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Tanks of the Ukrainian Army
A T-84U in 2018
TypeMain battle tank
Place of originUkraine

Tanks of the Ukrainian Army have been utilized within the military, with their usage and origin after the Cold War; and the modern era.[1] This includes leftover Soviet tanks in the Ukrainian Ground Forces today as well as designs imported from other countries and tanks captured in the Russo-Ukrainian War.[2]

History

Prior to the October Revolution of 1917, independent armed forces in Ukraine existed and had had distinct organisation and uniforms in both the First World War and the Second World War. These armed forces, and the independent Ukrainian homeland for which they fought, were eventually incorporated into the neighboring states of Poland, Soviet Union, Hungary, Romania and Czechoslovakia.[3]

Collapse of the USSR

Upon their establishment in 1991, the Armed Forces of Ukraine included approximately 7,000 armored vehicles, 6,500 tanks, and 2,500 tactical nuclear missiles. Following the declaration of Ukrainian independence in 1991, Ukraine inherited the 1st Guards Army, 13th Army, 38th Army, two tank armies (the 6th Guards Tank Army and the 8th Tank Army), and the 32nd Army Corps at Simferopol. The 28th Guards Motor Rifle Division and the 180th Rifle Division were left in Ukraine, having been previously under the 14th Guards Army headquartered at Tiraspol in the Moldovan SSR.[4]

Sources of tanks for Ukrainian ground forces

Ukrainian T-64BM Bulat

In the early 1960's, Ukraine developed and built the T-64 tank which is the most numerous tank Ukraine has today and was manufactured in Kharkiv, and designed by the KhMDB. It was a more advanced counterpart to the T-62 with heavier armor and replaced the smaller-diameter guns on the T-54/55/62 line with a new smoothbore 125-millimeter gun. It also introduced a number of advanced features including composite armour, a compact engine and transmission, and its 125-mm gun was equipped with an autoloader to allow the crew to be reduced to three so the tank could be smaller and lighter. In spite of being armed and armoured like a heavy tank, the T-64 weighed only 38 tonnes (42 short tons; 37 long tons). The 700-horsepower diesel engine with a more compact transmission replaced the bigger but less powerful powertrains on older tank types.

These features made the T-64 expensive to build, significantly more so than previous generations of Soviet tanks. This was especially true of the powerpack, which was time-consuming to build and cost twice as much as more conventional designs. Several proposals were made to improve the T-64 with new engines, but chief designer Alexander Alexandrovich Morozov's political power in Moscow kept the design in production in spite of any concerns about price.[citation needed] The result was a fast, heavily-armed and thickly-armored tank that, on paper, at least matched contemporary Western tanks.

From 1991 the Ukrainian Ground Forces bought its military equipment only from Russia and other CIS states, as well as locally producing some of their own equipment.[5][6] Until 2014 and the start of the war in Donbas, the defence industry in Ukraine produced equipment mostly for export.[7][5]

PT-91 Twardy.

Ukraine received a number of PT91 Twardy in 2022, a Polish main battle tank based on T-72M1 that developed sometime between the late 1980s and early 1990s. These PT91 Twardy had a new digital fire-control system, newly developed ERA and an uprated powerplant and had the Soviet-made Volna fire control system replaced by the Czechoslovak-made Kladivo FCS or by the Polish SKO-1 Mérida, which was originally designed for T-55AM "Merida", and is equipped with a Wola 850-horsepower diesel engine. Besides the new FCS, the Radomka passive night vision devices were installed in the driver's compartment, as was the Liswarta night sight, Obra laser illumination warning system, Tellur anti-laser smoke grenade launchers, solid or modular metal side skirts and the Polish-developed Erawa-1 or Erawa-2 explosive reactive armour was also fitted on the PT91 Twardy. Poland is said to have sent Ukraine some 232 T-72 tanks in its fight against the Russian invasion. [8] [9]

T-64BMs in Eastern Ukraine
Ukrainian T-72 during training, 2018.

