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This article is about Malaysian citizen of Indonesian descent. For Indonesian citizens living and working in Malaysia, see Indonesian Citizens in Malaysia.
Malaysians of Indonesian origin
Javanese women in Malay Peninsula. circa 1910
Total population
Around 50%-80% (disputed)[1][2][3] [4][5][6] (including those who migrated before the formation of Malaya)
Regions with significant populations
Nationwide
Languages
Predominantly
Malay (Malaysian Malay)
Religion
Predominantly Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Indonesian diaspora
Part of a series on the
History of Malaysia
Prehistoric period
Paleolithic
 Lenggong Valley c. 2,000,0000 BCE
 Mansuli Valley235,000 BCE
Mesolithic
 Niah cultures 65,000–40,000 BCE
Neolithic
 Bewah man/woman 16,000 BCE
 Perak man/woman 11,000–200 BCE
 Neolithic Klang 500 – 200 BCE
Early kingdoms
Ancient Kedah <100 BCE
Chi Tu 100 BCE–642 CE
Langkasuka 100 BCE–1474 CE
Gangga Negara c. 100 CE–1025
Pan Pan 424–775
Old Kedah 170–1135
Old Pahang 449–1454
Srivijaya 700s–1025
Majapahit 1300s
Rise of Muslim states
Kedah Sultanate 1136–present
Samudera Pasai Sultanate 1267–1521
Brunei Sultanate 1368–present
Malacca Sultanate 1402–1511
Sulu Sultanate 1450–1899
Pahang Sultanate 1470–1623
Aceh Sultanate 1496–1903
Pattani Sultanate 1516– 1902
Johor Sultanate 1528–present
Sarawak Sultanate 1599–1641
Selangor Sultanate 1766–present
Besut Kingdom 1780–1899
Setul Kingdom 1808–1916
Reman Kingdom 1810–1902
Kubang Pasu Kingdom 1839–1864
Colonial period
Portuguese Malacca 1511–1641
Dutch–Portuguese War 1601–1661
Dutch Malacca 1641–1824
Pahang Kingdom 1770–1881
Straits Settlements 1786–1946
Siamese invasion of Kedah 1821–1826
Anglo-Dutch Treaty1824
Burney Treaty1826
Naning War 1831–1832
Kingdom of Sarawak 1841–1946
Separation of Perlis from Kedah 1843
Crown Colony of Labuan 1848–1946
Pahang Civil War 1857–1863
Larut Wars 1861–1874
Klang War 1867–1874
Pangkor Treaty 1874
Perak War1875–1876
British Malaya / Borneo 1874–1946
Jementah Civil War 1879
North Borneo 1882–1946
Pahang Uprising 1891–1895
Mat Salleh Rebellion 1894–1905
Federated Malay States 1895–1946
Anglo-Siamese Treaty 1909
Unfederated Malay States 1909–1946
Battle of Penang 1914
Kelantan rebellion 1915
World War II

