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Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)

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Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
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Antisemitism in the Arab world
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Yemenite Jews en route to Israel from Aden, Yemen

Operation Magic Carpet is a widely known nickname for Operation On Wings of Eagles (Template:Lang-he, Kanfei Nesharim lit. Wings of Vultures), an operation between June 1949 and September 1950 that brought 49,000 Yemenite Jews to the new state of Israel.[1] During its course, the overwhelming majority of Yemenite Jews – some 47,000 from Yemen, 1,500 from Aden, as well as 500 from Djibouti and Eritrea and some 2,000 Jews from Saudi Arabia – were airlifted to Israel. British and American transport planes made some 380 flights from Aden. At some point, the operation was also called Operation Messiah's Coming.

Background

Various groups of Yemenite Jews have been immigrating to Palestine since 1881.[2] In 1924 the ruler of (northern) Yemen, Imam Yahya, officially forbade Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine, but Yemenite Jews were able to immigrate to Palestine by traveling to the British colony of Aden and then to Palestine.[3] By the start of World War II, there were some 28,000 Jews of Yemenite descent in Palestine. A group of roughly 5,000 was stuck in Aden since 1945 and was only allowed into Israel in 1948.[4]

The operation

The operation's official name originated from two biblical passages:

  • Book of Exodus 19:4 – Ye have seen what I did unto the Egyptians, and how I bore you on eagles' wings, and brought you unto myself.[5]
  • Book of Isaiah 40:31 – But they that wait upon the LORD shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings as eagles; they shall run, and not be weary; and they shall walk, and not faint.[6]

The Operation Magic Carpet was the first in a series of operations. Israel sees the rescue operation as a successful rescue of Yemen's community from oppression toward redemption. 49,000 Jews were brought to Israel under the program.[7]

A street in Jerusalem, one in Herzliya, one in Ramat Gan, and another in Kerem HaTeimanim, Tel Aviv, were named "Kanfei Nesharim" ("Wings of Eagles") in honor of this operation.

In 1948, there were 55,000 Jews living in Yemen,[clarification needed] and another 8,000 in the British Colony of Aden.

Anti-Jewish violence

Following the 1947 UN Partition Plan, Muslim rioters attacked the Jewish community in Aden and killed at least 82 Jews (1947 Aden riots) and destroyed a number of Jewish homes.[8] Early in 1948, accusations of the murder of two Muslim Yemeni girls led to looting of Jewish property.[9][10]

Reasons for the exodus

Jewish Agency's emissary, Rabbi Yaakov Shraibom was sent in 1949 to Yemen and discovered that there were around 50,000 Jews living in Yemen, which was unknown at the time to Israel. He sent multiple letters[11] to convey the community's strong religious and messianic desire to come to Israel. David Ben-Gurion was reluctant at first, but he came through eventually.[12]

Esther Meir-Glitzenstein[13] showed evidence how the community's sentiment for Aliyah played a part in the exodus, the extent of which surprised even the Jewish state and the agency in charge of the operation, who were not prepared for the mass of Jews who were fleeing Yemen. Once he realized that, Shraibom tried to prevent the coming crisis and urged the community to stay in Yemen, but the sentiment of the community for Aliyah was stronger and they came nonetheless.

Meir-Glitzenstein also claims that collusion between Israel and the Imam of Yemen who "profited hugely from confiscatory taxes levied on the Jewish community" led to a botched operation in which the Jewish community suffered terribly.[14] Reuven Ahroni[15] and Tudor Parfitt[16] argue that economic motivations also had a role in the massive emigration of Yemeni Jews, which began prior to 1948.

Tudor Parfitt described the reasons for the exodus as multi-faceted, some aspects due to Zionism and others more historically based:

economic straits as their traditional role was whittled away, famine, disease, growing political persecution, and increased public hostility, the state of anarchy after the murder of Yahya, often a desire to be reunited with family members, incitement and encouragement to leave from [Zionist agents who] played on their religious sensibilities, promises that their passage would be paid to Israel and that their material difficulties would be cared for by the Jewish state, a sense that the Land of Israel was a veritable Eldorado, a sense of history being fulfilled, a fear of missing the boat, a sense that living wretchedly as dhimmis in an Islamic state was no longer God-ordained, a sense that as a people, they had been flayed by history long enough: All these played a role. ... Purely religious, messianic sentiment, too, had its part, but by and large , this has been over-emphasised.[17]

