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Ni una menos

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For the Peruvian #NiUnaMenos march of August 13, 2016, see NiUnaMenos (Peru).
Ni una menos
Formation2015
TypeSocial movement
Location
  • Argentina
Websiteniunamenos.org.ar

Ni una menos (Spanish: [ni ˈuna ˈmenos]; Spanish for "Not one [woman] less") is a Latin American fourth-wave[3][4] grassroots[5] feminist movement, which started in Argentina and has spread across several Latin American countries, that campaigns against gender-based violence. In its official website, Ni una menos defines itself as a "collective scream against machista violence."[6] The campaign was started by a collective of Argentine female artists, journalists and academics, and has grown into "a continental alliance of feminist forces".[7] The movement regularly holds protests against femicides, but has also touched on topics such as gender roles, sexual harassment, gender pay gap, sexual objectification, legality of abortion, sex workers' rights and transgender rights.

March on June 3, 2016

The movement became nationally recognized with the use of the hashtag #NiUnaMenos on social media, title under which massive demonstrations were held on June 3, 2015, having the Palace of the Argentine National Congress as a main meeting point.[8] The protest was organized after the murder of 14-year-old Chiara Paez, found buried underneath her boyfriend's house on May 11, because she wanted to keep the baby and he did not, so he beat her to death when she was a few weeks pregnant.[9] A viral phenomenon which extended to countries such as Uruguay and Chile,[10] it managed to congregate around 200,000 people in Buenos Aires alone.[11] On June 3, 2016 the multitudinous demonstration took place once again throughout Argentina's most important cities, under the new slogan #VivasNosQueremos (English: #WeWantUsAlive);[12][13] the march was also replicated in Montevideo, Uruguay and Santiago, Chile.[14][15] A #NiUnaMenos march also took place in Lima, Peru on August 13, 2016, with thousands of people gathering in front of the Palace of Justice.[16] Newspaper La República considered it the largest demonstration in Peruvian history.[17]

On October 19, 2016 the Ni una menos collective organized a first-ever women mass strike in Argentina, in response to the murder of 16-year-old Lucía Pérez, who was raped and impaled in the coastal city of Mar del Plata.[18][19] It consisted of a one-hour pause from work and study early in the afternoon, with protesters dressed in mourning for what was known as Miércoles negro (Spanish for "Black Wednesday").[20] These protests became region-wide and gave the movement a greater international momentum, with street demonstrations also taking place in Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico and Spain.[21][22][23] A week later, a protest also took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which has been considered "yet another clear sign that Ni una menos has become a rallying cry for the region."[24] On March 8, 2017, Ni una menos took part of the International Women's Strike.[7] The strike was spearheaded in the United States by the leaders of the Women's March on Washington, who in a call to arms letter in The Guardian pointed to Ni una menos as an inspiration.[25][26]

Since the first #NiUnaMenos in 2015, demonstrations take place every year in Argentina on June 3.

In 2016, Argentine scientists Julián Petrulevičius and Pedro Gutiérrez named Tupacsala niunamenos, a dragonfly species found in La Rioja, after the movement. The genus Tupacsala was chosen in honor of Túpac Amaru II and Milagro Sala's organization named after him.[27]

Context for movement origin

Latin America has incredibly high rates of femicide, or feminicide; at least 12 women suffer from gender-based violence daily. In fact, 14 out of the 25 countries with the highest rates of gender based violence can be found in Latin America.[28] The primary age group that is a victim of this sort of violence are young women aged 15-29. [29] Defining victims of feminicide is slightly distinct from female victims of homicide. For a case to be classified as femicide, victims are killed because of their gender.[30] Nevertheless, this statistic may be higher and more nuanced because collecting accurate data is difficult. This pattern creates more barriers to institutionalizing practices that may protect women from gender-based violence.[28]

A factor that influences the prevelance of gender based violence in Latin America is gender inequality. In Latin America, women are more socially and economically disadvantaged compared to women in North America and Western Europe.[31] This may perpetuate dynamics where women are more likely to remain in relationships where they are experiencing abuse or violence.

