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Brazilian diaspora

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Brazilian diaspora
Diaspora brasileira
Flag of Brazil
Total population
4.4 million (2022)[1]: 5 
Regions with significant populations
 United States1,905,000 (2022)[1]
 Portugal275,000 (2022)[1]
 Paraguay245,850[1]
 United Kingdom220,000
 Japan206,259 (2022)[1]
 Spain165,000 (2022)[1]
 Italy162,000 (2022)[1]
 Germany138,955 (2022)[1]
 Canada122,400 (2022)[1]
 Argentina90,203 (2022)[1]
 France90,000 (2022)[1]
 French Guiana82,500 (2022)[1]
  Switzerland77,000 (2022)[1]
 Ireland70,000 (2022)[1]
 Belgium65,000 (2022)[1]
 Netherlands65,000 (2022)[1]
 Australia60,000 (2022)[1]
 Uruguay46,848 (2022)[1]
 Bolivia42,000 (2022)[1]
 Mexico40,000 (2022)[1]
 Suriname30,000 (2020)[2]
 Lebanon21,000 (2020)[2]
 Chile18,648 (2022)[1]
 Sweden16,814 (2020)[1]
 Israel15,000 (2020)[1]
 Angola13,290 (2022)[1]
 Venezuela11,800 (2018)[1]
 Guyana10,700 (2022)[1]
 Norway10,411 (2022)[1]
Other countries combined87,577
Languages
Portuguese (99.7%)[3]
Indigenous languages (0.082%)[4]
German (2.06%)[5][3]
Venetian (1.69%)[3][6]
Polish (0.27%)[7][8][9]
Ukrainian (0.12%)[9][10]
Dutch (0.041%)[9][3]
Spanish (0.197%)[3]
French (0.1457%)[9]
Lithuanian (0.04%)[9]
Norwegian (0.027%)[9]
Russian (0.02%)[11]
Vlax Romani and Northern Romani (0.26%)[12]
North Levantine spoken Arabic and Turoyo (Aramaic) (0.059%)[3]
Chinese (0.21%)[3]
Korean (0.0396%)[3]
Japanese (0.13%)[9]
Yiddish (0.038%)[3]
Hebrew (0.044%)
English (0.2007%)[13][14][15][16][17]
Religion
Primarily Catholic Church (including Latin Church, Oriental Catholic Churches, Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church) Protestantism (including Baptists, Presbyterianism, Methodism, Pentecostalism, Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil, Lutheranism), Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, Russian Orthodox Church, Polish Orthodox Church, Orthodox Church of Ukraine, Serbian Orthodox Church, Syriac Orthodox Church, Coptic Orthodox Church, Armenian Apostolic Church, Spiritism, Afro-Brazilian religions (including Umbanda, Candomblé, Tambor de Mina, Batuque, Shango), Irreligion, Buddhism (including Sōtō, Nichiren Buddhism, Soka Gakkai, Honmon Butsuryū-shū, Jōdo Shinshū, Nichiren-shū, Shingon Buddhism, Tendai, Nichiren Shōshū, Zen, Fo Guang Shan, Theravada, Nyingma, Gelug, Sakya, Kagyu), Judaism (including Orthodox Judaism, Conservative Judaism, Reform Judaism, Messianic Judaism), Islam (including Sunni Islam, Shia Islam), Esotericism, Spiritualism, Santo Daime, União do Vegetal, Bahá’í Faith, Wicca, Hinduism (including International Society of Krishna Consciousness, Brahma Kumaris, Ananda Marga), Japanese new religions (including Oomoto, PL Kyodan, Seicho-no-Ie, Church of World Messianity)
Related ethnic groups
Tupi people, Gê peoples, Guaraní people, Shona people, Ambundu, Kongo people, Yoruba people, Igbo people, Fon people, Hausa people, Fula people, Portuguese people, Spaniards, Italians, French people, Swiss people, Luxembourgers, Belgians, Dutch people, Germans, Austrians, English people, Scottish people, Welsh people, Irish people, North Germanic peoples, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Bulgarians, Croats, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians, Hungarians, Romanians, Finnish people, Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Greeks, Ashkenazi Jews, Sephardi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, Lebanese people, Egyptians, Syrians, Armenians, Iranian peoples, Georgians, Japanese people, Han Chinese, Koreans, Indians, Bolivians, Argentines, Uruguayans, Colombians, Angolans, Senegalese people, Paraguayans, Chileans, Haitians, Surinamese people, Jamaicans, Barbadians, Palestinians, Afghans, Vietnamese people, Pakistanis, Filipinos, Americans, Macanese people, Bengalis, Gypsies