1941–1945
Malayan campaign 1941–1942
Bornean Campaign 1941–1942
Battle of Muar 1942
Parit Sulong Massacre 1942
Battle of Singapore 1942
Sook Ching 1942
Syburi 1942
Sandakan Death Marches 1942–1945
Si Rat Malai 1943–1945
Jesselton revolt 1943–1944
Formative period
BMA of Malaya/Borneo 1945–1946
Crown Colony of N. Borneo/Sarawak 1946–1963
Anti-cession movement 1946–1963
Malayan Union 1946–1948
Federation of Malaya 1948–1963
Malayan Emergency 1948–1960
Baling Talks 1955
Independence period
Malayan Independence 1957
Singapore self-governance 1959
ISA 1960 1960–2012
Sarawak Insurgency 1962–1990
North Borneo self-governance 1963
Konfrontasi 1963–1966
Sarawak self-governance 1963
Formation of Malaysia 1963
Singapore in Malaysia 1963–1965
ASEAN Declaration 1967
Second communist insurgency 1968–1989
Modern period
13 May incident 1969
National Operations Council 1969–1971
Declaration of Rukun Negara 1970
New Economic Policy 1971–1990
Federal Territory of KL 1974
1977 Kelantan Emergency 1977
Pedra Branca dispute 1979–2008
South China Sea dispute (Spratly) 1980–present
Dawn Raid 1981
Federal Territory of Labuan 1984
Memali incident 1985
Operation Lalang 1987
Constitutional crisis 1987–1988
Peace Agreement of Hat Yai 1989
Royal Immunity Amendments 1993
Asian financial crisis 1997–1998
Reformasi Movement 1998–2022
H1N1 flu pandemic 2009–2010
Sedition Dragnet 2014
1MDB scandal 2015–present
Pakatan Harapan takeover 2018
COVID-19 pandemic 2020–2022
Political crisis 2020–2022
Bornean Amendment 2021–2023
Green Wave 2022–present
Incidents
Brunei revolt 1962–1966
North Borneo dispute (Philippine militant attacks) 1962–present
Singapore race riots 1964
Brunei's Limbang claim 1967–2009
Penang Hartal riot 1967
13 May Incident 1969
Ligitan and Sipadan dispute 1969–2002
Kuala Lumpur flash floods 1971
Malaysian haze crisis 1972–present
AIA building hostage crisis 1975
National Monument bombing 1975
Campbell Shopping Complex fire 1976
Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash 1976
Japan Airlines Flight 715 incident 1977
MH653 incident 1977
1985 Lahad Datu ambush 1985
Memali Incident 1985
Sabah Emergency 1986
Ming Court Affair 1987
Penang terminal bridge collapse 1988
Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire 1989
Bright Sparklers disaster 1991
Highland Towers collapse 1993
Genting landslide 1995
MH2133 incident 1995
Pos Dipang mudflow 1996
Tropical Storm Greg 1996
1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak 1998–1999
2000 Sipadan kidnappings 2000
Al-Ma'unah incident 2000
Sauk Siege 2000
2001 Kampung Medan riots 2001
2002 Taman Hillview landslide 2002
Indian Ocean tsunami 2004
2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods 2006–2007
Bukit Gantang bus crash 2007
Bukit Antarabangsa landslide 2008
2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia 2009
Attacks against places of worship 2010
Cameron Highlands bus crash 2010
Hulu Langat landslide 2011
Genting Highlands bus crash 2013
MH370 incident 2014
MH17 incident 2014
2014–15 Malaysia floods 2014–2015
Sabah earthquake 2015
2015 Plaza Low Yat riot2015
Movida Bar grenade attack 2016
Kim Jong-nam's Assassination 2017
Darul Quran madrasa fire2017
2018 Subang Temple riot 2018
2020-21 Malaysia floods 2021
LRT train collision 2021
2021-22 Malaysia floods 2021–2022
2022 Batang Kali landslide 2022
2023 Elmina plane crash 2023
2024 Lumut helicopters crash 2024
2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack 2024
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The Indonesian Malaysians (Malay/Indonesian: Orang Malaysia Keturunan Indonesia) are Malaysian citizens of Indonesian ancestry. Today, there are many Malaysian Malays who have lineage from the Indonesian archipelago and have played an important role in the history and contributed to the development of Malaysia, they have been assimilated with other Malay communities and are grouped as part of the foreign Malays or anak dagang in terms of race. The Malaysian census does not categorize ethnic groups from the Indonesian archipelago as a separate ethnic group, but rather as Malay or Bumiputera.[7]

Article 160 of the Malaysian Constitution only states the criteria for a person to be considered a Malay; which is to profess the religion of Islam, habitually speak the Malay language, conform to Malay custom and be born to a Malaysian parent.[8]

