Western Australia
Template:Australia state or territory Western Australia is Australia's largest state in area, covering the western third of the mainland, and is bordered by South Australia and the Northern Territory. It is, after the Sakha Republic in Russia, the largest subnational entity (statoid) in the world. The capital city, Perth, is one of the most isolated cities of its size on the planet, being closer to Jakarta, Indonesia (3,007 km/1,868 miles) than to Sydney (3,284 km/2,041 miles).
West Australians are often colloquially referred to as sandgropers due to the sandy soils around Perth.[1]
Geography
The bulk of Western Australia consists of the extremely old Yilgarn craton and Pilbara craton which merged with the Deccan of India, Madagascar and the Karoo and Zimbabwe cratons of South Africa, in the Archean Eon to form Ur, one of the oldest Supercontinents on Earth (3,200-3,000 million years ago). Because the only mountain-building since then has been of the Stirling Range with the rifting from Antarctica, the land is extremely eroded and ancient, with no part of the State today above 1,245 metres (4,085 ft) AHD (at Mount Meharry in the Hamersley Range of the Pilbara region). Most parts of the State form a low plateau with an average elevation of about 400 metres (1,200 ft), very low relief, and no surface runoff. This descends relatively sharply to the coastal plains, in some cases forming a sharp escarpment (as with the Darling Range/Darling Scarp near Perth).
The extreme age of the landscape has meant that the soils are remarkably infertile and frequently laterised. Even soils derived from granitic bedrock contain an order of magnitude less available phosphorus and only half as much nitrogen as soils in comparable climates in other continents. Soils derived from extensive sandplains or ironstone are even less fertile, being even more devoid of soluble phosphate and also deficient in zinc, copper, molybdenum and sometimes potassium and calcium.
The infertility of most of the soils has required heavy inputs of chemical fertilisers, particularly superphosphate, insecticides and herbicides, which, with the ensuing damage to invertebrate and bacterial populations, and compaction of soils through heavy machinery and hoofed mammals has done great damage to the fragile soils. The massive clearing of the land has not only damaged habitats for native flora and fauna, making the South West region of the state that with the greatest percentage of flora and fauna rare, threatened or endangered in Australia, and one of the biodiversity "hot spots" in the world, it has also led to major problems with dryland salinity and the loss of fresh water. (See Southwest Australia)
The southwest coastal area is relatively temperate and was originally heavily forested, including large stands of the karri, one of the tallest trees in the world. This agricultural region of Western Australia is in the top nine terrestrial habitats for terrestrial biodiversity with a higher proportion of endemic species than most other equivalent regions, and thanks to the offshore Leeuwin Current, numbers in the top six regions for marine biodiversity, containing the most southerly coral reefs in the world. Annual rainfall varies from 300 millimetres (12 in) at the edge of the Wheatbelt region to 1,400 millimetres (55 inches) in the wettest areas near Northcliffe, but in the months of November to March evaporation exceeds rainfall and it is generally very dry. Plants must be adapted to this as well as the extreme poverty of all soils. A major reduction in rainfall has been observed, with a greater number of rainfall events in the summer months (see Southwest corner of Western Australia). This may be due to Climate change.
The central four-fifths of the State is semi-arid or desert, and is lightly inhabited with the only significant activity being mining. Annual rainfall here averages about 200 to 250 millimetres (8–10 in) but is very erratic because most of it is produced in torrential falls by cyclones in the summer months that are often unreliable.
An exception to this is the northern tropical regions. The Kimberley has an extremely hot monsoonal climate with average annual rainfall ranging from 500 to 1,500 millimetres (20–60 in), but there is a very long almost rainless season from April to November. Almost all (85%) of the State's runoff occurs in the Kimberley, but because it occurs in violent floods and the insurmountable poverty of the generally shallow soils, the only development has taken place along the Ord River with an ambitious scheme that has only recently begun to pay off.