The Brazilian diaspora is the migration of Brazilians to other countries, a mostly recent phenomenon that has been driven mainly by economic recession and hyperinflation that afflicted Brazil in the 1980s and early 1990s, and since 2014, by the political and economic crisis that culminated in the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff in 2016 and the election of Jair Bolsonaro in 2018, in addition to chronic violence in Brazilian urban centers.[18][19][20]

Demographics

Brazilian Day celebration in New York City

There are an estimated 4,4 million Brazilians living abroad,[2]: 4  mainly in the U.S. (1,905,000),[16] Paraguay (245,850)[16], Portugal (275,000), United Kingdom (220,000), Japan (206,259),[21] Spain (165,000), Italy (162,000), Germany (138,955) and Canada (122,400).[16]

United States

Main article: Brazilian Americans

There were an estimated 246,000 Brazilian Americans as of 2007.[22] Another source gives an estimate of some 800,000 Brazilians living in the U.S. in 2000,[23] while still another estimates that as of 2008 some 1,100,000 Brazilians live in the United States, 300,000 of them in Florida.[24] As of 2022, Brazil's Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimates some 1,905,000 Brazilians living in the United States.[16] Major concentrations are in Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Florida, Wisconsin, and California.

West 46th Street has historically been a commercial center for Brazilians living or visiting New York City. In 1995 the city officially recognized it as "Little Brazil Street".

In Massachusetts, there is a very small but significant concentration of Brazilian immigrants in the town of Framingham, which in recent years has spilt out into the neighboring towns of Marlborough and Hudson, among others. In the Brazilian community, it is said that Pompano Beach in Florida has the greatest concentration of Brazilians in the USA. The Brazilian communities in these towns are vibrant, having contributed much to the local cuisine and culture, but Brazilian immigrants often feel discriminated against and are often thought to be illegal immigrants by their non-Brazilian neighbors.[25]

A disproportionate number of Brazilians who have emigrated to the US came from the town of Governador Valadares, in the state of Minas Gerais.

United Kingdom

Main article: Brazilians in the United Kingdom

There are no precise figures for the number of Brazilians living in the UK.[26] The 1991 Census recorded 9,301 Brazilian-born people in the UK,[26] and the 2001 Census recorded 15,215.[27] In 2004, the Brazilian Consulate in London recorded 13,000 Brazilians who had voluntarily registered themselves with them, but said this was not an accurate figure for the number living in the UK; the Brazilian Embassy estimated that figure to be about 80,000.[26] The Office for National Statistics estimates suggest that there were 56,000 Brazilian-born people resident in the UK in 2008.[28] In 2015, the Brazilian Consulate estimated a total of 120,000 Brazilians resident in the UK.[29] The ONS estimated that in 2018, 87,000 people born in Brazil were living in the UK.[30] As of 2022, about 220,000 Brazilians live in United Kingdom. [16]

Japan

Main article: Brazilians in Japan

The majority of Brazilians living in Japan are of Japanese descent, and they Immigration Act was altered to allow children and grandchildren of Japanese nationals, as well as their non-Japanese spouse, to receive a work permit easily. Most of them live in industrial areas where there used to be a plenty of job offers at factories, such as Aichi, Shizuoka and Gunma Prefectures, among others. While approximately 300,000 Brazilians lived there at its climax, the economic crisis in 2008 slashed their job and more than a third of them have decided to return to Brazil. As of 2022, the number of Brazilians in Japan continues to decrease. The Brazil's Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimates 206,259 Brazilians living in Japan, while in 2020, there was 209,000 Brazilians in Japan. [16]

Canada

Main article: Brazilian Canadian

There are an estimated 122,000 Brazilians living in Canada.[31] Major concentrations are in Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, and Calgary.

Germany

Main article: Brazilians in Germany

The 2022 estimates from Brazil's Ministry of Foreign Affairs shows 138,955 Brazilians living in Germany. [16]

France

Main article: Brazilians in France

Portugal

Main article: Brazilians in Portugal

Portugal is another important destination for Brazilians, owing to a common language and given the fact that a significant number of Brazilians already hold Portuguese citizenship (particularly after Portugal modified its nationality law to be able to bestow it upon any grandchild of a verified Portuguese citizen). Cultural similarities are abundant and the Portuguese are fairly acquainted with Brazilian pop culture. Approximately a fourth of all foreigners currently residing in Portugal are Brazilian citizens.

