Dakkar
Dakkar (Harari: ደከር Däkär), also known as Dakar, or Deker was an historical Muslim town located in present-day eastern Ethiopia. It served as the first capital of the Adal Sultanate after it’s founding in the early 15th century by Sabr ad-Din III.[1]
Richard Pankhurst states that the town was located just southwest of Harar. However, J. Spencer Trimingham believes that it was in the village of Chenahasan near Jigjiga, and Paulitschke postulated that it was near Dire Dawa.[2][3] Abir Mordechai, Enrico Cerulli, Bahru Zewde and others identify Dakar as being located one km southeast of Harar.[4][5][6][7][8]
History
The exact location of the town remains unknown and several locations have been suggested. But it is generally agreed that the town was somewhere in the Harar plateau. The city was established in the early 15th century by Sabr ad-Din III after he returned from his exile in Yemen. The town sat along the trade route to Zeila and served as the royal seat of the Walashma Sultans.[9] However, in 1471 Emir Laday Usman marched to Dakkar and seized power. But Usman did not dismiss the Sultan from office, and instead gave him a ceremonial position while retaining the real power for himself. Adal now came under the leadership of the powerful regional aristocracy who governed from the palace of a nominal Sultan.[10][11][12]
In 1478, the Ethiopian Emperor Eskender invaded Adal and marched towards Dakkar where he sacked the town. All of its mosques and buildings were looted and destroyed by the Abyssinians which caused great damage to the town.[13] After the death of Mahfuz Adal would fall into a succession crisis and Sultan Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad would rise to power. Sultan Abu Bakr then relocated the capital of Adal to Harar in 1520. After this Dakkar would disappear from the historical record. The memory of this city was outshined in favor of Harar.[14][15]
See also
References
- ^ Dakar. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
- ^ Huntingford, G.W.B (1955). ARABIC INSCRIPTIONS IN SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA. Antiquity Publications. p. 233.
- ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1982). History Of Ethiopian Towns. p. 49. ISBN 9783515032049.
- ^ Mordechai, Abir. Ethiopia and the Red Sea The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. Taylor & Francis. p. 27.
- ^ Zewde, Bahru. A Short History of Ethiopia and the Horn. Addis Ababa University. p. 74.
- ^ Cerulli, Enrico. Islam yesterday and today. p. 156.
- ^ Braukamper, Ulrich. Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. LitVerlag. p. 114.
- ^ Cambridge History of Africa (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 149.
- ^ Pankhurst, Richard. The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 165.
- ^ Trimingham, John (2007). "Islam in Ethiopia". Basic Reference. 28. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 167. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
- ^ Hassan, Mohammed. The Oromo of Ethiopia, 1500-1850 (PDF). University of London. pp. 24–25.
- ^ zum (2007). "Event Documentation". Basic Reference. 28. USA: AGCEEP: 217–229. doi:10.1017/S0020743800063145. S2CID 154765577. Archived from the original on 2011-09-13. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
- ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1982). History Of Ethiopian Towns. p. 49. ISBN 9783515032049.
- ^ Chekroun, Amélie (2015). "Dakar, capitale du sultanat éthiopien du Barr Sa'd ad-dīn (1415-1520)". Cahiers d'Études africaines (219): 569–586. doi:10.4000/etudesafricaines.18225. S2CID 146150639.
- ^ Wagner, Ewald (1991). "The Genealogy of the later Walashma' Sultans of Adal and Harar". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. 141 (2). Harrassowitz Verlag: 376–386. JSTOR 43378336.