On 20 January 2023 the Netherlands offered F-16s[10][11] as well as Leopard 2s.[12] The offers are conditional on mutual agreement by multiple nations; Germany will not block the export of Leopard 2s (by Poland, Finland,[13] Denmark, to Ukraine. Poland has requested approval to export Leopard 2s to Ukraine.[14] On 25 January 2023 the US agreed to send tanks to Ukraine under the auspices of the Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative (USAI) in a $400 million package; 31 M1 Abrams tanks (an entire Ukraine tank battalion),[15] and 8 M88 Recovery Vehicles (for rescuing mired tanks)[16] will not arrive in Ukraine for months.[17][18][19][20][a] Germany has also agreed to send over a dozen Leopard 2s to Ukraine, and will support the donation with ammunition and training in Germany. Germany has agreed to approve the reexport of Leopard 2s from other nations to Ukraine.[24][25][26] The goal is to send 80 Leopard 2s to Ukraine.[27] By 25 January 2023 the list of nations willing to send tanks to Ukraine had grown (France—Leclercs, UK—14 Challenger 2s, US—31 Abrams M1A2,[28] Canada—4 Leopard 2s,[29] Germany— 112 Leopard 2s (eventually 2 battalions (some 88 tanks) plus 14 2A6s immediately),[30] Poland—14 Leopard 2A4s, Finland—14 Leopard 2 A4/A6s, Denmark—6 Leopard 2A5/A7s, Netherlands—18 Leopard 2A6s, Norway—8 Leopard 2A4s, Portugal—4 Leopard 2A6s, and Spain— 20-53 Leopard 2A4s (20 are in good condition, the remainder need repair) respectively).[31][32] On 23 February Finland announced its contribution will include 3 pieces of Leopard 2 mine clearing tanks built in Leopard 2A4 platform.[33]

On 7 February 2023 the European community determined that industrial manufacturers hold 178 Leopard 1 tanks which could be refurbished and provided to Ukraine,[34] with 20-25 Leopard 1A5 tanks available in the upcoming months of 2023. The remainder could be delivered in 2024, assuming that Germany, the Netherlands, and Denmark fund them.[34][b]

So in total, as of January 2023, Western countries have promised to deliver more than 300 tanks to Ukraine, with Leopord2 tanks, Challenger2 and the United States to deliver M1 Abrams.

Russian occupation of Crimea

Main article: Crimean crisis (2014)

In the aftermath of the 2014 Ukrainian Revolution, Russian special forces in unmarked uniforms began surrounding Ukrainian military bases on the Crimean peninsula before capturing them individually using a mixture of attrition and threats.[35] Over the following weeks the Russian Armed Forces consolidated control of the peninsula and established road blocks to cut off the possibility of Ukraine sending reinforcements from the mainland.[36] The takeover of Crimea was largely bloodless, as the Ukrainian soldiers didn't retaliate.[37] By the end of March, all remaining Ukrainian troops were ordered to pull out of Crimea.[38]

Russo-Ukrainian War

War in Donbas (2014–2022)

Main article: War in Donbas (2014–2022)
Russian T-64BV captured by the Ukrainian army after the pro-Russian retreat from Artemivsk. June 27, 2014.

In the early months of the war in Donbas that erupted in 2014 the Armed Forces were widely criticised for their poor equipment and inept leadership, forcing Internal Affairs Ministry forces like the National Guard and the territorial defence battalions to take on the brunt of the fighting in the first months of the war.[39][40]

By February 2018 the Ukrainian armed forces were larger and better equipped, numbering 200,000 active-service military personnel. Most of the volunteer soldiers of the territorial defence battalions were integrated into the official Ukrainian army.[41]

Within the reporting period of 16 November 2017 to 15 February 2018 a United Nations OHCHR monitoring mission documented 115 cases of credible allegations of human rights abuses committed on both sides of the contact line.[42] The nature of the crimes ranges from enforced disappearances, looting of civilian property, torture, rape and sexual violence up to political repression and extrajudicial killings.[42]

Full-scale Russian invasion

Main article: 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Russian tanks in Eastern Ukraine after crossing the Siverskyi Donets with pontoon bridges, April 2022