Several ethnic groups of Indonesian origin such as Acehnese, Minangkabau, Javanese, Banjarese, Mandailing[9] and Bugis have significant migration to Malaysia and form significant communities in Malaysia.[10] Negeri Sembilan, in particular, has large numbers of Minangkabau, Acehnese in Kedah, Javanese in Johor, Banjar in Perak and Bugis in Selangor and Sabah. There are three kings and six prime ministers of Malaysia who also have ethnic lineage from the Indonesian archipelago, such as the kings of Johor and Selangor who have Bugis lineages, and king of Negeri Sembilan who have Minangkabau lineages. Malaysia's former first king Tuanku Abdul Rahman,[11] Najib Razak, and Muhyiddin Yassin, each of them have Minangkabau, Bugis, and Javanese ancestry.[12][13]

History

The extent of Majapahit Nusantara according to Nagarakretagama.

The history of Indonesia and history of Malaysia were often intertwined. Throughout their history, the borders of ancient kingdoms and empires – such as Srivijaya, Majapahit, Malacca and Johor-Riau – often comprised both modern-day countries. For centuries, the relations, migrations, and interactions between Indonesian and Malaysian people have been quite intense, and it is common for Malaysians to trace their relatives in Indonesia and vice versa.

The migration of Indonesian to Malaysia can be traced back since before the colonial time especially during the Srivijaya and Majapahit administration. The first king of the Malacca Sultanate was descended from the Srivijaya prince Sang Nila Utama from Palembang. Interracial marriages between Sultanates such as between Sultan Mansur Shah of Malacca and the Princess Raden Galuh Chandra Kirana of Majapahit are stated in the Malay Annals.[14] Other historical texts such as Tuhfat al-Nafis (known as Sejarah Melayu dan Bugis (History of the Malays and Bugis)), stated the relations between different Sultanates of Johor-Riau, Kedah, Perak, Selangor, Pahang, and Terengganu on the peninsula with the east and west coasts of Sumatra and Kalimantan.[14]

During the British occupation, Malaysia was integrated into the world's commodity and capital markets, became a source of resources for the colonizers (suzerain) and began to face labor shortages. Britain then looked for sources of labor from countries such as India and China. Indonesians became the third source of labor and the British viewed and treated them differently from Indians and Chinese because they were considered to have the same race as Malays.[15]

Post-decolonization, the government, like other political institutions in a democracy, tries to maintain its mandate and legitimacy through elections. This has implications for providing incentives and broadening the support base. By classifying Indonesian migrants (such as Javanese, Minangkabau, Bugis, Bawean, Banjar, Mandailing, Acehnese and others) into ethnic Malays, the government party Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu or UMNO expanded its mass base. The reason for the classification and the criteria for ethnic Malays in the Malaysian constitution is a socio-historical construction. This historical aspect exists because the identity defined in the Malaysian constitution has existed since the time of the Malacca sultanate in contrast to the Orang Asli or the Dayak people. So that anyone who meets the socio-religious requirements of the Malays is classified as a Malay (ethnic group).

Population

Minangkabau

Main article: Overseas Minangkabau
Main article: Minangkabau Malaysians

The Minangkabau Malaysians are people of full or partial Minangkabau descent who were born in or immigrated to Malaysia. They form a significant part of Malaysia's population and Malaysian law considers most of them to be Malays. The Minangkabau people originate from West Sumatra, have a long history of migration to Malaysia. Minangkabau people are dominant in Negeri Sembilan, both in terms of population, politics, and culture. At the beginning of the 14th century, the Minangkabau people arrived in Negeri Sembilan via Melaka and initially settled in Rembau. The Minangkabau people who arrived at that time had a more advanced civilisation than the Orang Asli (a term used to describe the indigenous people in the are) in Negeri Sembilan. From the marriage between the Minangkabau people and the Orang Asli, the Biduanda clan was born. It is from the Biduanda clan that the chieftains of Negeri Sembilan (the 'Penghulu' and 'Undang') descend. The initial migration of the Minangkabau people mostly came from the Tanah Datar and Payakumbuh areas of West Sumatra.[16]

Before the establishment of the Yang di-Pertuan Besar post and the royal institution, Negeri Sembilan was under the protection of the Malacca Sultanate and then the Johor Sultanate. In the 18th century the weakened Johor was no longer able to protect Negeri Sembilan from Bugis attacks. Therefore, the leaders of Negeri Sembilan requested that they be allowed to invite a prince from Pagaruyung (West Sumatra) to rule over them. The then King of Pagaruyung, Sultan Abdul Jalil, granted the request and sent Raja Melewar to become King, or Yamtuan Besar in Seri Menanti.