On the other hand, toxic masculinity, or machismo, is very strong in Latin America. These concepts refer to the notion that men are stronger than women and must assert control in order to protect them. However, they often incorporate an agressive and exaggerated assertion of masculinity that can translate into propensity for gender-based discrimination and gender-based violence.[30]

Lastly, gender-based violence is more common in areas that are more prone to cartel and gang violence. Violence against the female body is used as a tool to assert control and dominance.[32] Furthermore, as cartels expand they begin to delve into practices beyond drugs, including sexual exploitation and trafficking.[33] Moreover, it reiterates ideas of machismo and consequent female submissiveness. These patterns are prevalent in Latin America due to the amount of drug and cartel violence. In Central America, around 600,000 people are internally displaced due to gang violence.[34] On the other hand, levels of violence across the region have been increasing in the past couple of years.[35]

Origin

The collective takes its name from a 1995 phrase by Mexican poet and activist Susana Chávez, "Ni una muerta más" (Spanish for "Not one more [woman] dead"), in protest to the female homicides in Ciudad Juárez. Chávez herself was assassinated in 2011, moment in which the phrase became a "symbol of struggle".[36][37] The first protest organized by Ni una menos was held in Recoleta, Buenos Aires on March 26, 2015, and consisted of a reading marathon, performance art and screenings; the catalyst of the event was the murder of Daiana García, found dead in a garbage bag on March 16.[38]

Accomplishments

  • 2020 legalization of abortion in Argentina: First-trimester elective abortion in Argentina was legalized on 30 December 2020.[39][40] Half a decade of protests by Ni una menos were credited as pivotal advocacy for the change in law.[39][40]
  • Creation of the Registry of Femicides[41]
  • Creation of the Centre for the Registration, Systematisation, and Monitoring of Femicides
    • Created to keep a record of the number of cases of gender-based violence

Criticism

The movement has been criticized by some journalists, especially since 2017, for some of its demands, such as the freedom of Milagro Sala.[42]