On 24 February 2022, Russia began a full-scale invasion of Ukraine.[43] The invasion began on 24 February 2022, launched out of Belarus to target Kyiv, and from the northeast against the city of Kharkiv. The southeastern front was conducted as two separate spearheads, from Crimea and the southeast against Luhansk and Donetsk. The Ukrainian tank battle at Chernihiv by the 1st Tank Brigade’s T-64B and T-64BM tanks against the Russian 41st Combined Arms Army with its 20,000 troops and hundreds of T-72 tanks in defense of the city and holding out. was remarkable. On 25 March 2022, the Ukrainians began a counter-offensive in the north which retook several towns to the east and west of Kyiv, including Makariv.[44][45] Russian troops in the Bucha area retreated north at the end of March. Ukrainian forces entered the city on 1 April. The Ground Forces have been participants of most of the land combat actions of the current war.

The counter offensive also spread to Karkiv, and on 13 May 2022, BBC reported that Russian troops in Kharkiv were being retracted and redeployed to other fronts in Ukraine following the advances of Ukrainian troops into surrounding cities and Kharkiv itself, which included the destruction of strategic pontoon bridges built by Russian troops to cross over the Seversky Donets river and previously used for rapid tank deployment in the region.[46]

On 29 August 2022, Ukrainian President Zelenskyy vowed the start of a full-scale counteroffensive in the southeast. He first announced a counteroffensive to retake Russian-occupied territory in the south concentrating on the Kherson-Mykolaiv region, a claim that was corroborated by the Ukrainian parliament as well as Operational Command South.[47][48][49][50][51]

Russian tanks abandoned by the Russian army in the retreat from Izium
Ukranians receive Leopard 2 Tanks, February 2023.

Ukraine in September of 2022 did a fall offensive that retook more than 3,088 sq miles from Russian control with armored forces supported by some of the vehicles from Western countries. It retook the major cities of Izyum and Kupiansk, which were key supply centers for the Russian forces. Ukrainian also formed large armor forces to attack around the Kherson in the south of the country, but the Russians retreated across the river before the main attack. The influx of Western materiel and supplies to the branch before and during the conflict as well as mobilization efforts have resulted in a massive expansion of the Ukrainian forces, in addition to ongoing force modernization. The Ukainian tank forces were a important factor if almost every major sector and its estimated Russian losses have been almost 40 percent of their prewar number of tanks, [52] and had begun to bring in older T-62 tanks out of storage.[53] However, the Ukrainian army have lost half of their most common tank, over 50 percent of their 800 prewar active T-64 tanks, which cant be replaced in contrast to more current t-72's and T-80's. [54]

On 1 August 2022, Russian forces launched massive ground attacks on the city of Bakhmut. Both the Russian Ministry of Defense and pro-Russian Telegram pages claimed that the battle of Bakhmut had begun.[55][56] The following day, Ukraine reported that Russian forces had increased airstrikes and shelling of Bakhmut, beginning a ground attack on the southeastern part of the city.[57] On 4 August, Wagner Group mercenaries managed to break through Ukrainian defenses and reach the eastern outskirts of Bakhmut. However, German-made Leopard 2 tanks were spotted near Bakhmut near the frontline, and it seemed the battle had become a stalemate. They had started to come into Ukraine on February 24, 2023, when Poland handed over the first four out of 14 Leopard 2A4 main battle tanks to the 4th Tank Brigade.[58] Ukraine has also received the British Challenger 2's that were promised along with Marder infantry fighting vehicles from Germany, and US Cougar armored trucks and Stryker armored personnel carriers. [59]

List of Tanks in Ukrainian Army

Tanks

Main battle tanks

Model Image Origin Variant Number Details
T-55  Soviet Union
 Slovenia 		M-55S[60] ~28[60] 28 delivered by Slovenia in October 2022 after a swap deal was agreed with Germany the previous month.[60]
T-62  Soviet Union T-62 obr. 1967[61]
T-62M[61]
T-62MV[61] 		1 (T-62 obr. 1967)
33 (T-62M)
8 (T-62MV) 		All T-62s in Ukraine's current inventory have been captured during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
T-64  Soviet Union
 Ukraine 		T-64A[62] T-64B[62]
T-64BV[62]
T-64BV Zr. 2017[62]
T-64BVK[62]

