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Sudanese civil war (2023–present)

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2023 Sudanese clashes
Part of the Sudanese transition to democracy

Military situation as of 28 December 2024[a]
  Controlled by the Sudanese Armed Forces
  Controlled by the Rapid Support Forces
Date15 April 2023 – present (2023-04-15 – present)
(1 year, 8 months, 1 week and 6 days)
Location
Khartoum and other strategic cities in Sudan
Status

Ongoing

Belligerents
Rapid Support Forces Sudanese Armed Forces
Commanders and leaders
Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
Strength
~100,000[2] 100,000 – 150,000
Casualties and losses
At least 185 killed and 1,800 wounded overall[3]

On 15 April 2023, clashes broke out across Sudan, mainly in the capital city of Khartoum and the Darfur region, between rival factions of the country's military government. By 17 April, at least 185 people had been killed.[4]

The fighting began with attacks by the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) on key government sites. Airstrikes, artillery and heavy gunfire were reported across Sudan including in the capital Khartoum. As of 15 April 2023, both RSF leader Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo and de facto leader Abdel Fattah al-Burhan claimed to control key government sites, including the general military headquarters, the Presidential Palace, Khartoum International Airport, the Army chief's official residence and Sudan TV headquarters.[5][6][7][8]

Background

Main article: History of Sudan

The history of conflict in Sudan has consisted of ethnic tensions, religious disputes, and competition over resources.[9][10] Land and water usage has been a major driver of conflict, particularly between sedentary farmers and nomadic pastoralists,[11] with agriculture being a significant sector in Sudan's economy.[12] Two civil wars between the central government and the southern regions killed 1.5 million people, and a continuing conflict in the western region of Darfur has displaced two million people and killed more than 200,000.[13] Since independence in 1956, Sudan has had more than fifteen military coups[14] and has been ruled by the military for the majority of the republic's existence with only brief periods of democratic civilian parliamentary rule.[15]

Political context

Main article: 2019–2026 Sudanese transition to democracy

Former president and military strongman Omar al-Bashir presided over a war in the west of the country and oversaw state-sponsored violence in the region of Darfur, leading to charges of war crimes and genocide.[16] Key figures in the Darfur conflict included Mohamed Hamdan "Hemedti" Dagalo, the commander of the Rapid Support Forces at the time of the 2023 clashes.[5] In 2019, a coup d'état ousted al-Bashir in the context of massive civil disobedience that was often described as the first stage of the Sudanese Revolution. An interim joint civilian-military unity government headed by Prime Minister Abdallah Hamdok was established.[16] However, in October 2021, the military seized power in a coup which was led by Sudanese Armed Forces leader Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and RSF leader Dagalo. Al-Burhan became the effective leader of the subsequent junta, monopolizing power.[17]

The junta later agreed to hand over authority to a civilian-led government, with a formal agreement scheduled to be signed on 6 April 2023.[18] However, it was delayed due to tensions between generals Burhan and Dagalo, who serve as chairman and deputy chairman of the Transitional Sovereignty Council, respectively.[19] Chief among their political disputes is the integration of the RSF into the military.[20] One issue of contention is the RSF's insistence on a ten-year timetable for its integration into the regular army, while the regular army demands it be done in two years.[5] Other contested issues included the status given to RSF officers in the future hierarchy, and whether RSF forces should be under the command of the army chief – rather than Sudan's commander-in-chief – who is currently Burhan.[21] As a sign of their rift, Dagalo expressed regret over the October 2021 coup.[17]

Rapid Support Forces

The RSF is a paramilitary organization with roots in Janjaweed militias that operated during the Darfur War.[22] It was formally created by President Bashir in 2013 and was led by Dagalo and overseen directly by Bashir.[23] They gained notoriety for their crackdown on pro-democracy protestors during the Khartoum massacre in June 2019.[22] The Bashir regime allowed several armed groups, including the RSF, to proliferate to prevent threats to its security from within the armed forces, a practice known as "coup-proofing".[24] Both the RSF and the army have benefitted from security training and arms shipments from Russia in exchange for gold.[25] The RSF and Dagalo's consolidation of power went hand in hand with a rapid accumulation of wealth, with the paramilitary chief seizing key gold mining locations in Darfur, intervention as part of the Saudi-led coalition forces during the Yemeni Civil War, and colluding with the Russian private military outfit Wagner Group.[23] This led to RSF forces growing rapidly into the tens of thousands, including thousands of armed pickup trucks, which regularly patrolled the streets of Khartoum.[23] Sudan has consistently denied the presence of Wagner on its territory.[26][27]