The Negeri Sembilan people follow the Adat Perpatih customs and traditions, which involves inheritance based on matrilineal lineage; clan lineage is also determined by matrilineal descent.[17][18]

The population census in Malaysia does not categorise Minangkabau as a separate ethnic group, but is generally classified as Malay. However, based on estimates, there are around 989,000 Minangkabau people living in Malaysia. Although accounting for less than 5% of Malaysia's population, their presence has contributed significantly to the development of this country. Before independence, there were many Minangkabau people in Malaysia who took part and held significant influence. They were mostly traders, clerics, and politicians. Long before the arrival of the British to Penang, there were already many Minang businessmen who traded on the island. Datuk Jannaton, Nakhoda Intan, dan Nakhoda Kecil are some of the cross-strait entrepreneurs based in Penang. In the 19th century, Muhammad Saleh Al-Minankabawi became the mufti of the Perak Kingdom and Uthman bin Abdullah became the first qadi in Kuala Lumpur. In addition, Mohamed Taib bin Haji Abdul Samad, who has a fairly large business, became an explorer in the Chow Kit area in Kuala Lumpur. In the mid-20th century, many Minangkabau figures became politicians at the same time. Some of them are Abdullah C.D., Ahmad Boestamam, Burhanuddin al-Hilmi, Shamsiah Fakeh, and Mokhtaruddin Lasso.

After independence, many important Malaysian figures and public figures were of Minangkabau descent. These include Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, Malaysia's first spaceman, Rais Yatim, the longest serving government minister, U-Wei bin Haji Saari, one of Malaysia's acclaimed directors, entrepreneur Kamarudin Meranun, and Saiful Bahri, the composer of Malaysia's national anthem, "Negaraku".[19][20]

Bugis

The Bugis Malaysians are people of full or partial Bugis descent who were born in or immigrated to Malaysia. They form a significant part of Malaysia's population and Malaysian law considers most of them to be Malays. The Bugis people originate from South Sulawesi and have played an important role in Malaysian history. The Bugis at that time were directly involved in the politics of the Malay kingdoms. The conclusion in 1669 of a protracted civil war led to a diaspora of Bugis and their entry into the politics of the Sumatra and Malay Peninsula. The Bugis played an important role in defeating Jambi and had a huge influence in Sultanate of Johor. Apart from the Malays, another influential faction in Johor at that time was the Minangkabau. Both the Buginese and the Minangkabau aware how the death of Sultan Mahmud II had provided them with the chance to exert major influence in Johor.

It started when King Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah wanted to control Johor and Riau lingga which was controlled by Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah or known as Raja Kecil. Then with the help of the Bugis from Klang, King Sulaiman managed to seize the territory of Johor and Riau Lingga from the hands of Raja Kecil. In return, King Sulaiman gave the title of Yang Dipertuan Muda to Daeng Marewah who ruled in Johor and Riau Lingga. Until now the kings in the Sultanate of Johor and the Sultanate of Selangor are of Bugis descent. The population census in Malaysia also does not categorize the Bugis as a separate ethnic group, but rather as a Malay ethnic group. The presence of the Bugis in Malaysia has become a part of history and a contribution to the development of the State of Malaysia. Several Prime Ministers in Malaysia are of Bugis descent, include Tun Abdul Razak and his son Najib Razak. There are also many Malaysian public figures who have Bugis ancestry such as the famous Malaysian singer, Yuna.[21][22][23]

In modern Malaysia, Buginese are classified as Bumiputera (like members of other historical immigrant ethnicities originating from Indonesia).[24]