Snow is only a regular occurrence on the Stirling Range near Albany, as it is the only mountain range far enough south and with sufficient elevation. More rarely, snow can fall on the Porongurup Range. Snow outside these areas is a major event; it usually occurs in hilly areas of southwestern Australia. The most widespread low-level snow occurred on 26 June 1956 when snow was reported in the Perth hills, as far north as Wongan Hills and as far east as Salmon Gums. However, even in the Stirling Range, snowfalls rarely exceed 5 cm (2 in) and rarely settle for more than one day.[2]
Highest maximum temperature: 50.5 °C (122.9 °F), Mardie, Pilbara, 61.6 kilometres (38.3 mi) from Barrow Island, 19 February 1998
Lowest minimum temperature: -6.7 °C (19.9 °F), Booylgoo Springs, 187.3 kilometres (116.4 mi) from Meekatharra, 12 July 1969 [1]
History
The first inhabitants of Australia arrived from the north approximately 40,000 to 60,000 years ago. Over thousands of years they eventually spread across the whole landmass. These Indigenous Australians were well established throughout Western Australia by the time European ships started accidentally arriving en-route to Batavia (now Jakarta) in the early seventeenth century.
The first European to visit Western Australia was a Dutch explorer, Dirk Hartog who on 26 October 1616 landed at (what is now known as) Cape Inscription, Dirk Hartog Island. For the rest of the 17th century there were many other Dutch travellers who also, usually unintentionally, encountered the coast. By the late 1700s, English and French sailors had also begun to explore the Western Australian coast.
The present state has its origins in the expropriation of Aboriginal land by the British settlement known as the Swan River Colony, founded at Perth in 1829 (although the first British settlement occurred in Albany in 1826).
Population growth was very slow until significant discoveries of gold were made in the 1890s around Kalgoorlie.
The colony eventually became a state of Australia on 1 January 1901.
People
Since the settlement in 1829 of the Swan River Colony by the British, many immigrants have continued to be of British origin, outnumbered only by arrivals from other Australian states. Today Australian Aboriginal people number over 1.5% of the population and are rapidly growing despite having mean average life expectancy rates more than 20 years less than the average non Aboriginal Australian.
There has also been significant immigration from New Zealand and South Africa. Small numbers of Southeast Asian (especially ethnic Chinese) immigrants began to arrive in Western Australia in the mid-to-late 19th century, attracted to the goldfields. Transportation of convicts to Western Australia did not begin until 1850 and lasted until 1868 with Western Australia being the last colony to receive convicts. During this period, over 9,000 convicts were transported to the colony, on 43 convict ships. Immigration restrictions (the White Australia Policy) caused non-white immigration to cease in the 1890s. Unlike most other parts of Australia, Western Australia received many migrants from Italy in the 1920s, a time when many Italian immigrants were choosing to go to the United States. Following World War II, immigration to all of Australia from Europe increased, especially from Italy, Yugoslavia, Germany, Russia, Ukraine, and Greece.
In the 1970s, a new wave of Asian immigrants, mostly ethnic Chinese and Vietnamese began to arrive in Western Australia. Perth, in particular, paralleled the multicultural experience of other large Australian cities and has become home to people from most of the countries in the world. Presently, 11.9% of Western Australian residents were born in the United Kingdom or Ireland, while 5.3% were born in Asia. In recent years, Western Australia has had the highest overseas migration rates in the nation. Western Australia now has the highest proportion of overseas born citizens in Australia. Interestingly, Perth has developed a significant Japanese population and now has more Japanese nationals with Australian permanent residency than any other city in Australia.
Perth's metropolitan area had an estimated population of 1.50 million in 2006 which was almost three quarters of the state's population. The Perth metropolitan area has grown to include the port of Fremantle and the town of Rockingham. Other important or well-known centres include Mandurah (pop. 54,000), Bunbury, Kalgoorlie, Albany, Geraldton, Port Hedland and Broome, but these are all relatively small cities or towns.
Economy
Western Australia has the highest per capita output of any Australian state, with an economy that has been largely based on the extraction and export of mining and petroleum commodities, especially, iron, alumina, natural gas, nickel and gold. Western Australia is a leading alumina extractor, producing more than 20% of the world's aluminium. It is also the world's third-largest iron ore producer, producing around 15% of the world's total iron ore output. Western Australia also extracts up to 75% of Australia's 240 tonnes of gold. Diamonds are extracted at Argyle diamond mine in the North West. Coal is mined at Collie and used for domestic power production.
Western Australia's economy recently has benefited from an unprecedented amount of foreign demand for resources, particularly from China. This has contributed to strong GSP growth.[3] Perth has emerged as a significant administration centre for businesses in the mineral and oil and gas industries.
Agricultural exports are also important (amounting to approximately 3% of GSP), especially wheat, barley and sheep products such as wool and meat. In recent years, tourism has grown in importance, with the majority of visitors coming from the United Kingdom and Ireland, Singapore, Japan and Malaysia.