Paraguay

Brazilians and their descendants living in Paraguay are called Brasiguayos. This numerous community of landowners is mainly involved in agriculture.

Mexico

Main article: Brazilian immigration to Mexico

Australia

Main article: Brazilian Australians

Angola

Main article: Brazilians in Angola

Organizations

Statistics

Brazilian Diaspora per Consulate in 2022[16]
Place Consulate Country Population
1 Boston  United States 380,000
2 New York City  United States 500,000
3 Miami  United States 475,000
4 Ciudad del Este  Paraguay 98,000
5 Paris  France 90,10012
6 London  United Kingdom 220,000
7 Los Angeles  United States 115,000
8 Atlanta  United States 120,000
9 Nagoya  Japan 119,298
10 Houston  United States 90,000
11 Hartford  United States 70,000
12 Lisbon  Portugal 180,000
13 San Francisco  United States 65,000
14 Chicago  United States 45,000
15 Milan  Italy 92,00010
16 Tokyo  Japan 56,079
17 Zurich  Switzerland 37,00015
18 Madrid  Spain 90,000
19 Brussels  Belgium 32,0005
20 Asunción  Paraguay 48,000
21 Buenos Aires  Argentina 80,000
22 Salto do Guairá  Paraguay 30,000
23 Cayenne  French Guiana 80,000
24 Munich  Germany 51,000
25 Washington D.C.  United States 45,000
26 Barcelona  Spain 75,0008
27 Berlin  Germany 40,000
28 Porto  Portugal 70,000
29 Geneve  Switzerland 40,000
30 Encarnación  Paraguay 33,500
31 Hamamatsu  Japan 30,882
32 Sydney  Australia 45,00037
33 Bogotá  Colombia 4,065
34 Amsterdam  Netherlands 65,000
35 Toronto  Canada 90,000
36 Faro  Portugal 25,000
37 Rome  Italy 70,00010
38 Dublin  Ireland 70,000
39 Frankfurt  Germany 47,955
40 Beirut  Lebanon 21,000
41 Luanda  Angola 13,290
42 Georgetown  Guyana 10,000
43 Paramaribo  Suriname 30,000
44 Mexico City  Mexico 40,000
45 Leticia  Colombia 4,000
46 Santa Cruz de la Sierra  Bolivia 20,000
47 Caracas  Venezuela 11,8001
48 Montreal  Canada 12,400
49 Canberra  Australia 15,00036
50 Pedro Juan Caballero  Paraguay 29,000
51 Santiago  Chile 18,644
52 Tel Aviv  Israel 15,000
54 Abu Dhabi  United Arab Emirates 6,000
55 Vancouver  Canada 15,000
56 ShanghaI  China 1,153
57 Oslo  Norway 10,6989
58 Cochabamba  Bolivia 6,500
59 Guangzhou  China 3,500
60 Montevideo  Uruguay 15,000
61 Stockholm  Sweden 17,00014
62 Maputo  Mozambique 3,02922
63 Wellington  New Zealand 6,66338
64 Ramallah  Palestine 6,000
65 Vienna  Austria 85
66 Saint-Georges  French Guiana 2,500
67 Cobija  Bolivia 4,000
68 Concepción  Paraguay 7,350
69 Athens  Greece 4,000
70 Copenhagen  Denmark 4,8007
71 Lima  Peru 6,572
72 Quito  Ecuador 3,000
73 Rio Branco  Uruguay 2,633
74 Cordoba  Argentina 4,617
76 Amman  Jordan 2,900
78 La Paz  Bolivia 5,000
79 Artigas  Uruguay 23,200
80 Pretoria  South Africa 2,50017
81 Ottawa  Canada 5,000
82 Warsaw  Poland 3,000
83 Mendoza  Argentina 780
84 Puerto Iguazu  Argentina 1,806
85 Seoul  South Korea 970
