Linux kernel version history
This article is missing information about features of versions before 2021 and after 2022.(May 2023) |
This article documents the version history of the Linux kernel. The Linux kernel is a free and open-source, monolithic, Unix-like operating system kernel. It was conceived and created in 1991 by Linus Torvalds.[1]
Linux kernels have different support levels depending on the version. Usually, each stable version continues to backport bug fixes from the mainline until the next stable version is released. However, if a stable version has been designated as a long-term support (LTS) kernel, it will be maintained for an extra few years.[2] After that, versions designated as Super-Long-Term Support (SLTS) will then be maintained by the Civil Infrastructure Platform (CIP) for many more years.[3]
Releases 6.x.y
Version | Original release date | Last release | Maintainer | EOL | Prominent features | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6.4 | 25 June 2023[2] | 6.12.7[4] | Linus Torvalds | |||
6.3 | 23 April 2023[2] | 6.3.11[5] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | |||
6.2 | 19 February 2023[2] | 6.2.16[5] | May 2023[6] | EOL 17 May 2023 | ||
6.1 | 11 December 2022[7] | 6.1.37[5] | December 2026[2] | This is the first release to support writing kernel modules in Rust.[11] 23rd LTS release Used in Debian 12 "Bookworm"[12] | ||
6.0 | 2 October 2022[13] | 6.0.19[14] | January 2023[14] | Named "Hurr durr I'ma [sic] ninja sloth"[17] | ||
Legend: Old version, not maintained Old version, still maintained Latest version Latest preview version |
Releases 5.x.y
Version | Original release date | Last release | Maintainer | EOL | Prominent features | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5.19 | 31 July 2022[18] | 5.19.17[19] | Linus Torvalds | October 2022[19] |
|
|
5.18 | 22 May 2022[23] | 5.18.19[24] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] | August 2022[24] | ||
5.17 | 20 March 2022[32] | 5.17.15[33] | June 2022[33] | Named Superb Owl[40] | ||
5.16 | 9 January 2022[41] | 5.16.20[42] | April 2022[42] | |||
5.15 | 31 October 2021[47] | 5.15.119[5] | October 2026[2] | 22nd LTS release; used in
Named Trick or Treat[52] | ||
5.14 | 29 August 2021[53] | 5.14.21[54] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | November 2021[54] | Used in RHEL 9.x and derivatives[55] (Redhat ignores LTS-Kernel, own kernel-backports) and SLE 15 SP4/openSUSE Leap 15.4 | |
5.13 | 27 June 2021[56] | 5.13.19[57] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin | September 2021[57] | Named Opossums on Parade | |
5.12 | 25 April 2021[58] | 5.12.19[59] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | July 2021[59] | Named Frozen Wasteland[60][61] | |
5.11 | 14 February 2021[62] | 5.11.22[63] | May 2021[63] | Named "💕 Valentine's Day Edition 💕"[64] | ||
5.10 | 13 December 2020[65] | 5.10.186[5] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] | December 2026[2][66] January 2031[67] |
21st LTS release; used in Debian 11 "Bullseye"[68]
3rd SLTS release (which CIP[69] is planning[67] to support until January 2031); 5.10.19 is named Dare mighty things[70] | |
5.9 | 11 October 2020[71] | 5.9.16[72] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | December 2020[72] | ||
5.8 | 2 August 2020[73] | 5.8.18[74] | November 2020[74] | |||
5.7 | 31 May 2020[75] | 5.7.19[76] | August 2020[76] | |||
5.6 | 29 March 2020[77] | 5.6.19[78] | June 2020[78] | |||
5.5 | 26 January 2020[79] | 5.5.19[80] | April 2020[80] | |||
5.4 | 24 November 2019[81] | 5.4.249[5] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] | December 2025[2] | 20th LTS release, used in Ubuntu 20.04 LTS 5.4-rc2 is named Nesting Opossum[82] 5.4-rc5 is named Kleptomaniac Octopus[83] | |
5.3 | 15 September 2019[84] | 5.3.18[85] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | December 2019[85] | ||
5.2 | 7 July 2019[86] | 5.2.20[87] | October 2019[87] | 5.2-rc2 is named Golden Lions[88][89] 5.2 is named Bobtail Squid[90] | ||
5.1 | 5 May 2019[91] | 5.1.21[92] | July 2019[92] |
|
||
5.0 | 3 March 2019[94] | 5.0.21[95] | June 2019[95] | |||
Legend: Old version, not maintained Old version, still maintained |
Releases 4.x.y
Version | Original release date | Last release | Maintainer | EOL | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
4.20 | 23 December 2018[96] | 4.20.17[97] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | March 2019[97] | Named Shy Crocodile[98] |
4.19 | 22 October 2018[99] | 4.19.288[5] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] | December 2024[2][100] January 2029[67] |
19th LTS release. Used in Debian 10 "Buster".[101] Second SLTS release (which CIP is planning[67] to support until January 2029), and first with ARM64 support.[102] Named "People's Front"[103] |
4.18 | 12 August 2018[104] | 4.18.20[105] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | November 2018[105] | RHEL 8.x (Redhat ignores LTS-Kernel, own kernel-backports) |
4.17 | 3 June 2018[106] | 4.17.19[107] | August 2018[107] | Named Merciless Moray[108] | |
4.16 | 1 April 2018[109] | 4.16.18[110] | June 2018[110] | ||
4.15 | 28 January 2018[111] | 4.15.18[112] | April 2018[112] | Used in Ubuntu 18.04 LTS | |