Western Australia, with about 10% of Australia's population, has historically generated approximately 30% of Australia's export revenues, however the recent commodities boom has pushed this figure to now exceed 40%. The State now generates more export income than New South Wales and Victoria (Australia's two most populous states) combined. High incomes, strong corporate activity, lower unemployment, mineral revenue and a younger population mean that Western Australia provides a significant financial subsidy to all other states. The economic boom in Western Australia is so strong that a significant labour shortage has emerged. The state government has launched an appeal for more people to move to the growing state at www.gowestnow.com. Very high levels of job vacancies have emerged and unless skilled workers can be found, the state government fears that significant economic opportunities may be lost.
This boom has also caused a massive rise in property values. Average residential property increased in value by over 40% in 2006. Perth property is now the most valuable in Australia and has replaced Sydney as the most expensive city in Australia. Massive projects continue to fuel the economy and population growth continues to push rental and purchase prices up.
Significant refining and manufacturing industries are located within the state and are continuing to grow strongly with the states booming economy. These include Liquified natural gas production mainly for export to Asia, Petro chemicals and fertilizer Production in the North West Shelf region. A major heavy industrial area is located south of Perth at Kwinana. Oil Refining is conducted here along with an iron and steel mill owned by BHP Billiton. Alumina and Nickel are also produced in Kwinana. Shipbuilding is conducted at Austal yards in Henderson south of Fremantle. Several heavy and light engineering and metal fabrication factories are located in Perth catering for the demands of the mining industry. Other light industries include cement and building product manufacturing, flour milling, food processing, animal feed production, automotive body building, printing and boat building.
IT industry is located at the Bentley Technology Park.
Several major along with smaller specialised breweries are located mainly in Perth including Swan Brewery at Canning Vale, Carlton United Brewing at Mosman Bay others include Little Creatures Brewery in Fremantle and Gage Roads Brewery also Fremantle. Western Australia also has major wine producing regions in the South West located in the Margaret River region and Swan Valley. Several wineries produce wine for local consumption and international export
Western Australia has a significant fishing industry that produces fish for local consumption and foreign export including Western Rock Lobsters, Prawns, Crabs, Shark and Tuna. Processing is conducted along the west coast. Whaling ceased at Albany in 1978.
Perth is a major center for banking and finance, and includes state head offices for all major banks, Commonwealth, National Australia Bank, Westpac and ANZ. It is also home to the Head Office of Woodside Petroleum and has major offices for Rio Tinto, BHP and Western Mining Corporation. Several insurance companies have large offices in Perth including AXA, Aviva, AMP and SGIO.
Perth has the biggest retail sector in the state with retail outlets being found mainly in Hay, Murray and Wellington Streets. Several large shopping malls are located in the suburbs at Garden City, Karrinyup, Morley and Cannington. Department stores include Myer and David Jones. Fremantle is also a retail centre catering for local and tourist needs.
Western Australia is also unique in that it is the only state in Australia where retail trade is tightly regulated and there are strict restrictions on the hours that stores are allowed to open. Major stores are restricted to open between 8:00am and 6:00 p.m. weekdays except Thursdays in the suburbs where closing time is 9:00pm. Saturdays stores are open from 8:00 am to 5:00pm. A referendum was held on 26 February 2005 on the issue of allowing weekday trading to 9pm and 6 hours of trade on Sundays; the referendum was defeated, in line with historical Australian referendum voting (only 8 successful referendums from 44).
Exemptions to this are granted for designated tourist precincts of the Perth city centre, Fremantle and major regional centres: these are allowed to trade on Sundays from 12:00pm until 5:00pm. The Perth City area has Friday night trading until 9:00pm.