86 Santo Domigno  Dominican Republic 900
87 Doha  Qatar 1,000
88 Iquitos  Peru 350
89 Panama City  Panama 4,000
90 Singapore  Singapore 1,700
91 Moscow  Russia 1,00635
92 Taipei  Taiwan 1,705
93 Chuy  Uruguay 1,200
94 Beijing  China 80030
95 Helsinki  Finland 2,110
96 San Jose  Costa Rica 1,500
97 Budapest  Hungary 1,091
98 Hong Kong  Hong Kong 1,200
99 Havana  Cuba 179
100 Riyadh  Saudi Arabia 62916
101 Prague  Czech Republic 1,500
102 Bissau  Guinea-Bissau 450
103 Lethem  Guyana 700
105 Kuala Lumpur  Malaysia 40527
106 San Salvador  El Salvador 500
107 Jakarta  Indonesia 1,000
108 Guatemala City  Guatemala 500
109 Managua  Nicaragua 300
110 Muscat  Oman 250
111 Cairo  Egypt 2,50021
112 Malabo  Equatorial Guinea 30
113 Cape Town  South Africa 1,200
114 Guayaramerín  Bolivia 3,000
115 Port-au-Prince  Haiti 90
116 Mumbai  India 300
117 Kuwait City  Kuwait 280
118 Istanbul  Turkey 834
119 Tegucigalpa  Honduras 350
120 Rivera  Uruguay 4,815
121 Bangkok  Thailand 31028
122 Kingston  Jamaica 260
123 Brazzaville  Republic of the Congo 9625
124 Rabat  Morocco 309
125 Accra  Ghana 24024
126 Manila  Philippines 38031
127 New Delhi  India 46032
128 Zagreb  Croatia 269
129 Belgrade  Serbia 44113
130 Abidjan  Ivory Coast 120
131 Windhoek  Namibia 146
132 Bratislava  Slovakia 400
133 Paso de Los Libres  Argentina 3,000
134 Ljubljana  Slovenia 346
135 Nicosia  Cyprus 230
136 Nassau  Bahamas 200
137 Nairobi  Kenya 40019
138 Dili  Timor-Leste 130
139 Lagos  Nigeria 300
140 Ankara  Turkey 345
141 Tehran  Iran 129
142 Kinshasa  Democratic Republic of the Congo 120
143 Bucharest  Romania 434
144 Dakar  Senegal 250
145 Dar es Salam  Tanzania 8126
146 Hanoi  Vietnam 307
147 Kyiv  Ukraine 43411
148 Tunis  Tunisia 50
149 Yaounde  Cameroon 7620
150 Sao Tome  São Tomé and Príncipe 131
151 Praia  Cape Verde 350
152 Tirana  Albania 100
153 Bridgetown  Barbados 293
154 Sofia  Bulgaria 1506
155 Tallinn  Estonia 472
156 Ouagadougou  Burkina Faso 50
157 Astana  Kazakhstan 10629
158 Islamabad  Pakistan 5433
159 Belmopan  Belize 30
160 Baku  Azerbaijan 75
161 Algiers  Algeria 56
162 Libreville  Gabon 79
163 Tbilisi  Georgia 27
164 Katmandu  Nepal 60
165 Conakry  Guinea 30
166 Lilongwe  Malawi 70
167 Lome  Togo 18
168 Dhaka  Bangladesh 10
169 Addis Ababa  Ethiopia 6523
170 Colombo  Sri Lanka 2034
171 Sarajevo  Bosnia and Herzegovina 50
172 Yangoon  Myanmar 13
173 Lusaka  Zambia 30
174 Gaborone  Botswana 20
175 Cotonou  Benin 7618
176 Bamako  Mali 30
177 Baghdad  Iraq 130
179 Castries  Saint Lucia 14
180 Minsk  Belarus 25
181 Yerevan  Armenia 60
182 Vatican City  Vatican City 10
183 Nouakchott  Mauritania 10
184 Puerto Quijarro  Bolivia 3,500
185 Port of Spain  Trinidad and Tobago 5632
186 Manama  Bahrain 280
187 Damascus  Syria 2,600
188 Khartoum  Sudan 6
189 Harare  Zimbabwe 10
190 Pyongyang  North Korea 1
Total 4,404,255[16]

