the regular services as odd, quirky or peculiar, though quite bright and essential to helping in the war effort through having and developing the key ideas leading to transformative military capabilities.[1][2]

Origins

Civil

Illustration of Nicodemus Boffin from the Dickens novel Our Mutual Friend, a possible source of the term

The origins and etymology of boffin are obscure. A link to the mathematician and evolutionary theorist Buffon has been proposed.[3] Alternatively, linguist Eric Partridge proposed the term derived from Nicodemus Boffin, the good-hearted 'golden dustman' character who appears in the novel Our Mutual Friend (1864/5) by Charles Dickens, described there as a "very odd-looking old fellow indeed". In the novel, Mr Boffin pursues a late-life education, employing Silas Wegg to teach him to read.[4]

William Morris also has a man called Boffin, based on Charles Dickens and said to be a variant of 'Biffin', meet the newly arrived time traveller in his novel News from Nowhere (1890). Dickens had referred to a 'Miss Biffins', an artist with only vestigial arms and legs, in Martin Chuzzlewit (1843). Thus at this time a 'Boffin' is a good-hearted person who has suffered from 'hard times', been ill-regarded, taken an opportunity to better themselves and done well, demonstrating remarkable social mobility. Possibly ill-favoured in appearance, possibly artistic.

In 1894 Augustine Birrell invented a fictional character – Rev. Boffin B.A. – to epitomize those who bothered fellow Liberal politician Sir Frank Lockwood with seeming trifles. Sir Frank turned the joke on Birrell by writing letters to the papers and critical of him as if from Boffin, later published a popular book of cartoons on the affair and was only then identified as the author, as described in Birrell's humorous biography of Sir Frank.[5][6]

J. R. R. Tolkien also had a police sergeant called Boffin in his children's tale Mr. Bliss (written around 1932, published 1982), but he is said to have derived the name from an Oxford family of bakers and confectioners rather than Dickens (as confirmed by his daughter Priscilla Tolkien). He later used Boffin as a surname for a family in The Hobbit (1937). This family provides the main heroes, who meet Dicken's mould and are also small, like Sarah Biffen.

Military

The Oxford English Dictionary[7] quotes use in The Times in September 1945 based on a Ministry of Aircraft Production press release:[8]

1945 Times 15 Sept. 5/4 A band of scientific men who performed their wartime wonders at Malvern and apparently called themselves "the boffins".

Malvern was home to both TRE and RRDE, who were later merged into RRE. It developed RADAR in support of all the services. The then superintendent of TRE, A.P. Rowe used the term 'boffin' to refer to earlier R.A.F. usage[9] and by 1942 an RAF training film (School for Secrets) cited 'boffin' as armed-forces slang for an RAF technician or research scientist. Post war, Sir Robert Watson-Watt, the British radar pioneer, cited Robert Hanbury Brown, who had been at RAF Bawdsey (later part of TRE), as the prototypical boffin, noting: "It is quite wrong to use the word ‘boffin’ simply to describe a scientist or technician; a boffin is essentially a middleman, a bridge between two worlds ...".[1]

Sir Robert cites Air Vice-Marshal G. P. Chamberlain, who played a vital part in the use of radar to defeat night-bombers, as the source of the word.[2] Chamberlain himself claimed that 'A Puffin, a bird with a mournful cry, got crossed with a Baffin,[10] a mercifully obsolete Fleet Air Arm aircraft. Their offspring was a Boffin, a bird of astonishingly queer appearance, bursting with weird and sometimes inopportune ideas, but possessed of staggering inventiveness, analytical powers and persistence. Its ideas, like its eggs, were conical and unbreakable. You push the unwanted ones away, and they just roll back.'".[11][12] A naval origin is supported by reports of an anti-submarine trial by HM Signal School April 1, 1941 based on equipment from TRE.[13] Eric Partridge, in his dictionary of slang, noted that the word had been used in the Royal Navy as "an unkind term for any officer over forty", but this usage seems to have been overshadowed by that referred to by the OED, above.

