Gigarcanum
| Gigarcanum | |
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| Model in Lille Natural History Museum | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Diplodactylidae |
| Genus: | †Gigarcanum Heinicke, et al, 2023 |
| Species: | †G. delcourti
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| Binomial name | |
| †Gigarcanum delcourti | |
| Synonyms | |
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Gigarcanum delcourti, formerly Hoplodactylus delcourti is an extinct species of gecko in the family Diplodactylidae. It is the largest known of all geckos, with a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of 370 mm (14.6 in) and an overall length (including tail) of at least 600 mm (23.6 in).[3] Scientifically it is known from just one taxidermied specimen that was rediscovered unlabelled in a museum in France. The origin of the specimen was undocumented.[1] While originally suggested to have been from New Zealand and the kawekaweau of Māori oral tradition,[4][5][6] DNA evidence from the specimen suggests that it originates from New Caledonia.[7]
History
According to his own report, in 1870, a Māori chief killed a kawekaweau he found under the bark of a dead rata tree in the Waimana Valley[8] in Te Urewera. This is the only documented report of anyone ever seeing one of these animals alive.[8] He described it as being "brownish with reddish stripes and as thick as a man's wrist". Whether his story was true or not is unknown.
A single stuffed specimen was "discovered" in the basement of the Natural History Museum of Marseille in 1986; the origins and date of collection of the specimen remain a mystery, as it was unlabelled when it was found.[8] It has been present in collection of the museum since at least the 1870s, and likely since the 1830s based on its unusual preservation style of being eviscerated, dried and mounted, rather than being kept in spirits as is more common for preserved specimens. The specimen is missing the internal organs and most of the axial skeleton, but retains the skull and appendicular skeleton.[7] It was described as the new species Hoplodactylus declourti. Initially, scientists examining the specimen suggested that it was from New Zealand and was in fact the lost kawekaweau, a giant and mysterious forest lizard of Maori oral tradition.[8] Attempts to extract DNA from the sole specimen in 1994 were unsuccessful.[9] Trevor Worthy suggested in 2016 that the specimen originated on an island of New Caledonia rather than New Zealand, due to a lack of fossil evidence for the lizard in New Zealand caves, despite abundant remains of all other known species of New Zealand gecko.[6] It was omitted from the Conservation Status of New Zealand Reptiles, 2021 on the basis that it was likely to be from New Caledonia.[10] This was confimed by the successful sequencing of the specimen's mitochondrial DNA in 2023, which found that it was nested within the New Caledonian species of Diplyodactylidae rather than the New Zealand species, and distinctive enough to warrant being placement in the new genus Gigarcanum.[7]
This animal's specific epithet delcourti is taken from the surname of French museum worker Alain Delcourt, who discovered the forgotten specimen in the Marseille museum.[11] According to the authors, the genus name Gigarcanum derives from "a combination of two words: the Latin adjective gigas, meaning giant and taken from the Ancient Greek Γίγᾱς, and the Latin noun arcanum, meaning secret or mystery. The combination refers to the size of the type species and the unknown provenance of the only known specimen".[7]
Description
Gigarcanum delcourti is 50% longer was likely several times heavier than the largest living gecko, the also New Caledonian Rhacodactylus leachianus[7], with a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of 370 mm (14.6 in) and an overall length (including tail) of at least 600 mm (23.6 in).[3] The body is robust, and the tail is tapering and cylindrical and weakly annulated. The skull is large, and makes up about 20% of the SVL. The digits bear claws, and are weakly-moderately webbed. The digit pads are rectangular and broad.[7] The body colour is yellowish-brown, with dark reddish-brown stripes running along the length of the upper body.[8]
Ecology
Based on comparison with its living relatives, it was probably a nocturnal arboreal animal that climbed trees. It probably had diet mainly of arthropods, but possibly also seasonally consumed fruit. It likely had a clutch size of two, as all other known New Caledonian geckos do, though whether it was oviparous or viviparous is uncertain.[7]
Extinction
Gigarcanum delcourti was likely extinct or extremely rare by the time of the colonisation of New Caledonia in the mid 19th century, due to the absence of any other records of the species.[7]
Taxonomy
In the DNA analysis, the relationships of New Caledonian geckos were poorly resolved, but Gigarcanum was usually found to most closely related to the New Caledonia genera Eurydactylodes, Mniarogekko and/or Rhacodactylus.[7]
References
- ^ a b Hitchmough, R.; van Winkel, D.; Lettink, M.; Chapple, D. (2019). "Hoplodactylus delcourti ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T10254A120158840. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T10254A120158840.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Species Hoplodactylus delcourti at The Reptile Database www.reptile-database.org.
- ^ a b Wilson, Kerry-Jayne (2004). Flight of the Huia: Ecology and Conservation of New Zealand's Frogs, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals. Canterbury University Press. ISBN 0-908812-52-3. OCLC 937349394.
- ^ Worthy, T.H. (March 1997). "Quaternary fossil fauna of South Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 27 (1): 67–162. doi:10.1080/03014223.1997.9517528.
- ^ Tennyson, Alan J.D. (2010). "The origin and history of New Zealand's terrestrial vertebrates" (PDF). New Zealand Ecological Society. 34 (1): 6–27.
- ^ a b Worthy, Trevor H. (2016), "A Review of the Fossil Record of New Zealand Lizards", New Zealand Lizards, Springer International Publishing, pp. 65–86, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41674-8_3, ISBN 978-3-319-41672-4
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Heinicke, Matthew P.; Nielsen, Stuart V.; Bauer, Aaron M.; Kelly, Ryan; Geneva, Anthony J.; Daza, Juan D.; Keating, Shannon E.; Gamble, Tony (2023-06-19). "Reappraising the evolutionary history of the largest known gecko, the presumably extinct Hoplodactylus delcourti, via high-throughput sequencing of archival DNA". Scientific Reports. 13 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35210-8. ISSN 2045-2322.
- ^ a b c d e Bauer AM, Russell AP (1986). "Hoplodactylus delcourti n. sp. (Reptilia: Gekkonidae), the largest known gecko" Archived 2013-04-20 at the Wayback Machine, New Zealand Journal of Zoology 13: 141–148. doi:10.1080/03014223.1986.10422655
- ^ Cooper, Alan (1994), Herrmann, Bernd; Hummel, Susanne (eds.), "DNA from Museum Specimens", Ancient DNA: Recovery and Analysis of Genetic Material from Paleontological, Archaeological, Museum, Medical, and Forensic Specimens, Springer, pp. 149–165, doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4318-2_10, ISBN 978-1-4612-4318-2
- ^ Hitchmough, Rod; Barr, Ben; Knox, Carey; Lettink, Marieke; Monks, Joanne M.; Patterson, Geoff B.; Reardon, James T.; van Winkel, Dylan; Rolfe, Jeremy; Michel, Pascale (2021). Conservation Status of New Zealand Reptiles, 2021 (PDF). New Zealand Threat Classification Series. Vol. 35. Department of Conservation. pp. 3–6. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
- ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Hoplodactylus delcourti, p. 69).