Initial maneuvers

On 11 April 2023, RSF forces deployed near the city of Merowe and in Khartoum.[28] Government forces ordered them to leave, but they refused, leading to clashes when RSF forces took control of the Soba military base south of Khartoum.[28] The Rapid Support Forces began their mobilization on 13 April 2023, raising fears of a rebellion against the junta. The Sudanese Armed Forces said the mobilization was illegal.[29]

Timeline

15 April 2023

Khartoum

See also: Battle of Khartoum (2023)

On 15 April 2023, the Rapid Support Forces launched a surprise attack on multiple Sudanese Army bases across the country, including in the capital Khartoum.[5][30] At 12:00 (Central Africa Time), RSF forces claimed to have captured Khartoum International Airport, Merowe Airport, El Obeid Airport as well as a base in Soba.[31] Clashes between RSF and the Army erupted at the presidential palace and at the residence of general al-Burhan, with both sides claiming control over the two sites.[31]

In response, the Sudanese army announced the closure of all airports in the country.[32] and the Sudanese Air Force conducted airstrikes on RSF positions in Khartoum[5][31] with artillery fire being heard in different parts of the city.[33] Colonel Khaled Abdullah of the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) claimed that 80 RSF-operated vehicles were destroyed and that the RSF's threats within Khartoum had been decreased.

Elsewhere in Khartoum clashes were reported at the headquarters of the state broadcaster Sudan TV.[34] The channel halted a news bulletin after the presenter began reading an item about the situation in Khartoum and switched the programming to music.[35] Local eyewitnesses and Al-Arabiya later reported that the TV station was captured by RSF forces.[5][36] Bridges and roads in Khartoum were closed and checkpoints set up.[37] The RSF claimed that all roads heading south of Khartoum have been closed.[38]

At Khartoum International Airport, multiple aircraft belonging to Saudia, Badr Airlines, and SkyUp Airlines among others were reported to be damaged according to Flightradar24.[39] Saudia later confirmed that one of its aircraft, an Airbus, came under fire before take-off at the airport and that it had evacuated all passengers, crew and staff to the Saudi embassy.[24] It, along with EgyptAir and Qatar Airways also suspended all flights to and from Sudan.[24][40]

Darfur

Clashes also erupted in the capital of North Darfur state, Al-Fashir with Nyala Airport being shelled.[32][41] In Al-Fashir, heavy clashes were ongoing using light and heavy weapons with RSF forces trying to capture the airport and other buildings.[42] RSF forces claimed to have captured the airport, and the Signal Corps and Medical Corps headquarters in Al-Fashir.[38] Clashes also erupted in Zalingei in Central Darfur.[43]

Elsewhere

Later in the day, the SAF claimed that RSF forces in White Nile, Gedaref, Kassala, Nyala, Port Sudan, Kadugli, Damazin and Kosti had surrendered, and that the RSF camps of Taiba and Soba have been destroyed.[38][44][45]

16 April 2023

SAF

The Khartoum State Security Committee declared a public holiday in the city "in order to preserve lives of citizens and their property".[6] At around 13:30 (CAT), the SAF announced the rescue of a SAF Major general and a Brigadier, the arrests of multiple RSF officers at Merowe Airport and the taking of the airport itself, while also claiming that multiple RSF leaders had deserted or surrendered to the SAF.[31][46][clarification needed] SAF officials also claimed that RSF members had fled Merowe Airport with Egyptian soldiers being taken as prisoners.[31]

Telecommunications provider MTN shut down internet services across the country after orders from the Sudanese telecommunications regulator were given.[47] Sudan TV also completely halted its broadcasts,[48][49] and a local news website reported that clashes had taken place within the headquarters of the national broadcaster and that its control room "was bombed". Reuters cited staff as saying that the authorities had cut transmissions in order to prevent broadcasting by RSF forces.[48][50] Strikes were also reported at facilities of Sudan Railways.[51]