Of its etymology Sir Robert himself wrote: “I am not quite sure about the true origins of this name of Boffin. ... I am sure it has nothing at all to do with that first literary “Back Room Boy,” the claustrophiliac Colonel Boffin, who as you remember never overtly emerged from his back room, although his voice was clearly audible from it. It is the very essence of the Boffin that he should emerge frequently and almost aggressively from the Back Room to which, however, he must return on his missions of interpretation and inspiration.” [2]

The origin of the term appears to be Naval, rather than Air, but its main usage seems to have originated with Naval officers working with civilian radar 'boffins' and quickly adapted by other servicemen and boffins themselves.

A key innovation at TRE was Rowe's 'Sunday Soviets'.[14][15] These reflected the lessons identified from the Great War as reflected in the Haldane principle,[16] but adapted to suit the operational challenges. They allowed the boffins both to contribute more, and to be more recognized.[17]

Usage

World War II

World War II was regarded by many as a 'Wizard War'.[18] [19] War-time and immediate post-war reference to scientists was particularly associated with radar, either Malvern or Farnborough.[6][8] Alternatively, Lindemann noted that Mervyn O'Gorman had inaugurated the use of scientific methods in aeronautical development at the Royal Aircraft Factory at Farnborough, developing a cadre of 'leaders and explorers' who have retrospectively been termed 'boffins'.[20][11] Some "have been careful to differentiate between the true boffin and the 'nark', who was a member of the scientific staff of the Experimental Flying Section at Farnborough.'[11][12] Similarly, the Secretary of State for War cites the contribution of an operational analyst to the U-boat war in 1943.[21]”

The radar pioneer Robert Watson-Watt[22] provided the following definition: "The Boffin is a researcher, of high scientific competence, who has learned that a device of great technical elegance, capable of a remarkable performance in the hands of a picked crew, is not necessarily a good weapon of war. He (sic) is the instrument for building into the design provisions which depend on close analysis of the vehicle in which the device is to operate, the field conditions in which it is to operate and above all things, the competence of those who are to operate, maintain, and repair it. He alone can save us from the danger of engendering electronic dinosaurs; he alone can provide on the one hand the knowledge on which the machine can be measured to the man and on the other, the knowledge on which can be based the selection, training, and (this is important) the inspiration of the normal human beings on whom its successful use, in the end, must rest. He must have an understanding and an appreciation of these normal human beings. He can reach these only through having their confidence. He is a middleman, but he is a middleman who can effect enormous economies and enormous increases in efficiencies. He is a rare bird, but he should be free to flit over the whole field of defense science, its origins, and its applications." He also noted that “It is a term of respect, and admiration, but particularly a term of affection—an affection which is expressed, as is the English way, in a slightly outside-in, jocular way so that the affection and admiration may not be regarded as too demonstrative.”

Thus a Boffin seems the type of person described by Isaac Newton (1642–1726/7), who, in his advice to the Admiralty, made an important distinction when he said that 'if, instead of sending observations of seamen to able mathematicians on land, the land would be able to send able mathematicians to sea, it would signify much more to the improvement of navigation and the safety of men's lives and estates on that element.'

Watson-Watt stated that 'the bill of the boffin has two separate functions. One is to poke into other people's business and the other is to puncture 'the more highly coloured and ornate eggs of the "Lesser Back Room Bird", which are quite inappropriate to the military scene.' Henry Tizard has also been regarded as the prototypical boffin.[11]

According to the Daily Herald, "backroom boys known throughout the services of the United Nations [were known] as `Boffins`. [It] should be considered a badge of honour."[23]

Cold War

In 1952 the Secretary of State for War noted the need to develop 'Colonel Boffins' at Shrivenham (1952).[24] [25] Notably, Richard Vincent acquired the nickname 'the boffin' after working at Malvern (1960–62) as a Gunnery Staff Captain and, via RMCS Shrivenham, rose to become Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom).[26]