1Data from 2018 - In 2020, Brazil closed it's embassy in Caracas during the Venezuelan presidential crisis. The embassy is reopening in 2023. [32]

2The Brazilian Embassy in Port of Spain is reponsible for Brazilians in Trinidad and Tobago, Aruba and Curaçao. There is 250 brazilians living in Aruba, 200 in Curaçao and 113 in Trinidad and Tobago. [16]

3The Brazilian Embassy in Bridgetown is reponsible for Brazilians in multiple caribbean nations, there is brazilians living in Barbados, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.[16]

5In the case of European Union countries, due to the Schengen Space, Brazilians registered in other consulate or those who hold dual citizenship might live in other country. The Consulate of Brazil in Brussels is responsible for Brazilians in Luxembourg. There is 8.000 Brazilians living in Luxembourg. [16]

6The Embassy of Brazil in Sófia is also responsible for Brazilians in North Macedonia.[16]

7The Embassy of Brazil to Denmark is responsible for Brazilians in Lithuania.[16]

8 The Consulate of Brazil in Barcelona is responsible for Brazilians in Andorra. [16]

9 The Embassy of Brazil in Oslo is also responsible for Brazilians in Iceland. There is 287 Brazilians living in Iceland. [16]

10The Consulates of Brazil in Italy are responsible for Brazilians in Malta and San Marino. [16]

11The Embassy of Brazil to Ukraine is responsible for Brazilians in Moldova. There is 12 Brazilians living in Moldova. [16]

12The Embassy of Brazil to France is responsible for Brazilians in Monaco. There is 100 Brazilians living in Monaco. [16]

13The Embassy of Brazil to Serbia is responsible for Brazilians in Montenegro. There is 41 Brazilians living in Montenegro. [16]

14The Embassy of Brazil to Sweden is responsible for Brazilians in Latvia.[16]

15The Consulate of Brazil in Zurich is responsible for Brazilians in Liechtenstein. [16]

16The Embassy of Brazil to Saudi Arabia is responsible for Brazilians in Yemen. [16]

17The Embassy of Brazil in Pretoria is responsible for Brazilians in Lesotho and Mauritius. [16]

18The Embassy of Brazil to Benin is also responsible for Brazilians in Niger. [16]

19The Embassy of Brazil to Kenya is responsible for Brazilians in Burundi, Rwanda, Somalia and Uganda. There is 280 Brazilians living in Kenya, 15 in Burundi, 35 in Rwanda, 20 in Somalia and 50 in Uganda. [16]

20The Embassy of Brazil to Cameroon is responsible for Brazilians in Chad. There is 16 Brazilians living in Chad.[16]

21The Embassy of Brazil to Egypt is responsible for Brazilians in Eritrea. [16]

22The Embassy of Brazil to Mozambique is responsible for Brazilians in Eswatini and Madagascar. There is 9 Brazilians living in Eswatini and 20 in Madagascar. [16]

23The Embassy of Brazil to Ethiopia is responsible for Brazilians in Djibouti and South Sudan. [16]

24The Embassy of Brazil to Ghana is responsible for Brazilians in Liberia and Sierra Leone.[16]

25The Embassy of Brazil to Republic of Congo is responsible for Brazilians in Central African Republic. [16]

26The Embassy of Brazil to Tanzania is responsible for Brazilians in Seychelles and Comoros. There is 1 Brazilian living in Seychelles. [16]

27The Embassy of Brazil to Malasya is responsible for Brazilians in Brunei. There is 5 Brazilians living in Brunei. [16]

28The Embassy of Brazil to Thailand is responsible for Brazilians in Cambodia and Laos. There is 15 Brazilians living in Cambodia. [16]

29The Embassy of Brazil to Kazakhstan is responsible for Brazilians in Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan. There is 1 Brazilian living in Kyrgyzstan. [16]

30The Embassy of Brazil to China is responsible for Brazilians in Mongolia. [16]

31The Embassy of Brazil to Philippines is responsible for Brazilians in Marshall Islands, Palau, Federated States of Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands and Guam. There is 3 Brazilians living in Guam and 1 living in the Federated States of Micronesia. [16]

32The Embassy of Brazil to India is responsible for Brazilians in Bhutan. [16]

33The Embassy of Brazil to Pakistan is responsible for Brazilians in Afghanistan and Tajikistan. There is 4 Brazilians living in Tajikistan. [16]

34The Embassy of Brazil to Sri Lanka is responsible for Brazilians in Maldives. [16]

35The Embassy of Brazil to Russia is responsible for Brazilians in Uzbekistan. There is 6 Brazilians living in Uzbekistan. [16]

36The Embassy of Brazil to Australia is responsible for Brazilians in Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, Fiji, Nauru and Solomon Islands. There is 5 Brazilians living in Papua New Guinea, 10 in Vanuatu and 5 in Fiji. [33]

37The Consulate of Brazil in Sydney is responsible for Brazilians in French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna, Pitcairn Islands and American Samoa. [33]