Notable Western Australian private companies
- Alinta[4]
- Aquila Resources Limited[5]
- Australasian Resources Limited[6]
- BankWest[7]
- Multiplex[8]
- Wesfarmers[9]
- West Australian Newspapers[10]
- Woodside Petroleum[11]
Minimum Wages
| Full Time/Part Time Employee | Casual Employee | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Weekly Wage (AUD) | Hourly Wage (AUD) | Hourly Wage (AUD) |
| Adult (>21 years) | $504.40 | $13.27 | $15.93 |
| 20 years (90% Adult Wage) | $454.00 | $11.95 | $14.34 |
| 19 years (80% Adult Wage) | $403.60 | $10.62 | $12.75 |
| 18 years (70% Adult Wage) | $353.10 | $9.29 | $11.15 |
| 17 years (60% Adult Wage) | $302.70 | $7.97 | $9.56 |
| 16 years (50% Adult Wage) | $252.20 | $6.64 | $7.96 |
| <16 years (40% Adult Wage) | $201.80 | $5.31 | $6.37 |
Government
Western Australia was granted self-government in 1889 with a bicameral House of Parliament, located in Perth, consisting of the Legislative Assembly (or lower house), which has 57 members; and the Legislative Council (or upper house), which has 34 members. Suffrage is universal and compulsory for Australian citizens residing in Western Australia over 18 years of age.
With the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901, Western Australia became a State within Australia's federal structure; this involved ceding certain powers to the Commonwealth (or Federal) government in accordance with the Constitution; all powers not specifically granted to the Commonwealth remained solely with the State, however over time the Commonwealth has effectively expanded its powers through increasing control of taxation and financial distribution.
Whilst the sovereign of Western Australia is the Queen of Australia (Queen Elizabeth II), and executive power nominally vested in her State representative the Governor (currently Ken Michael), executive power is effectively administered by the premier and ministers. The premier is Alan Carpenter and ministers are drawn from the party or coalition of parties holding a majority of seats in the lower house of Parliament, (currently Labor).
Secession
Secessionism has been a recurring feature of Western Australia's political landscape since shortly after European settlement in 1829. Western Australia was the most reluctant participant in the Commonwealth of Australia.[12]. Western Australia did not participate in the earliest federation conference. Longer term residents of Western Australia were generally opposed to federation, however the discovery of gold brought several immigrants from other parts of Australia. It was these residents, primarily in Kalgoorlie but also in Albany who voted to join the Commonwealth, and the proposal of these areas being admitted separately was considered.
In a referendum in April 1933, 68% of voters voted for the state to leave the Commonwealth of Australia with the aim of returning to the British Empire as an autonomous territory. The State Government sent a delegation to Westminster, but the British Government refused to intervene and therefore no action was taken to implement this decision.
For social and cultural reasons the concept of secession is unlikely to be seriously considered in the future, even though commentators occasionally raise the idea due to economic reasons.
Native species
Fauna
Birds
WA is home to around 540 species of birds (depending on the taxonomy used). Of these around 15 are endemic to the state. The best areas for birds are the south-western corner of the state and the area around Broome and the Kimberley.
Flora
(see Flora of Western Australia)
Western Australia, in its south west region has some of the largest numbers of plant species for its area in the world. Prior to European settlers expanding agriculture, it is speculated that there were significant numbers of flower and plant species that were never described before they became extinct.
Algae
William Henry Harvey (1811 - 1866) published his magnificent five-volume Phycologia Australia which was issued in parts between 1858 and 1863. He earned the title of father of Australian Phycology. His main collection is in the herbarium of Trinity College Dublin (TCD)., there is also a large collection of his specimens in the Ulster Museum (BEL), Belfast.
Education
Education in Western Australia consists of one year of pre-school at age 5, followed by seven years of primary school education, ie Years 1 through 7. Students move into Year 8 at age 13 and five years of secondary education. The final two years of secondary education are currently changing to compulsory. All students who completed Year 10 in 2005 are now required to undertake further studies in yr 11. Students are required to complete the year in which they turn 16 (usually yr 11).
Commencing in 2008 all students will be required to complete 12 years of study before leaving school. Students will have the option to study at a TAFE college in their eleventh year or continue through high school with a vocational course or a specific University entrance course.
The major universities in Western Australia are the Curtin University, Murdoch University, Edith Cowan University, University of Notre Dame and the University of Western Australia.
Media
Western Australia has two daily newspapers: the independent tabloid The West Australian and The Kalgoorlie Miner. Also published is one Sunday tabloid newspaper, News Corporation's The Sunday Times. However, the interstate broadsheet publication The Australian is also available, although with sales per capita lagging far behind those in other states. With the advent of the Internet, other online publications from around the world are now easily accessible. Some, like the New South Wales based The Sydney Morning Herald and The Australian which provide free access to their sites, are becoming increasingly popular.