In the 12 January 1953 issue of Life magazine, a short article on Malcolm Compston depicted him testing "the Admiralty's new plastic survival suit" in the Arctic Ocean; the article, entitled "Cold Bath for a Boffin", defines the term for its American audience as "civilian scientist working with the British Navy" and notes that his potentially life-saving work demonstrates "why the term 'boffin', which first began as a sailor's expression of joking contempt, has become instead one of affectionate admiration".[27] By 1956 the US Navy apparently regarded boffins as too influential.[28]

By 1962 Boffins were characterised as 'the man (sic) who could understand the viewpoint of the Services, who worked with them, and who frequently shared their dangers'[11] and R V Jones, wartime head of scientific intelligence, was referred to as a boffin.[29][30] By the late 60s the term was sometimes being used to include all scientists who had worked at Malvern, irrespective of how closely they worked with the services, even 'backroom' staff.[31]

Boffin continued, in the immediate postwar period, to carry some of its wartime connotation, as a modern-day wizard who labours in secret to create incomprehensible devices of great power. For example, the comics of the period depicted them as developing imaginative machines.[32] However, their more nuanced wartime role was not reflected in popular culture, such as the 1951 Festival of Britain [33] and the term was used in the UK parliament (1953) to refer to boffins as either narrow academics[34] or the catalyst for growth.[35]

The image of the technical hero was popularised by Nevil Shute's novel No Highway (1948), Paul Brickhill's non-fiction book The Dambusters (1951) and Shute's autobiography Slide Rule (1954). The Dambusters film (1954) also featured boffins as heroes, as did stand-alone films such as The Man in the White Suit (1951) and The Sound Barrier (1952).[citation needed]

John Wyndham's novel The Kraken Wakes (1953) includes a song called "The Boffin's Lament" or "The Lay of the Baffled Boffin", with Naval Boffins. By 1958 sound engineers such as Shute and Frank Cordell were being referred to as ‘Pop Boffins’. [36][37] More recently, the term 'boffin' has been used to cover all of Churchill's war-winning Wizards, including atomic scientists, aeronautical engineers and the scientists of the Department of Miscellaneous Weapons Development (including Shute).[38] By the late 60s the term boffins was being used for any research scientists who were making a difference.[39][40] Alan Turing has been described as a 'boffin' both for his cryptanalytic wizardry and his backroom work on computers, as have some 'Pop' architects.[36] [41] [42]

However, while the main characters in the semi-autobiographical films The Small Back Room (1948) and No Highway in the Sky (1948) came good in the end, many scientists were presented as figures of fun, including those working with computers, in bomb disposal and on aircraft. Moreover the films (unlike the books) used the term 'Boffin' to apply to any Back-Room Boy, with unfortunate connotations. By 1959 a biography refers to 'muzzle-headed boffins in cob-webby small backrooms'.[43][44]

Moreover between 1968 and 1972 a series of English language primers portraying a 'mad professor', reinforced by a British TV children's comedy Bright's Boffins (1970–72), became the stereotype for children's literature.[45][46][47] [48] By the 1980s boffins were relegated, in UK popular culture, to semi-comic supporting characters such as Q, the fussy armourer-inventor in the James Bond films, and the term itself gradually took on a negative connotation within society at large.[49] [50] Thus, by the late 1990s, while the need for 'high-calibre' research staff with 'intimate knowledge' of users and their potential needs was well recognized by potential employers, the term 'boffin' was no longer used in its original sense, lest it conjure up images of 'mad scientists'.[51] [52] [53] [54]

This negative view changed after 2003, with Backroom Boys: The Secret Return of the British Boffin, but without making the original distinction between 'back-room boys' and boffins.[55] By 2009 a popular history noted how enthusiastic 'home-taught boffins' and academics contributed to both world wars, and came to have 'key positions in directing the war effort'[56] and a nostalgic popular book[32] to accompany the Science Museum's 'Dan Dare and the Birth of High-Tech Britain' Exhibition described the optimism as the war-time boffins turned their attention to turning Britain into 'a place of ingenious, and beautifully crafted home-spun technology and design', until thwarted by the consumerist policies of Harold Macmillan. Norman Foster is cited as carrying forward the spirit of the boffin.[36]

More recently, the association with Malvern has become more recognized, following the destruction of the site.