See also

References

  1. ^ Roffo, Julieta (29 May 2015). "Un estallido de imágenes para decir #NiUnaMenos". Clarín (in Spanish). Clarín Group. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  2. ^ Roffo, Julieta (9 April 2017). "El emotivo homenaje de Liniers a Micaela" (in Spanish). Infobae. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  3. ^ Young, Linda (11 December 2017). "A Women's Strike Organizer on Feminism for the 99 Percent". Broadly. Vice Media. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  4. ^ Branigan, Claire; Palmeiro, Cecilia (8 March 2018). "Women Strike in Latin America and Beyond". North American Congress on Latin America. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  5. ^ Palmer, Rose (15 December 2017). "Ni Una Menos: An Uprising of Women in Argentina". Culture Trip. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  6. ^ "Qué es Ni una menos" (in Spanish). Ni una menos. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  7. ^ a b Gago, Verónica; Santomaso, Agustina (7 March 2017). "Argentina's Life-or-Death Women's Movement". Jacobin. Bhaskar Sunkara. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  8. ^ Piatti-Crocker, Adriana (2021). "Diffusion of #NiUnaMenos in Latin America: Social Protests Amid a Pandemic". Journal of International Women's Studies. 22 (2): 7–24.
  9. ^ Pomeraniec, Hinde (8 June 2015). "How Argentina rose up against the murder of women". theguardian.com. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  10. ^ "En Uruguay, Chile y México también: ¡Ni una menos!" (in Spanish). La Izquierda Diario. 4 June 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  11. ^ Porter, Tom (4 June 2015). "Argentina: 200,000 rally against femicide and domestic violence in Buenos Aires". International Business Times. IBT Media. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  12. ^ "Multitudinaria marcha en Buenos Aires contra la violencia machista". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Grupo Zeta. 4 June 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  13. ^ Rodríguez, Fernando (3 June 2016). "NiUnaMenos: 275 femicidios entre una marcha y otra". La Nación (in Spanish). SA La Nación. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  14. ^ "Uruguay: Miles de personas marchan contra la violencia hacia las mujeres". CrónicaViva (in Spanish). Universidad Jaime Bausate y Meza. 4 June 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  15. ^ "Marchan en Argentina, Chile y Uruguay contra feminicidios" (in Spanish). Periódico Vanguardia. 3 June 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  16. ^ "#NiUnaMenos: así fue la marcha contra la violencia a la mujer". El Comercio (in Spanish). Grupo El Comercio. 14 August 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  17. ^ Chinchay, Maricarmen; Cortijo, Carlos (14 August 2016). "La más grande de la historia". La República (in Spanish). Grupo La República. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  18. ^ Schinca, Ximena (19 October 2016). "Women set for first-ever general strike in Argentine history". Buenos Aires Herald. Editorial Amfin S.A. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  19. ^ Pardo, Daniel (14 October 2016). "El "aberrante" caso del empalamiento de una niña de 16 años que indigna a Argentina" (in Spanish). BBC Mundo. BBC World Service. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  20. ^ "Women Across Latin America Protest After The Rape And Murder Of A Teenage Girl". HuffPost. AOL. 20 October 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  21. ^ Gordon, Sarah (21 October 2016). "NiUnaMenos: How the brutal gang rape and murder of a schoolgirl united the furious women of Latin America". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  22. ^ "#NiUnaMenos: Varios países se suman al clamor de Argentina". El Comercio (in Spanish). Grupo El Comercio. 19 October 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  23. ^ Goñi, Uki (20 October 2016). "Argentina's women joined across South America in marches against violence". theguardian.com. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  24. ^ Jensen, Emily (26 October 2016). "Ni Una Menos Reaches Rio: Is There Hope To End Gender Violence In Brazil?". The Bubble. Archived from the original on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  25. ^ Beatley, Megan (9 March 2017). "Meet the Argentine Women Behind Ni Una Menos, the Feminist Collective Angela Davis Cites as Inspiration". Remezcla. Remezcla LLC. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  26. ^ Alcoff, Linda Martín; Arruzza, Cinzia; Bhattacharya, Tithi; Fraser, Nancy; Ransby, Barbara; Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta; Odeh, Rasmea; Davis, Angela (6 February 2017). "Women of America: we're going on strike. Join us so Trump will see our power". theguardian.com. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  27. ^ "Argentinala Cristinae: dos científicos del Conicet bautizaron a un insecto "en honor" a Cristina Kirchner". La Nación (in Spanish). SA La Nación. 14 April 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  28. ^ a b "Exploring the Data: The Prevalence of Gender-based Violence in Latin America | Wilson Center". gbv.wilsoncenter.org. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  29. ^ Caribbean, Economic Commission for Latin America and the (24 November 2022). "ECLAC: At Least 4,473 Women Were Victims of Femicide in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2021". www.cepal.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  30. ^ a b "Machismo, Femicides, and Child's Play: Gender Violence in Mexico". Harvard International Review. 19 May 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  31. ^ https://polisci.ucsd.edu/undergrad/departmental-honors-and-pi-sigma-alpha/W.-Gonzalez-Valdez_Senior-Honors-Thesis.pdf
  32. ^ "Violence Against Women by Cartels and Gangs in El Salvador, Honduras - Weaponisation of Female Bodi". The Security Distillery. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  33. ^ CNN, Daniela Mohor W. for (4 June 2022). "As drug cartels expand their reach across Latin America, Chile takes a hit". CNN. Retrieved 27 March 2023. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  34. ^ "Violence Against Women by Cartels and Gangs in El Salvador, Honduras - Weaponisation of Female Bodi". The Security Distillery. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  35. ^ "Rising violence in the last year can intensify humanitarian crises in Latin America: IRC | International Rescue Committee (IRC)". www.rescue.org. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  36. ^ "#NiUnaMenos: ¿Quién fue la autora de la consigna que une a miles contra la violencia de género?" (in Spanish). Minutouno.com. 3 June 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  37. ^ Subirana Abanto, Katherine (4 March 2018). "El tiempo de la acción". El Comercio (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  38. ^ "Maratón de lectura contra los femicidios" (in Spanish). Sur Capitalino. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  39. ^ a b Goñi, Uki; Phillips, Tom (30 December 2020). "Argentina legalises abortion in landmark moment for women's rights: Country becomes only the third in South America to permit elective abortions". Abortion. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  40. ^ a b Politi, Daniel; Londoño, Ernesto (30 December 2020). "Argentina Legalizes Abortion, a Milestone in a Conservative Region:The Senate vote on Wednesday was a major victory for Latin America's growing feminist movement, and its ripple effects are likely to be widespread". Americas. The New York Times. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  41. ^ "OM - CSJN". www.csjn.gov.ar. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  42. ^ "La politización de Ni Una Menos: áspero debate en Intratables. Mirá el video". El Intransigente (in Spanish). Infobae. 5 June 2017. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
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