Javanese

Main article: Javanese Malaysians

The Javanese Malaysians are people of full or partial Javanese descent who were born in or immigrated to Malaysia. They form a significant part of Malaysia's population and Malaysian law considers most of them to be Malays. They come from Java, Malaysia is home to the largest Javanese population outside Indonesia. Many important and well-known figures in Malaysia are of Javanese descent. Javanese migration to Malaysia had occurred before the colonial era. The first wave of Javanese people came during the Sultanate of Malacca era in the 15th century.[25] Political marriages between kingdoms, such as between Sultan Mansur Shah of Malacca sultanate and Princess Raden Galuh Chandra Kirana of Majapahit, were an evidence that the interaction between nations has started a long time ago. This story is told in the 16th century ancient Malay manuscript, Sulalatus Salatin. The Javanese in Malaysia have adapted to the local culture and social values very well. The Javanese in Malaysia have adopted Malay culture, they speak Malay and use Malay names.

The presence of the Javanese in Malaysia has become part of the history and contribution to the development of the state of Malaysia. Many political figures have held important positions in the Malaysian government, including Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, previous Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia, and Muhyiddin Yassin, who served as the 8th Prime Minister of Malaysia. There are also many Malaysian artists of Javanese descent, such as Mohammad Azwan bin Mohammad Nr or better known as Wak Doyok, a businessman and fashion icon and also Herman Tino, the pioneer of dangdut singers in Malaysia.

Most Malaysians of Javanese descent have assimilated into the local Malay culture, and speak Malay as a native tongue and first language rather than the Javanese language of their ancestors. This occurs through usual assimilation, as well as intermarriages with other ethnic groups. This qualifies them as Malays under Malaysian law. The situation is identical with the Javanese in Singapore, where they are considered Malay.[26][27][28][29][30]

Banjar

The Banjar Malaysians are people of full or partial Banjar descent who were born in or immigrated to Malaysia. They form a significant part of Malaysia's population and Malaysian law considers most of them to be Malays. In contrast to the Malay Peninsula, in Sabah the Banjarese are considered a separate ethnic group from the Malays. In Malaysia, many Banjarese are still fluent in Banjarese and have culinary and cultural characteristics similar to their native South Kalimantan. Banjar communities in Malaysia can be found almost all over the country.[31]

The Banjar people have emigrated to the Malay Peninsula hundreds of years ago. The first generation of Banjar people initially cultivated agricultural land. Many of them live in the Bagan Serai and Sungai Manik areas. Following World War II, the Banjarese contributed to the expulsion of communists in Malaysia.[32][33]

Bawean

The Bawean Malaysians are people of full or partial Bawean descent who were born in or immigrated to Malaysia. The Bawean ethnicity in Malaysia is not as much as the Minang, Javanese, and Bugis ethnicities. Even so they are also categorized as Malays. The Bawean or Boyanese people come from Bawean Island, off the north coast of Java. In Malaysia, the Bawean people are better known as the Boyan people or Babian people. The word Boyan actually means driver or gardener, because at the beginning of the migration, many Baweans in Malaysia worked as drivers or gardeners. The lack of documentation and historical records has resulted in the exact time when the Baweans arrived in Malaysia. There are various theories regarding the arrival of the Baweans in the Malay Peninsula. There is an opinion that there was a Bawean named Tok Ayar who arrived in Melaka in 1819. In Melaka, the Baweans also spread to the Klang Valley, such as in the Ampang, Gombak, Balakong and Shah Alam areas. The population census in Malaysia does not categorize the Bawaean or Boyan people as a separate ethnic group but is classified as a Malay ethnicity. The presence of the Bawean people in Malaysia has become a part of history and a contribution to the development of the State of Malaysia.[34][35]