T-64B1M[62]T-64BM 'Bulat'
T-64BM2 'Bulat' 		578
410
210
100 		578 T-64As and T-64Bs were in storage in 2021 before the war, and would need to be overhauled before returning to service.
T-72  Soviet Union
 Czechoslovakia
 Czech Republic
 Poland
 Bulgaria
 Russia
 Ukraine 		T-72AMT/UA1
T-72B1
T-72AV
T-72M1
T-72M1R
T-72B (refurbished)
Captured:
T-72A[61]
T-72AV[61]
T-72B[61]
T-72B Obr. 1989[61]
T-72BA[61]
T-72B3[61]
T-72B3 Obr. 2016[61]
T-72 Avenger[63] 		130
230+90
~300+[61]
102 (T-72 Avenger) 		500 T-72/T-72As were in storage in 2021 with no plans yet for repairs. As of 3 December 2022, 308 T-72 tanks have been visually confirmed captured, which is the biggest number among all Russian main battle tanks types. Various countries donated T-72s due to the 2022 invasion of Ukraine. Poland delivered more than 260 tanks mainly of T-72M1, T-72M1R and PT-91 Twardy tanks. Czech Republic provided 153 tanks (35 T-72M1 of that supported by German ring deal; 90 of that being T-72 Avenger paid by USA and the Netherlands, portion of which were modernized from T-72B provided by Morocco). North Macedonia donated at least 8 T-72 tanks.[64][65]

Additionaly, 1 T-72 Avenger was crowdfunded by citizens of the Czech Republic in October 2022.[66]

T-80  Soviet Union
 Russia
 Ukraine 		T-80BV
T-80UD
T-80U
Captured:
T-80BV
T-80BVM
T-80U
T-80UE1
T-80UK 		~130
156+ 		According to an advisor to then President Petro Poroshenko in 2015, around 100 T-80BV tanks were to be restored to service.[67]
T-84  Ukraine T-84U 5 Ten T-84Us acquired before 2014, with only five being in active service in 2021.
T-90  Russia T-90A[68]
T-90M
T-90S 		12 (T-90A)
2 (T-90M)
1 (T-90S) 		All T-90 in Ukraine's current inventory have been captured during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
PT-91 Twardy  Poland N/A It was disclosed that Poland is supplying PT-91 tanks in July 2022.[69][70]
Leopard 1  West Germany Germany 1A5 ~88 88 tanks pledged by Germany.[71][72]

187 Leopard 1A5 were pledged by Denmark, the Netherlands and Germany. [73]

Leopard 2  Germany

 Poland

 Sweden

 Canada

32+TBD On 11 January 2023, during the Lublin Triangle meeting of the Ukrainian, Polish and Lithuanian presidents, it was announced that Poland will deliver a company of Leopard 2 tanks.[74][75]

On 9 March 2023, 14 Polish Leopard 2A4 were delivered [76][77]

On 28 March 2023, 18 German Leopard 2A6 were delivered [78]

On February 23 2023, the Swedish government pledged to send 10 Leopard 2/Strv122 to Ukraine. [79]

On January 26th, 2023 Canadian Prime Minster Justin Trudeau announced that Canada would give Ukraine 4 combat ready Leopard 2 tanks. Then on February 24th, the one year anniversary of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, it was announced that Canada would send 4 more Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine. Totaling 8 Leopard 2 tanks.[80][81]

Challenger 2  United Kingdom 14 On 11 January 2023, the United Kingdom confirmed plans to send modern heavy tanks to Ukraine.[82]

On 28 March 14 Challenger tanks were delivered to Ukraine. [83]

M1 Abrams  United States TBD On January 2023, the United States stated they will send 31 M1 Abrams tanks to Ukraine.[84]

Current Structure

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The US is attempting to get Abrams tanks to Ukraine earlier, perhaps by August 2023.[21][22][23]
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference randProjection was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