Critiques

Esther Meir-Glitzenstein also criticized the execution of the operation. She especially criticized the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and Israel, which, according to her, abandoned thousands of Jews in the deserts on the border between North Yemen and Aden. Mismanagement or corruption by the imam of Yemen, the British authorities, and the Jewish Agency also played a role. Some 850 Yemenite Jews died en route to their departure points, and in the community which reached Israel, infant mortality rates were high, albeit lower than in Yemen.[18][19] According to Ben-Gurion's diary, the Yemeni children in the Israeli ma'abarot or tent transit camps were dying like flies. Children were often separated from their parents for hygienic reasons, or taken away to hospitals for treatment, but often, parents only received notification, often by loudspeaker, they had died. According to some testimony, there was a suspicion that the state kidnapped healthy Yemeni children, for adoption, and then informed the parents they had died. As a result, some decades later, the Yemenite Children Affair exploded, in which it was rumoured that something of the order of 1,000 children had gone missing.[20] However, in 2019, Yaacov Lozowick, the former Israel State Archivist, explained the cases of the missing Yemenite babies in an article in Tablet magazine. There was a very high death rate, and disturbed medical professionals, he said, autopsied some of the bodies to try to find out why. Traditionally, autopsies were forbidden under Jewish law, and so this was hidden from the parents. Lozowick wrote that the files contained no evidence of any kidnappings.[21]

The Jewish community in Yemen after the operation

In 1959, another 3,000 Jews from Aden fled to Israel, while many more left as refugees to the United States and the United Kingdom. The emigration of Yemeni Jews continued as a trickle but stopped in 1962 when a civil war broke out in North Yemen, which put an abrupt halt to further emigration. In 2013, a total sum of 250 Jews still lived in Yemen.[22][23] The Jewish communities in Raydah were shocked by the killing of Moshe Ya'ish al-Nahari in 2008. His wife and nine children emigrated to Israel.[24] Other members of the Jewish community received hate letters and threats by phone. Amnesty International wrote to the Yemeni government, urging the country to protect its Jewish citizens. The human rights organization stated that it is "deeply concerned for the safety of members of the Jewish community in northwestern Yemen following the killing of one member of the community and anonymous serious threats to others to leave Yemen or face death".[25] During the Gaza War, the Jewish communities in Raydah were attacked several times.[26]

It was forbidden for native-born Yemeni Jews who had left the country to re-enter, rendering communication with these communities difficult. Muslims were therefore hired as shelihim (emissaries) to locate the remaining Jews, pay their debts, and transport them to Aden. Little came of this.[27] In August 2020, of an estimated 100 or so remaining Yemen Jews, 42 have migrated to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the rest would also leave.[28][29][30]

On November 10, 2020, the U.S. State Department called for the immediate and unconditional release of Levi Salem Musa Marhabi. A press statement said Marhabi has been wrongfully detained by the Houthi  militia for four years, despite a court ordering his release in September 2019.[31]

In December 2020 an Israeli Rabbi visited the Yemenite Jews who escaped to the UAE.[32]

On 28 March 2021, 13 Jews were forced by the Houthis to leave Yemen, leaving the last four elderly Jews in Yemen.[33][34][35] According to one report there are six Jews left in Yemen: one woman; her brother; three others, and Levi Salem Marahbi (who had been imprisoned for helping smuggle a Torah scroll out of Yemen).[36] In March 2022 the United Nations reports there is just one Jew in Yemen.[37]