Wartime Contribution

On VJ Day the Daily Herald reported: ”This is `Boffins Day` because for the first time it is permissible to tell something of the war saga of the backroom boys known throughout the services of the United Nations as `Boffins`. It is a dramatic and romantic story of a battle of wits, brains and inventive genius between the scientists of the United Nations and those of the enemy and the United Nations Team won hands down. … Theirs was the best kept secret of the war they were conducting what had been aptly described as the very heart of the United Nations war effort.”[23]

Demise of the 'True' Boffin

The war was a time during which many industries were "partly rationalized and taken under Whitehall control", notably aircraft production under Lord Beaverbrook. This "was one small example of the kind of jump in efficiency Britain failed to show before the war, and would fail to show again soon afterwards. ... This was a mobilized country: but it was a mobilized country of craftsmen and small traders."[56] The contribution of boffins also fitted this pattern: with the end of the war many, including Rowe, left Malvern and working conditions gradually changed to become part of the emerging 'military-industrial complex', with more focus on scientists and technologists being contractors rather than advisers.[14][15] By 1959 boffins had become under-appreciated, under-valued and under-used, to the extent that the post-war vision of an integrated approach to the development and use of the sciences was never fully realized.[33] By the mid 1980s, following 'dramatic' changes to working arrangements, Boffins in the sense of Watson-Watt and Rowe had largely either adapted or moved on, and this trend continued until by 1995, with the formation of DERA, it was widely thought that the UK 'research' institutions were no longer suitable homes for 'true' boffins.[57][58][59][60][61] There is now a broader recognition by government scientists and academics that the controversial Rothschild report of 1971 led to a lack of appreciation of the need for science-based policy advice.[61]