Television
Metropolitan Perth has eight broadcast television stations;
- ABC WA. Produces nightly local news at 7pm. (digital & analogue) (callsign: ABW-2 Analog, ABW-12 Digital)
- ABC 2 (digital only) (callsign: ABW-12)
- SBS WA (digital & analogue) (callsign: SBS-28 Analog, SBS-29 Digital)
- SBS World News Channel (digital only) (callsign: SBS-29)
- Seven Network Perth. Produces weeknightly local news from 6pm - 7pm. (digital & analogue) (callsign: TVW-7 Analog, TVW-6 Digital)
- Nine Network Perth. Produces weeknightly local news from 6pm - 6.30pm. (digital & analogue) (callsign: STW-9 Analog, STW-8 Digital)
- Network Ten Perth. Airs weeknightly local news from 5pm - 6pm, however live from Sydney. (digital & analogue) (callsign: NEW-10 Analogue, NEW-11 Digital)
- Access 31. Community service channel. (analogue-only) (callsign: ATW-31)
Regional WA has a similar availability of stations, with the exception of Access 31 in all areas but Bunbury and Albany. The metropolitans commercial stations are affiliated with:
- Golden West Network (GWN). Produces weeknightly local news from 5.30pm - 6pm, also airs Seven Perth news until 7pm) (analogue only) (callsign: SSW South West, VEW Goldfields/Esperance, GTW Central West, WAW Statewide)
- WIN Television WA. Produces weeknightly local news from 6pm - 6:30pm, however live from Wollongong. Also airs Ten Perth news from 5pm - 6pm. (analogue only) (callsign: WOW)
Pay TV services are provided by Foxtel, which acquired many of the assets and all the remaining subscribers of the insolvent Galaxy Television satellite service in 1998. Some metropolitan suburbs are serviced by Pay TV via cable; however, most of the metropolitan and rural areas can only access Pay TV via satellite.
Radio
The top five radio stations broadcasting in Perth include, (2005 ratings in descending order), Mix 94.5, 720 ABC, 96FM, NOVA 93.7FM and 6PRAM. The regional areas of the state have a number of local broadcasters, and the national broadcaster, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) also has a presence in all regional centres. Across the state, there are over 380 FM broadcast transmitters. (See FM Online listing for WA).
Sport
A number of national or international sporting teams and events are based in the state, including:
- Two teams in the Australian Football League (AFL): the West Coast Eagles (the 2006 Australian Rules Football premier winners) and the Fremantle Football Club (the "Fremantle Dockers");
- A state cricket team, known as the Retravision Western Warriors;
- A football (soccer) team, Perth Glory, which plays in the A-League.
- the Western Force, which plays in the Super 14 rugby union competition
- the Perth Wildcats, which plays in the National Basketball League.
- from 2008 a West Australian rugby league team will compete in the Jim Beam Cup, with a view to competing in the National Rugby League
Events hosted by Western Australia include the Hopman Cup, the Perth Cup and the Red Bull Air Race.
See also
- List of Western Australian towns
- List of highways in Western Australia
- List of statues in Western Australia
References
- ^ Western Australian Museum - Sandgroper
- ^ Snow in Western Australia: About Snow in WA, retrieved 4 February 2007
- ^ 5220.0 Gross state product, Chain volume measures and current prices
- ^ Australian Securities Exchange entry for Alinta Retrieved 2007-01-26.
- ^ Australian Securities Exchange entry for Aquila Resources Retrieved 2007-01-26.
- ^ Australian Securities Exchange entry for Australasian Resources Retrieved 2007-01-26.
- ^ BankWest Website Retrieved 2007-01-26.
- ^ Australian Securities Exchange entry for the Multiplex Group Retrieved 2007-01-26.
- ^ Australian Securities Exchange entry for Wesfarmers Retrieved 2007-01-26.
- ^ Australian Securities Exchange entry for West Australian Newspapers Retrieved 2007-01-26.
- ^ Australian Securities Exchange entry for Woodside Petroleum Retrieved 2007-01-26.
- ^ Review Essay, New Federation History, Melbourne University Law Review www.austlii.edu.au
External links
- Official Western Australia site
- Parliament House Western Australia
- Government House Web Site
- Tourism Western Australia
- OnlineWA
- Historical Encyclopedia of WA
- State Law Publisher
- 2001 Census Basic Community Profile and Snapshot free
- WA Dept of Treasury and Finance Provides current economic data for Western Australia
- Commonwealth- WA State Financial Relations Overview