References

  1. ^ Lendon, Brad (2023-01-27). "Ukraine's new tanks won't be the instant game-changer some expect". CNN. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  2. ^ Cooper, Helene (2022-04-02). "U.S. Will Help Transfer Soviet-Made Tanks to Ukraine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  3. ^ Abbott, P. & E. Pinak Ukrainian Armies 1914–55 (Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2004), ISBN 1780964013, 9781780964010
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  5. ^ a b In the Army Now: Answering Many Why's Archived 2015-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, The Ukrainian Week (8 July 2014)
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  7. ^ Ukraine crisis timeline Archived 2014-06-03 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News
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  10. ^ https://www.newsweek.com/ukraine-may-get-huge-add-military-that-could-level-russias-advances-1775444 (20 Jan 2023) Ukraine May Get 'Huge Add' to Military That Could Level Russia's Advances]
  11. ^ https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2023/01/25/air-defense-upgrades-not-f-16s-are-a-winning-strategy-for-ukraine/ (25 January 2023) Air defense upgrades, not F-16s, are a winning strategy for Ukraine]
  12. ^ Jon Jackson (20 Jan 2023) Ukraine May Get 'Huge Add' to Military That Could Level Russia's Advances
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference dw19Jan2023 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Antonia Mortonsen (24 Jan 2023) Poland requests German approval to send Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine
  15. ^ David Vergun, DOD News (25 Jan 2023) Biden Announces Abrams Tanks to be Delivered to Ukraine
  16. ^ Kyle Mizokami (6 Feb 20230) How M88 Hercules Vehicles Will Keep Abrams Tanks Out of Russia's Grip
  17. ^ Ashley Roque (25 Jan 2023) Abrams to rumble into Ukraine: US joins Germany's vow to send Kyiv tanks
  18. ^ Ashley Roque and Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (24 Jan 2023) Pentagon opens door for M1 Abrams tank deliveries to Ukraine in coming years
  19. ^ Lolita Baldor and Mathew Lee (25 Jan 2023) In reversal, US poised to approve Abrams tanks for Ukraine
  20. ^ Marcus Weisgerber (25 Jan 2023) US Army Readies Ukraine Abrams Tank Options For Policymakers
  21. ^ Jen Judson (23 Feb 2023) Tanks might not reach Ukraine this year, US Army secretary says GD would remanufacture Abrams for Ukraine no sooner than year-end 2023
  22. ^ Jen Judson (8 Mar 2023) US Army is moving to get tanks to Ukraine 'as quickly as possible' —7th ASA(ALT) Doug Bush
  23. ^ Joe Gould and Jen Judson (21 Mar 2023) US to fast-track Abrams tanks for Ukraine by choosing older version
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  30. ^ The Washington Post (25 Jan 2023) What Tanks Will Ukraine Get, and Why Does It Want Them?
  31. ^ TCM Clips (26 Jan 2023) Ukraine vs Russia Update - USA Sending Tanks - Putin Attacks
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  34. ^ a b Sebastian Sprenger (7 February 2023) European coalition to give refurbished Leopard 1 tanks to Ukraine
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  42. ^ a b Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 16 November 2017 to 15 February 2018 "Within the reporting period, OHCHR documented 115 cases of credible allegations of unlawful or arbitrary detention, torture, ill-treatment and/or sexual violence committed on both sides of the contact line." Archived 3 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine, OHCHR (page 6)
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  47. ^ "Ukraine's south is on the line as a major counteroffensive appears to be underway". NBC News. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
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  77. ^ {{cite web|title=Poland handed over another 10 Leopards to Ukraine: official|url=https://tvpworld.com/68401501/poland-handed-over-another-10-leopards-to-ukraine-official |date=9 March 2023|access-date=4 April 2023
  78. ^ "German Leopard 2 tanks have reached Ukraine". Reuters. 28 March 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
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  84. ^ "Western Allies to deliver 321 tanks to Ukraine". CNN. 2023-01-11. Retrieved 2023-02-03.

Sources

  • Zaloga, Steven J.; Markov, David (2000). Russia's T-80U Main Battle Tank. Hong Kong: Concord Publications. ISBN 962-361-656-2.
  • Zaloga, Steven J. (17 February 2009). T-80 Standard Tank: The Soviet Army's Last Armored Champion. Osprey Publishing, New Vanguard. ISBN 978-1-84603-244-8.
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