RSF

An RSF advisor said that they tactically withdrew from the Karari camp in Omdurman while also claiming that 90% of Khartoum is under RSF control.[47][31] Sources from Al Jazeera indicated that at around 18:00 (CAT), RSF forces took control over the Blue Nile TV network.[31] In Nyala, the RSF claimed control of the SAF's 16th Infantry Division at around 18:30 (CAT),[38] according to residents RSF forces captured the city's airport after capturing a military base in the previous day.[52]

17 April 2023

Heavy clashes resumed in Khartoum with heavy artillery being heard from the northern and southern parts of the capital and fighting going on in front of the gates of the army headquarters.[53] Fighting was also ongoing in Omdurman, with use of fighter jets by the military and anti-aircraft missiles by the RSF.[54] Fighting also took place west of Merowe airport.[55]

A US diplomatic convoy was fired upon in Darfur but managed to escape unharmed.[56] Preliminary reports linked the assailants to the RSF.[57]

SAF

The SAF claimed control of the headquarters of Sudan TV and state radio in Khartoum, and Sudan TV resumed its broadcasting with pro-army songs and anthems.[58][59] However, the RSF released a video on their Twitter page, purportedly filmed in front of Sudan TV compound’s gates, and disputed its control.[60]

RSF

At 10:00 (CAT) the RSF claimed to be in full control of Marawi Airport.[61]

18 April 2023

As a ceasefire was announced to begin later in the day, heavy fighting continued in Khartoum with fighter jets flying across the capital, launching attacks against what appeared to be RSF targets. The RSF used anti-aircraft defense systems and heavy artillery to repel the attacks. Reporters said that armed personnel had entered several hospitals in Khartoum. Medical facilities have also reported a shortage of medical personnel, electricity and water.[62] Al Jazeera reported that confrontations appear to have stopped in south Khartoum, but fighting was ongoing in the center of the capital near the presidential palace and Army headquarters.[63] The RSF was reported to have been looting in some residential areas of the capital, with residents of the Khartoum 2 area telling the BBC that the RSF had been going house-to-house in the neighborhood demanding water and food.[64]

At Merowe, eyewitnesses reported seeing an RSF military column heading away from Merowe airport’s perimeter to al-Multaqa, 100km (62 miles) to the south, following air strikes by the military the previous day.[65]

Casualties

At least 185 people have been killed and over 1,800 wounded since the fighting erupted, according to U.N. special envoy Volker Perthes.[66] Doctors on the ground warned that stated figures do not include all casualties as many people could not reach hospitals due to difficulties in movement.[67] A spokesperson for the Sudanese Red Crescent was also quoted as saying that the number of casualties "was not small".[38]

By location

During initial clashes in Al-Obeid and Khartoum at least three civilians were killed and dozens injured.[31] At least twenty five civilians were killed and 26 injured during clashes in North Darfur, and an additional three civilians were killed by a rocket-propelled grenade, with a woman also being injured by a bullet.[68] A statement by the Sudan Doctors' Committee said two civilians were killed at Khartoum airport and another man was shot to death in the state of North Kordofan.[24] Those killed at the airport were believed to be on board a passenger plane that was hit by a shell.[69] In Foro Baranga in West Darfur, tens were reportedly killed and hundreds injured.[70] In al-Fashir three civilians were killed and 27 injured.[71] In the city of Nyala, in South Darfur, 8 civilians were killed during the ongoing clashes.[72] Twenty-five people, including 17 civilians, were reported to have died in Khartoum.[5] Many bodies were seen lying on the streets in central Khartoum and could not be retrieved given the intensity of the fighting.[73]

Foreign casualties

An Indian national working in Khartoum died after being hit by a stray bullet on 15 April.[48] The European Union Ambassador to Sudan Aidan O'Hara was assaulted in his home and suffered minor injuries.[74] In Kabkabiya, three employees for the World Food Programme (WFP) were killed after being caught in the crossfire at a military base. Two other staff members were seriously injured.[31]

Egyptian POWs

On 15 April, RSF forces claimed, via Twitter, to have taken several Egyptian troops prisoner near Merowe,[75][76] as well as a military plane carrying markings of the Egyptian Air Force.[77] Initially, no official explanation was given for the Egyptian soldiers' presence, although Egypt and Sudan have had extensive military cooperation due to diplomatic tensions with Ethiopia.[78] Later on, the Egyptian Armed Forces said its soldiers, part of the El Sa'ka Forces, were in Sudan to conduct exercises with the Sudanese military.[5] Around that time, the army reportedly encircled RSF forces in Merowe airbase. As a result, the Egyptian Armed Forces announced that it was following the situation as a precaution for the safety of their personnel.[38][79] The RSF later said that it would cooperate in repatriating the soldiers to Egypt.[77]