References

  1. ^ a b Hanbury Brown, Robert (1991). Boffin: a personal story of the early days of radar, radio astronomy and quantum optics. Adam Hilger. Bibcode:1991bpse.book.....H.
  2. ^ a b c Watson Watt, Sir Robert Alexander (1957). Three steps to victory: A personal account by Radar's greatest pioneer. Odham's Press. pp. 201/2.
  3. ^ Ross, Sidney (1991). Nineteenth-Century Attitudes: Men of Science. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 32. ISBN 0-7923-1308-9. With so much in doubt about the source of the term, its derivation from Huxley's set of Buffon on board H.M.S. Rattlesnake [1846-1850] has a better claim to be true than many another conjecture.
  4. ^ Dickens, Charles (2008). Our Mutual Friend. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-19-953625-2.
  5. ^ Birrell, Augustine (1898). Sir Frank Lockwood : a biographical sketch. London: Smith Elder & Co.
  6. ^ a b "The Never Never Boffin". The Children's Newspaper. No. 1382. The Amalgamated Press. 15 September 1945. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  7. ^ "boffin, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (Second 1989; online version September 2011 ed.). September 2011 [1989]. First published in A Supplement to the OED I, 1972.
  8. ^ a b "How the 'boffins' fought for Britain" (Press release). Ministry of Aircraft Production. 13 August 1945. The King and Queen honoured the 'boffins' - as the MAP radar scientists have become universally known to the Services ... .
  9. ^ Rowe, A.P. (1948). One story of radar. Cambridge University Press. pp. vii. I was fortunate in having considerable dealings in 1938–40 with the 'Boffins' (as the Royal Air Force affectionately dubbed the scientists).
  10. ^ In service 1934-1941.
  11. ^ a b c d e Ronald W. Clark, The Rise of the Boffins, Phoenix House, 1962
  12. ^ a b Chris Roberts, Heavy Words Lightly Thrown: The Reason Behind Rhyme, Thorndike Press, 2006 (ISBN 0-7862-8517-6)
  13. ^ Howse, Derek (1993). Radar at Sea: The Royal Navy in World War. Macmillan Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-349-13062-7. [We] played cards waiting for the weather to deteriorate. At last it did & both 'boffins' were so sick that they could only just make it to the set. … [They] turned over to me all the drawings of circuits and layout etc., & wished me luck … They couldn't get away quick enough! [Sub-Lieutenant Orton, RNVR].
  14. ^ a b Bud, Robert; Gummett, Philip. Introduction: Don't you know there's a war on?. pp. 6–17, 25, 26. In Bud & Gummett (1999)
  15. ^ a b Agar, John; Hughes, Nigel. Open Systems in a Closed World: Ground and Airborne Radar in the UK, 1945-90. pp. 219–223. In Bud & Gummett (1999)
  16. ^ The Viscount Haldane of Gloan (Chairman); E.S. Montagu; Sir Robert L. Morant; Sir George H. Murray; Colonel Sir Alan Sykes; J.H. Thomas; Mrs Sidney Webb (1918). Report of the Machinery of Government Committee (PDF) (Report). HMSO. Retrieved 4 November 2020. It appears to us that adequate provision has not been made in the past for the organised acquisition of facts and information; and for the systematic application of thought, as preliminary to the settlement of policy and its subsequent administration. ... There are well-known spheres of action in which the principle has been adopted of placing the business of enquiry and thinking in the hands of persons definitely charged with it, whose duty is to study the future, and work out plans and advise those responsible for policy or engaged in actual administration. The reason of the separation of work has been the proved impracticability of devoting the necessary time to thinking out organisation and preparation for action in the mere interstices of the time required for the transaction of business. ... . [The] principle ought by no means to be limited in its application to military and naval affairs
  17. ^ Llewellyn, A.I. "A.P.Rowe and his 'Sunday Soviets'". Centre for The History of Defence Electronics. Bournemouth University, Oral History Unit. Retrieved 4 November 2020. Whilst at Worth in 1940, he conceived the idea of inviting senior military personnel to visit TRE on Sundays to meet with the rest of the research engineers and scientists working in the team. These gatherings were very informal and even the most junior staff were encouraged to contribute their ideas. If an idea was put forward that had merit, it could be adopted there and then because all the main decision-makers would be there. Such informality (and trust) at such a powerful level was unprecedented. A great sense of purpose was thus built up between the researchers and the military decision-makers