See also

References

  1. ^ Ministry of immigrant absorption, Israel: "On Eagles' Wings" – Aliyah from Yemen (1949). Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  2. ^ "העלייה מתימן – על כנפי נשרים" (in Hebrew). Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  3. ^ Halamish, Aviva (2006). A New Look at Immigration of Jews from Yemen to Mandatory Palestine. pp. 59–78.
  4. ^ ""על כנפי נשרים" העלייה מתימן ומעדן : עליית יהודי תימן בתקופת מלחמת העולם השנייה". Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  5. ^ "MLibrary Digital Collections: King James Bible: Exodus 19:4". quod.lib.umich.edu. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
  6. ^ "MLibrary Digital Collections: King James Bible: Isaiah 40:31". quod.lib.umich.edu. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
  7. ^ Tom Segev, 1949: The First Israelis. 1998, pp. 182–185.
  8. ^ Ahroni, R. The Jews of the British Crown Colony of Aden: History, Culture, and Ethnic Relations. Brill, 1994: P210-11.
  9. ^ Parfitt, Tudor (1996), The Road to Redemption: The Jews of the Yemen 1900-1950, Brill's Series in Jewish Studies vol. XVII, pp. 85–124, ISBN 9789004105447
  10. ^ Reuben Ahroni, Jewish Emigration from the Yemen, 1951-98: Carpet Without Magic, pp.xi-xii, p. 1.
  11. ^ "אוסף מסמכים מעזבון יעקב שריבום - העלאת יהודי תימן לישראל, 1949". kedem (in Hebrew). Retrieved February 9, 2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  12. ^ "Meir-Glitzenstein on Yaakov Shraibom efforts in Yemen, and the failure of Operation Magic Carpet". Ynet. March 3, 2016.
  13. ^ Esther Meir-Glitzenstein, The Exodus of the Yemenite Jews − A Failed Operation and a Formative Myth, Resling, Tel Aviv 2012.
  14. ^ 'Operation Magic Carpet: Constructing the Myth of the Magical Immigration of Yemenite Jews to Israel,' in Israel Studies, vol.16, No.3 (Fall) 2011 pp. 149-173.
  15. ^ Reuben Ahroni, Jewish Emigration from the Yemen, 1951-98: Carpet Without Magic, pp.xi-xii, p.20.
  16. ^ Parfitt, Tudor. The Road to Redemption: The Jews of the Yemen, 1900-1950. (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996).
  17. ^ Tudor Parfitt (1996). The Road to Redemption – The Jews of the Yemen 1900-1950. Brill. p. 285.
  18. ^ Vered Lee 'The frayed truth of Operation Magic Carpet', at Haaretz, 28 May 2012
  19. ^ Tudor Parfitt, The Road to Redemption: The Jews of the Yemen, 1900-1950, BRILL, 1996, p. 239ff.
  20. ^ Meira Weiss, 'The Immigrating Body and the Body Politic: The 'Yemenite Children Affair' and Body Commodification in Israel', in Nancy Scheper-Hughes, Loïc Wacquant (eds.), Commodifying Bodies, Sage Publications, 2002 pp. 93-110, pp. 93ff.
  21. ^ Yaacov Lozowick, "The Myth of the Kidnapped Yemenite Children, and the Sin it Conceals," Tablet Magazine, March 14, 2019 https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/278261/myth-of-kidnapped-yemenite-children
  22. ^ The Jews of Yemen by Mitchell Bard], Jewish Virtual Library
  23. ^ Fact Sheet: Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries, Jewish Virtual Library, September 2012
  24. ^ "Wife, children of gunned down Yemenite teacher make aliyah - Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynetnews.com. June 20, 1995. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
  25. ^ Amnesty Int'l urges Yemen to protect its Jew Archived February 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, JTA, 24-12-2008.
  26. ^ Martin Gehlen, Minderheiten: Verloren zwischen den Fronten in: Der Tagesspiegel, 14 July 2009
  27. ^ Reuven Ahloni, Jewish Emigration from the Yemen, 1951-98, pp. 11ff.
  28. ^ "Report: Yemen's Remaining Jews to Move to UAE Following Israel Treaty". August 16, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  29. ^ "Emirate Prince and Russia's Chief Rabbi Bring a Yemenite Couple to Safety". chabad.org. August 24, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  30. ^ "The Last Jews of Yemen". September 5, 2020.
  31. ^ "Wrongful Detention by the Houthis of Levi Salem Musa Marhabi," Press Statement, U.S. State Department, (November 10, 2020).
  32. ^ "Vosizneias Chief Rav Yitzchak Josef meets Yemenite Jews who escaped to UAE". December 23, 2020.
  33. ^ "Houthis deport some of Yemen's last remaining Jews - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East". www.al-monitor.com.
  34. ^ Joffre, Tzvi (March 29, 2021). "Almost all remaining Jews in Yemen deported - Saudi media". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on October 24, 2021.
  35. ^ staff, T. O. I. "Some of Yemen's last remaining Jews said expelled by Iran-backed Houthis". www.timesofisrael.com.
  36. ^ Boxerman, Aaron. "As 13 Yemeni Jews leave the pro-Iran region for Cairo, community of 50,000 down to 6". www.timesofisrael.com.
  37. ^ Deutch, Gabby (March 14, 2022). "Only one Jew remains in Yemen, U.N. says". Jewish Insider.
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