On 17 April, satellite imagery obtained by The War Zone revealed that one Egyptian Air Force MiG-29M2 fighter jet had been destroyed and two others had been heavily damaged or destroyed at Merowe Airbase. A Sudanese Air Force Guizhou JL-9 was also among the destroyed aircraft.[80]

Humanitarian crisis

The fighting in Khartoum has left many of its five million residents stranded in their homes without electricity or water for more than 48 hours. The humanitarian crisis was further exacerbated by the violence occurring during a season of high temperatures and the fasting month of Ramadan. Most residents were unable to venture outside of their homes to gather food and supplies due to fears of getting caught in the crossfire. A doctors’ group said that hospitals remained understaffed and were running low on supplies as wounded people streamed in.[81]

On 17 April, the Sudan Medical Association said that bombs struck al-Shaab Hospital and al-Khartoum Hospital, forcing both hospitals to stop the services of their emergency departments.[82] A 6-year-old child died[83] while an ambulance driver was reported to be among those injured. Two other hospitals were also affected, with some being rendered completely out of service, while one police hospital was entirely emptied out and reportedly taken over by the RSF. The association described bombings as a clear violation of international humanitarian law and called on the international community to help.[84] The governor of North Darfur has also called the humanitarian situation in the region dire.[31] The vice president of the Sudan Doctors’ Trade Union told Al Jazeera complained that medical doctors and the other healthcare personnel were finding it very difficult to reach the hospitals because the major bridges on the Nile were blockaded.[85]

Save the Children said that the charity’s compound in Darfur was looted by armed men, saying staff were not hurt but medical supplies were taken, as well as food and laptops.[86] This forced the group to temporarily suspend most of its operations across Sudan due to the violence, “putting food, clean water, and other lifesaving aid out of reach for thousands”.[87] The World Food Programme announced that it was suspending all operations in Sudan following the deaths of three of its employees and the looting of its facilities and vehicles during clashes at Kabkabiya, North Darfur. It also confirmed that one of its aircraft had been damaged at Khartoum International Airport during an exchange of gunfire on 15 April, which it says impacted its ability to move staff and provide assistance to people across the country.[88] The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies said it is nearly impossible to provide humanitarian services around Khartoum, and warned that Sudan's health system is at risk of collapse.[89]

Ceasefire efforts

On 16 April, representatives from the Sudanese Armed Forces and the RSF agreed to a proposal by the United Nations to pause fighting between 16:00 and 19:00 local time (CAT).[90] The Sudanese army announced that it approved a UN proposal to open a safe passage for urgent humanitarian cases for three hours every day starting from 16:00 local time, and stated that it reserved the right to react if the RSF "commit[ted] any violations".[91] However, gunfire and explosives were still heard during the ceasefire, drawing condemnation from Special Representative Volker Perthes.[92]

On 17 April, the governments of Kenya, South Sudan, and Djibouti expressed their willingness to send over their presidents to Sudan to act as mediators. However, Khartoum Airport was closed due to fighting, making arrival by air difficult.[93]

On 18 April, RSF commander Dagalo said the paramilitary force has agreed to a day-long armistice to allow the safe passage of civilians, including those wounded. In a tweet, he said that the decision was reached following a conversation with US Secretary of State Antony Blinken “and outreach by other friendly nations”.[94] The Sudanese army initially said it was unaware of any coordination with mediators or the international community regarding a 24-hour truce and claimed the RSF was planning to use this time to cover up for a “crushing defeat”.[95] An army general later confirmed to Al-Arabiya TV that the Army had agreed to a 24-hour ceasefire which will start at 6 PM local time (16:00 UTC). He added that two neighbouring countries, which he did not name, were trying to provide aid to the RSF.[96]

Disinformation

On 14 April, the official SAF page published a video it said was for operations carried out by the Sudanese Air Force against the RSF. Al Jazeera’s monitoring and verification unit claimed the video was fabricated using footage from the video game Arma 3 that was published on TikTok in March 2023.[97] The unit also claimed the video showing Sudanese army commander Abdel Fattah al-Burhan inspecting the Armoured Corps was from before the fighting.[97] A video reportedly of Sudanese helicopters flying over Khartoum to participate in operations by the SAF against the RSF, also circulated on social media, turned out to be from November 2022.[97]