  18. ^ Callan, Paul (24 April 2010). "Winston Churchill's wartime wizards". Express. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  19. ^ Langworth, Richard (4 June 2020). "Did Winston Churchill Invent the Term "Wizard War"?". I can find no instance of WSC using the word in his published works, except in 1949 as Dr. Ferreiro mentions. However, "Wizard War" was a common expression, at least postwar.
  20. ^ The Earl of Birkenhead, The Prof in Two Worlds: The Official Life of F.A. Lindemann, Viscount Cherwell, Collins, 1961
  21. ^ Noel-Baker, Philip (17 March 1947). "Air Estimates, 1947-48". Hansard. 435. [The] new idea of planned flying and planned service [due to] a "boffin," Dr Cecil Gordon, of the University of Aberdeen, [who used to work] on the ambiguous task of breeding flies.
  22. ^ Sir Robert Watson-Watt, The Natural History of the Boffin, Proceedings of the Institute of Radar Engineers, 1953, page 1699
  23. ^ a b Bray, Charles (15 August 1945). "Radar "Eyes" Saved Britain". Daily Herald. p. 1. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  24. ^ Head, Antony (10 March 1952). "Army Estimates, 1952-53 ..." Hansard. 497. Retrieved 25 August 2020. David Low could very well bury "Colonel Blimp" and ... I suggest "Colonel Boffin" because the Army is becoming very technical.
  25. ^ The Earl of Selkirk. "The Army Estimates". Hansard. 182. it is hoped to bring about a contact between the regimental officer and the "boffin
  26. ^ "Field Marshal Lord Vincent obituary", 13 September 2018, The Times
  27. ^ "Cold Bath for a Boffin". Life (volume 34, no. 2). Time Inc. 12 January 1953. p. 96. ISSN 0024-3019. Retrieved 19 December 2012. {{cite book}}: |magazine= ignored (help)
  28. ^ "Defence Expenditure". Hansard. 551. 20 April 1956. United States Navy ... has coined the term "de-boffinisation" apparently with the object of ensuring that its personnel do not become too involved in technical problems.
  29. ^ Ireland, Edward (8 October 1962). "Wolverhampton was saved by an unknown boffin". Express and Star (Wolverhampton).
  30. ^ Goodchild, James Martinson (March 2013). "R.V. Jones and the Birth of Scientific Intelligence". Thesis. University of Exeter. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  31. ^ Captain Spencer Freeman CBE, Production under Fire, C J Fallon, 1967
  32. ^ a b Ed. Daniel TatarskyEagle Annual of the Cutaways, Orion Books,2009 ISBN 9781409100140
  33. ^ a b Prof. Jardine, Lisa (2010). "The 2009 C.P. Snow Lecture: C.P. Snow's Two Cultures Revisited" (PDF). Christ's College Magazine (235): 49–57. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2012.
  34. ^ Page, Graham (24 February 1956). "Industry and Commerce (Productivity)". Hansard. 549. Retrieved 25 August 2020. [The] man on the job often thinks of [a better way of doing something] than the backroom boys with their research, the boffins with their theories and the work-study wallahs with their statistics.
  35. ^ Brooman-White (15 July 1953). "Scottish Affairs". Hansard. 517. We should concentrate attention very much on the newest types of industry, the Boffin industries, which may at the moment employ only two or three men with slide rules and a few lady typists, but which are building up a nucleus of design and technical expertese around which the industrial skills of the old areas will regroup in the future as the pattern of industry changes.
  36. ^ a b c Gannon, Todd (2017). Reyner Banham and the Paradoxes of High Tech. Los Angeles: The Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1-60606-530-3.
  37. ^ Computer Orchestra 1968, at Electronic Music Studios
  38. ^ Downing, Taylor (2010). Churchill's War Lab: Code Breakers, Boffins and Innovators: the Mavericks. Hachette UK. ISBN 978-0748117536. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  39. ^ Longbottom, Charles. "Atmospheric Pollution, Stockton". Hansard. 699. Retrieved 27 December 2020. I only hope that a "boffin" will come across the answer to this problem sometime ... .
  40. ^ Mapp (22 January 1968). "Transport Debate". Hansard. 757. The basic study of new passenger trains now going on at Derby, of trains of 100 tons moving at speeds of 150 m.p.h. ... with all the boffin work done by railway headquarters.
  41. ^ Andrew Hodges (24 January 2002). "Alan Turing — a Cambridge Scientific Mind". In Harman, Peter (ed.). Cambridge Scientific Minds. ISBN 978-0521781008. the backroom-boffin proposed an electronic computer design in 1946
  42. ^ Macnab, Geoffrey (4 November 2014). "Benedict Cumberbatch as Alan Turing in The Imitation Game: Why scientists make tricky leading men". Independent. Retrieved 17 December 2020. Boffins made an immense contribution to the Allied victory. That didn't mean they were either popular or respected by the public at large.