38The Embassy of Brazil to New Zealand is responsible for Brazilians in Tokelau, Cook Islands, Niue, Kiribati, Tonga, Samoa and Tuvalu. [16]


References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Cite error: The named reference ComunidadeBrasileira2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference ComunidadeBrasileira2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Brazil". Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  4. ^ "Brasil possui 5 línguas indígenas com mais de 10 mil falantes-Fonte: Agência Brasil". ebc. 2014-12-11. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  5. ^ "Hunsrick". Ethnologue. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  6. ^ "Venetian or Talian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  7. ^ Costa, Luciane Trennephol da; Gielinski, Márcia Inês (17 August 2014). "DETALHES FONÉTICOS DO POLONÊS FALADO EM MALLET". Revista (Con)textos Linguísticos. 8 (10): 159–174 – via periodicos.ufes.br.
  8. ^ Delong, Silvia Regina; Kersch, Dorotea Frank (17 September 2014). "Perfil de descendentes de poloneses residentes no sul do Brasil: a constituição da(s) identidade(s)". Domínios de Lingu@gem. 8 (3): 65–85. doi:10.14393/DLesp-v8n3a2014-5.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g "O panorama lingüístico brasileiro: a coexistência de línguas minoritárias com o português" (PDF).
  10. ^ Oksana Boruszenko and Rev. Danyil Kozlinsky (1994). Ukrainians in Brazil (Chapter), in Ukraine and Ukrainians Throughout the World, edited by Ann Lencyk Pawliczko, University of Toronto Press: Toronto, pp. 443–454
  11. ^ "E o terceiro fluxo, entre 1949 e 1965, quando chegaram ao Brasil aproximadamente 25 mil russos refugiados da revolução cultural chinesa". noticias.terra.com.br. 2015-06-13. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
  12. ^ "Vlax Romani in Brazil". Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  13. ^ Freyre, Gilberto (2000). Ingleses no Brasil: aspectos da influência britânica sobre a vida, a paisagem e a cultura do Brasil (in Portuguese). Topbook. ISBN 9788574750231.
  14. ^ "Ingleses no Brasil do século XIX". livrariacultura. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  15. ^ Harter, Eugene C. (2000). The Lost Colony of the Confederacy. Texas A & M University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-1585441020.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar "Edwin S. James research materials". University of South Carolina. Retrieved 2014-01-05. Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  17. ^ "MCMULLAN, FRANCIS". Texas State Historical Association. 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  18. ^ Batista, Henrique Gomes (11 June 2017). "Crise e violência levam brasileiros a se mudar para o Canadá". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  19. ^ Perez, Fabíola (21 August 2015). "O êxodo dos brasileiros". IstoÉ (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  20. ^ Veiga, Edison (13 December 2021). "Brasil vive o maior êxodo de sua história". Deutsche Welle (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  21. ^ 令和４年末現在における在留外国人数について
  22. ^ "United States - Selected Population Profile in the United States (Brazilian (360-364))". 2007 American Community Survey. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2008-12-15.
  23. ^ "Brazilian Immigrant Women in the Boston area: Negotiation of Gender, Race, Ethnicity, Class and Nation". Archived from the original on 28 January 2010.
  24. ^ "Imigrante brasileiro espera anistia de sucessor de Bush - 01/11/2008 - UOL Eleição americana 2008". Noticias.uol.com.br. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  25. ^ The Massachusetts Legal Services Diversity Coalition (2004). "Brazilian Immigration". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
  26. ^ a b c Burton, Guy (July 2004). "It's tough being Brazilian in the UK". Brazzil. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  27. ^ "Country-of-birth database". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  28. ^ "Table 1.3: Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country of birth, 60 most common countries of birth, January 2008 to December 2008". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2010. Figure given is central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent confidence intervals.
  29. ^ "Brasileiros no Mundo - Estimativas" [Brazilians Around The World - Estimations] (PDF) (in Portuguese). Ministry of External Relations. 2015-03-28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-31. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
  30. ^ "Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2018 to December 2018". Office for National Statistics. 24 May 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019. Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95% confidence intervals.
  31. ^ "Canada's 2011 National Household Survey: Data tables". Statistics Canada. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  32. ^ Amaral, Luciana. "Governo enviará missão à Venezuela para iniciar processo de reabertura de embaixada". CNN Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-04-14.
  33. ^ a b "Austrália". Ministério das Relações Exteriores (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-04-14.
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