Reactions

Domestic

Rapid Support Forces (RSF): In an interview with Al Jazeera, Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, commander of the Rapid Support Forces, accused Abdel Fattah al-Burhan of forcing the RSF to begin confrontations and accused SAF commanders of scheming to bring deposed leader Omar al-Bashir back to power.[38] In a Twitter thread, RSF commander Dagalo called for the international community to intervene against Burhan, claiming that the RSF was fighting against "radical Islamists".[98]

Sudanese Armed Forces: the Sudanese Army accused the RSF of seditious conspiracy against the state and said the RSF would be dissolved without discussion. It labeled Dagalo a criminal and issued a wanted notice for him. The Army stated it would conduct sweeps for Rapid Support Forces and urged civilians to stay inside. The Sudanese Armed Forces' media representative told Al Jazeera that retired veterans have joined the SAF's fight against the RSF.

Al-Burhan was quoted as saying that he was "shocked that [the Rapid Support Forces] attacked [my] house at nine in the morning", while also stating that the Presidential Palace and other government facilities are under SAF control.[38]

Former Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok publicly appealed to both al-Burhan and Dagalo, asking them to cease fighting.[99]

International

Countries

  • Canada stated that, due to the ongoing security situation, the country's embassy in Khartoum will be closed until further notice. It also updated Sudan's travel advice to Level 4: Avoid all travel.[100]
  • Chad closed its land border with Sudan.[5]
  • China called on both sides to end the fighting as soon as possible.[101]
  • Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi and his South Sudanese counterpart Salva Kiir, both of whom lead two of Sudan's neighboring countries, offered to mediate between the Sudanese army and the Rapid Support Forces.[102] Egypt also closed its border with Sudan.[103]
  • Ethiopia and Kenya both urged restraint in light of the situation.[104]
  • The Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has confirmed that 29 Malaysians in Sudan, including Petronas employees working at its Sudan complex, were safe.[105] The ministry also condemned the violence and called for meaningful dialogue between all parties involved in the conflict.[106] Foreign Minister Zambry Abdul Kadir revealed that the ministry had activated a "Sudan Operation" and a special team to ensure their safety and welfare.[107] Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim stressed that the Malaysian government was monitoring the situation and would bring Malaysians stranded in Sudan straight home if their safety is at risk.[108]
  • United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken called for de-escalation and peace talks, and confirmed US personnel in the Khartoum embassy were all accounted for.[109] He reiterated demands for a ceasfire in separate calls with Generals Burhan and Dagalo[110] and called an attack on a US diplomatic convoy in Darfur on 17 April as "reckless, irresponsible and unsafe". Despite the violence, State Department spokesman John Kirby said there were currently no plans to evacuate US personnel but urged all Americans to treat the situation "with the utmost seriousness".[111]

Organizations

  • The African Union called for a political solution to the crisis. The African Union's Peace and Security council has said that it "strongly rejects any external interference that could complicate the situation in Sudan" after an emergency meeting.[6][112] It also announced that the head of the African Union Commission, Moussa Faki, was planning to "immediately" go on a ceasefire mission to Sudan.[113]
  • The Arab League called for an immediate end to the violence in Sudan and offered to mediate between the country's warring sides in a statement issued following an emergency meeting in Cairo.[114]
  • The European Union's Foreign Policy Chief Josep Borrell confirmed EU staff were all accounted for and called for an immediate end to the violence.[115] He also called the attack on its Ambassador Aidan O'Hara in Khartoum a gross violation of the Vienna Convention.[116] EU spokeswoman Nabila Massrali told AFP news agency the EU delegation had not been evacuated from Khartoum following the attack.[74]
  • The Intergovernmental Authority on Development, an East African trading bloc, held an emergency meeting on the situation in Sudan and said it plans to send Kenyan President William Ruto, South Sudanese President Salva Kiir and Djiboutian President Ismail Omar Guelleh to Khartoum as soon as possible to reconcile the conflicting groups.[103]
  • UN Secretary-General António Guterres called for an immediate cessation of all hostilities.[117] He also condemned the killing of several World Food Programme employees in Sudan, calling the deaths “appalling”.[118]

Notes

  1. ^ Based upon Timeline section

References

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