  43. ^ Lampe, David (1959). Pyke:the unknown genius. London: Evans Brothers. p. 95.
  44. ^ As reflected in Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable.
  45. ^ Louis George Alexander (15 February 1932 – 17 June 2002) author of New Concept English and the Direct English Syllabus and Course Structure.
  46. ^ E.g. Alexander, Louis George (1970). Professor Boffin's Umbrella. Longmans. in the Look, Listen and Learn
  47. ^ Francis, Becky (2012). The identities and practices of high-achieving pupils : negotiating achievement and peer cultures. London & New York: Continuum. Retrieved 3 June 2021. being ascribed as a 'boffin' is partly a consequence of failing to effectively navigate this balancing of academic work and peer relations
  48. ^ Terras, Melissa (2018). Picture-Book Professors: Academia and Children's Literature. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 4 June 2021. The academic as baffled failure in children's books reaffirms established tropes, becomes more popular in the latter half of the twentieth century and teaches the next generation to distrust boffins, eggheads and intellectuals.
  49. ^ "Who are you calling a boffin?", 24 September 2010, Jenny Rohn, The Guardian
  50. ^ The Oxford English Dictionary has British colloquial usage: 'an intellectual, an academic, a clever person; an expert in a particular field mavin; especially such a person perceived as lacking practical or social skills.' Cf. egg-head.
  51. ^ Eds. Robert Bud and Philip Gummett, Cold War Hot Science, Harwood, 1999 ISBN 9057024810
  52. ^ Quinn, Jennifer (27 May 2004). "In defence of the boffin". BBC NewsOnline Magazine. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
  53. ^ Frayling, Christopher (9 May 2006). "All Boffins are Bonkers". The Telegraph. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
  54. ^ Harkin, James (19 December 2017). "How bumbling British Boffins became a standing Russian joke". New Scientist. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
  55. ^ Francis Spufford (2003). Backroom Boys: The Secret Return of the British Boffin. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-21497-5.
  56. ^ a b Marr, Andrew (2009). The Making of Modern Britain. London: Pan Macmillan. pp. 171, 269, 355, 381, 418, 419. ISBN 978-1-4472-2054-1.
  57. ^ Handy, Charles (1979). Gods of Management: How they work and why they will fail. Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-25832-X.
  58. ^ Glendinning, Paul (October 2014). "David Broomhead (1950-2014)". Mathematics Today. 50 (5): 224–225. His resignation letter attained a mythical status. ... 'we shall ... become scientific parasites ..'.
  59. ^ Robinson, Stephen. Government Management of Defence Research since the Second World War. pp. 394–410. many scientists scorn the title 'research manager' as a contradiction in terms. In Bud & Gummett (1999)
  60. ^ Burrows, Stephen; Layton, Michael (2018). Top Secret Worcestershire. Warwickshire: Brewin Books. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-85858-581-9. non technological changes such as focused research, a customer-supplier relationship and budgetary pressures and full economic costing/control all began to affect us.
  61. ^ a b Parker, Miles (2 August 2016). "The Rothschild report (1971) and the purpose of government-funded R&D—a personal account". Palgrave Communications. 2 (16053). doi:10.1057/palcomms.2016.53. [It was thought that] However distinguished, intelligent and practical scientists may be, they cannot be so well qualified to decide what the needs of the nation are, and their priorities, as those responsible for ensuring that those needs are met. [This was] an attack on the unity of research and the autonomy of researchers and the Haldane Principle.

Further reading

  • Christopher Frayling, Mad, Bad And Dangerous?: The Scientist and the Cinema (2005)
  • George Drower, Boats, Boffins and Bowlines: The Stories of Sailing Inventors and Innovations, The History Press (2011)
  • Alfred Price, Instruments of Darkness: The Struggle for Radar Supremacy, Kimber, London (1967)
  • R. V. Jones, The Wizard War: British Scientific Intelligence, 1939-1945, Coward McCann Geoghegan (1978)
  • Eds. Robert Bud and Philip Gummett, Cold War Hot Science, Harwood (1999) ISBN 9057024810
  • Col. Stuart Macrae, Winston Churchill's Toyshop: The Inside Story of Military Intelligence (Research), Roundwood Press (1971)
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