Acehnese

The Acehnese Malaysians are people of full or partial Acehnese descent who were born in or immigrated to Malaysia. They form a significant part of Malaysia's population and Malaysian law considers most of them to be Malays. They come from Aceh, northern tip of Sumatra. The existence of the Acehnese in Malaysia has existed for hundreds of years. Aceh's relations with countries in Peninsular Malaysia have existed since the 16th century. The Acehnese, especially in Penang, have contributed a lot to economic growth through the export of their natural wealth, especially pepper. During the war against the Dutch, Aceh made Penang a place for international lobbying, to thwart Aceh from Dutch colonialism. The Lebuh Aceh Mosque is the oldest mosque in Penang. Currently, it is estimated that there are hundreds of thousands of people of Acehnese descent in Malaysia. Many Acehnese in Malaysia have played important and influential roles in Malaysia such as songwriter and singer P. Ramlee and former Minister Sanusi Junid.[36][37][38]

Notable people

Minangkabau ancestry

Bugis ancestry

Javanese ancestry

Banjarese ancestry

  • Mohamed Khaled Nordin, 15th First Minister of Johor and Member of the Supreme Council of UMNO
  • Abdul Latiff Ahmad, Former Deputy Minister of Defense and Member of Parliament
  • Ahmad Husni Hanadzlah, Former Minister of Finance II and Member of Parliament for Tambun-BN/UMNO
  • Hassan Bin Shukri, Former Senator, Member of the Senate, and Former Deputy President of PAS
  • Sabran Bin Asmawi, Former member of parliament
  • Hassan Adli Bin Mohd Arsyad, Former Minister of Local Government and Federal Territories-BN-PAS, Former Deputy President of PAS
  • Mohd Puad Zarkashi, Former Deputy Minister of Education and Member of Parliament for Batu Pahat-BN/UMNO
  • Badrianshah Mohd Hamdi, Member of Parliament for Lembah Pantai (Sabah)
  • Saloma, Singer and actress.
  • Sarimah Ibrahim, Actress, television host and radio announcer.
  • Jamal Abdillah, Singer and actor.
  • Ramly Bin Mokni, Founder Ramly Burger
  • Nordin Bin Kadri, Academic figures
  • Abdul Rahim Mohd Noor, Police Chief 1994-1999
  • Musa Hassan, Police Chief 2006-2010
  • Aliff Shukri Kamaruzzaman, Entrepreneur and singer
  • Sarimah Ibrahim, Artist
  • Jalaluddin Hassan, Actor and television host
  • Mubarak Majid, Actor
  • Shuib Sepahtu, Artist
  • Zack Idris, Actor
  • Jamal Abdillah, Pop singer and actor

