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Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–1994)

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For the war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, see First Congo War.
First Republic of the Congo Civil War
Date1993 – December 1994
Location
Republic of the Congo
Result Peace agreement
Belligerents
Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo
Cocoye Militia		 Cobra Militia
Ninja Militia
Commanders and leaders
Republic of the Congo Pascal Lissouba Republic of the Congo Bernard Kolélas
Republic of the Congo Denis Sassou Nguesso
Casualties and losses
2,000 people killed
Tens of thousands displaced

The First Republic of the Congo Civil War was a conflict between rival militias led by former politician Bernard Kolelas and former Prime Minister Pascal Lissouba, with another major player being former President Denis Sassou-Nguesso. It was one of four instances of militia fighting within the Republic of the Congo, or Congo-Brazzaville, setting the stage for the next three conflicts in 1997, 1998-99, and 2002[1]. The militia fighting was the direct result of unresolved claims of election fraud in the 1992 presidential election. The First Congo Civil War and the decade of conflict that followed shaped the history of the modern Republic of the Congo, and the violence resulted in the deaths of over 12,000 people and the displacement of 860,000 more[2].

The causes of the civil war laid in the disputed 1993 parliamentary election. the shooting of protesters by Lissouba's troops prompted Kolélas' new militia the Ninjas to move into the areas of his main support base the Pool Department. The capital city Brazzaville was divided. Nguesso's militia the Cobras controlling the north, the Ninjas controlling the south, and Lissouba's militia the Cocoyes controlling the center. Different ethnic groups and tribes supported different sides of the war, with the Kongo and Lari tribes supporting Kolélas, and the Vili and Mbembe tribes supporting Lissouba. Extrajudicial killing were common and after much fighting, 2,000 dead, and tens of thousands displaced, a peace agreement was signed in December 1994, ending the conflict.[3][4]

See also

References

  1. ^ Clarf, John F. (2008). The Failure of Democracy in the Republic of Congo. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 1–15. ISBN 978-1-58826-555-5.
  2. ^ Englebert, Pierre; Ron, James (2004). "Primary Commodities and War: Congo-Brazzaville's Ambivalent Resource Curse". Comparative Politics. 37 (1): 61–81. doi:10.2307/4150124. ISSN 0010-4159.
  3. ^ "Republic of Congo (Brazzaville): Information on the human rights situation and the Ninja militia". Resource Information Center. 14 November 2000. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  4. ^ "Republic of Congo 1st Civil War". globalsecurity. Retrieved 6 August 2021.


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