See also

References

  1. ^ Bahrin, Tengku Shamsul (1967), "The growth and distribution of the Indonesian population in Malaya", Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 123 (2): 267–286, doi:10.1163/22134379-90002906
  2. ^ Tan, Loong Hoe (1982), The state and economic distribution in Peninsular Malaysia : toward an alternative theoretical approach, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, p. 37, ISBN 978-997-1902-44-5
  3. ^ "Census population by state, Peninsular Malaysia, 1901–2010" (PDF). Economic History of Malaya: Asia-Europe Institute, University of Malaya. 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  4. ^ Wahyu Dwi Anggoro. "Mayoritas Melayu Malaysia Keturunan Indonesia". Okezone.
  5. ^ "Migrasi dan Perkawinan Politik Menghubungkan Melayu dan Nusantara".
  6. ^ "Malaysia, Negeri Perantau Indonesia".
  7. ^ "Telaah: Kisah Orang Jawa yang tak jadi bagian dari Melayu". Antaranews.
  8. ^ "Bumiputera: Are you one? Or can you 'become' one in Malaysia?". Malay Mail. 2017-07-26. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  9. ^ "Ketika warga Malaysia keturunan Mandailing ramai-ramai 'pulang kampung' ke Indonesia". BBC Indonesia.
  10. ^ "Indonesia-Malaysia, Serumpun Beda Nasib". VIVA. 7 September 2009.
  11. ^ Teguh Gunung Anggun. "Orang-Orang Minang Berpengaruh di Kancah Dunia". Sumbarprov.
  12. ^ A.Syalaby Ichsan. "Banyak Orang Indonesia Jadi Menteri di Malaysia". Republika.
  13. ^ Haris Barak (March 2020). "Pengakuan PM Malaysia Muhyiddin Yassin: Bapak Bugis, Ibu Jawa". Liputan6.
  14. ^ a b Joseph Chinyong Liow (2005). The Politics of Indonesia–Malaysia Relations – Kinship and Indo-Malay historiography (Kinship and the pre-colonial regional system) (PDF). Routledge, Taylor & Francis. p. 30. ISBN 0-203-67248-8. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  15. ^ Lin Mei (August 2006). "Indonesian Labor Migrants in Malaysia: A Study from China" (PDF). Institute of China Studies. University of Malaya. p. 3. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  16. ^ Nurmala, Noviyanti. Kisah Bangsa Melayu di Negeri Jiran. Majalah Akses edisi ke-7: Bisnis Indonesia Malaysia. 2007
  17. ^ "Negeri Sembilan - History and Culture". Archived from the original on 2018-07-28. Retrieved 2021-12-08.
  18. ^ "The Minangkabau of Negeri Sembilan". 4 April 2016.
  19. ^ "Sejarah Minangkabau di Negeri Sembilan".
  20. ^ "Asal Mula Hubungan Minangkabau Dan Negeri Sembilan".
  21. ^ "Asal Usul Orang Bugis di Malaysia, dalam Kerajaan Melayu, Johor dan Selangor". 7 July 2021.
  22. ^ "Raja-Raja di Malaysia Berdarah Bugis".
  23. ^ "Pengakuan PM Malaysia Muhyiddin Yassin: Bapak Bugis, Ibu Jawa". March 2020.
  24. ^ "KAReBA 2019 dijangka dihadiri 10,000 pengunjung". 8 March 2021.
  25. ^ The Javanese connection in Malaysia
  26. ^ Shigeru Sato (June 2015). War, Nationalism and Peasants: Java Under the Japanese Occupation, 1942-45. Routledge. pp. 158–. ISBN 978-1-317-45236-2.
  27. ^ Richard Wallace Braithwaite (2016). Fighting Monsters: An Intimate History of the Sandakan Tragedy. Australian Scholarly Publishing. pp. 278–. ISBN 978-1-925333-76-3.
  28. ^ Joshua Project. "Javanese, Orang Jawa in Malaysia". joshuaproject.net.
  29. ^ "Masih Serumpun, Begini Sejarah Hubungan Komunitas Melayu dan Jawa di Malaysia". 3 March 2021.
  30. ^ "Wah, Lebih dari Separuh Menteri Malaysia Keturunan Indonesia". 3 September 2013.
  31. ^ "Keturunan Banjar di Malaysia jadi Melayu baru". 28 October 2014.
  32. ^ ""Kajagauan" Di Negeri Jiran".
  33. ^ "Etnik Banjar Di Perak" (in Malay). The Malaya Post. 7 December 2020.
  34. ^ Koentjaraningrat. (1972). Bawean islanders. In F. M. LeBar (Ed.), Ethnic Groups of Insular Southeast Asia, Volume 1: Indonesia, Andaman Islands, and Madagascar (p. 59). New Haven: Human Relations Area Files Press.
  35. ^ Sarifin, Muhammad Ridhwan dan Mohamdad Fauzi Sukimi. Serupa tapi berbeza: Kajian kes komuniti Bawean Kampung Sungai Tiram, Johor Malaysia. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Selangor. 2016
  36. ^ Bustami, Abubakar (August 2015). "Sejarah dan Pola Migrasi Masyarakat Aceh ke Yan Kedah". Adabiya. 17 (33): 70–87.
  37. ^ "Banyak Menteri di Malaysia keturunan Indonesia". 2 September 2013.
  38. ^ "P. Ramlee: Seniman Jenius Keturunan Indonesia yang Terpinggirkan".
  39. ^ "Astronot Malaysia Itu Ternyata Urang Awak", okezone
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