4.14 | 12 November 2017[113] | 4.14.320[5] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] | January 2024[2][114] | 18th LTS release
4.14.1 is named Petit Gorille[115] |
4.13 | 3 September 2017[116] | 4.13.16[117] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | November 2017[117] | |
4.12 | 2 July 2017[118] | 4.12.14[119] | September 2017[119] | ||
4.11 | 30 April 2017[120] | 4.11.12[121] | July 2017[121] | ||
4.10 | 19 February 2017[122] | 4.10.17[123] | May 2017[123] | 4.10-rc5 was named Anniversary Edition[124] | |
4.9 | 11 December 2016[126] | 4.9.337[5] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] | January 2023[2][127] | 17th LTS release. Used in Debian 9 "Stretch".[128] Named Roaring Lionus[129][130] |
4.8 | 25 September 2016[131] | 4.8.17[132] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | January 2017[132] | |
4.7 | 24 July 2016[133] | 4.7.10[134] | October 2016[134] | Named Psychotic Stoned Sheep[135] | |
4.6 | 15 May 2016[136] | 4.6.7[137] | August 2016[137] | Named Charred Weasel[138] | |
4.5 | 13 March 2016[139] | 4.5.7[140] | June 2016[141] | ||
4.4 | 10 January 2016[142] | 4.4.302[143] 4.4.302-cip76[144] |
Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] (until February 2022[143]) Nobuhiro Iwamatsu & Pavel Machek[67] |
January 2027[67] | 16th LTS release, used in Slackware 14.2.[145] Canonical provided extended support until April 2021.[146] As the first kernel selected for Super Long Term Support (SLTS), the Civil Infrastructure Platform will provide support until at least 2026, possibly until 2036.[3] Used in Ubuntu 16.04 LTS |
4.3 | 1 November 2015[147] | 4.3.6[148] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | February 2016[149] | Named Blurry Fish Butt[150][151] |
4.2 | 30 August 2015[152] | 4.2.8[153] | December 2015[153] | Canonical provided extended support until July 2016.[154][155] | |
4.1 | 22 June 2015[156] | 4.1.52[157] | Sasha Levin[2][158] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman)[159] | May 2018[157] | 15th LTS release. 4.1.1 was named Series 4800[160] |
4.0 | 12 April 2015[161] | 4.0.9[162] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | July 2015[163] | Named "Hurr durr I'ma [sic] sheep"[164] (Internet poll) |
Legend: Old version, not maintained Old version, still maintained |
Releases 3.x.y
The jump from 2.6.x to 3.x wasn't because of a breaking update, but rather the first release of a new versioning scheme introduced as a more convenient system.[165]
Version | Original release date | Last release | Maintainer | EOL | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3.19 | 8 February 2015[166] | 3.19.8[167] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | May 2015[167] | Canonical provided extended support until July 2016.[154][168] |
3.18 | 7 December 2014[169] | 3.18.140[170] | Greg Kroah-Hartman[171] (formerly Sasha Levin[172]) (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) | January 2017[173] | 14th LTS release, named Diseased Newt[174] Hartman stated that he will release irregular updates to the 3.18 tree.[175] Starting with 3.18.140, this version will no longer be maintained on kernel.org, but on AOSP |
3.17 | 5 October 2014[176] | 3.17.8[177] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | January 2015[177] | |
3.16 | 3 August 2014[178] | 3.16.85[179] | Ben Hutchings[2][180] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) | Maintained until October 2014, then May 2016 to June 2020[179][2][181] | 13th LTS release. Was used in Debian 8 "Jessie".[182] Canonical provided extended support until April 2016.[154][183]
3.16.1 was named Museum of Fishiegoodies[184] |
3.15 | 8 June 2014[185] | 3.15.10[186] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | August 2014[186] | |
3.14 | 30 March 2014[187] | 3.14.79[188] | Greg Kroah-Hartman[2] | August 2016[188] | 12th LTS release, named Shuffling Zombie Juror[189] |
3.13 | 19 January 2014[190] | 3.13.11[191] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | April 2014[191] | Canonical provided extended support until April 2016.[154][192] Named One Giant Leap for Frogkind[193] (NASA LADEE launch photo)[194] Used in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS |
3.12 | 3 November 2013[195] | 3.12.74[196] | Jiří Slabý[2][197] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) | May 2017[197][196] | 11th LTS release, named Suicidal Squirrel[198] |
3.11 | 2 September 2013[199] | 3.11.10[200] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | November 2013[200] | Canonical provided extended support until August 2014.[154] Named Linux for Workgroups after the 20 years of Windows 3.11[201] |
3.10 | 30 June 2013[202] | 3.10.108[203] | Willy Tarreau[2][204] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) | November 2017[203] | 10th LTS release, 3.10.6 was named TOSSUG Baby Fish[205][206][207] used in Slackware 14.1[208] RHEL 7.x |
3.9 | 28 April 2013[209] | 3.9.11[210] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | July 2013[210] | 3.9.6 was named Black Squirrel Wakeup Call[211] |
3.8 | 18 February 2013[212] | 3.8.13[213] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | May 2013[213] | Canonical provided extended support until August 2014.[154][214] Named Unicycling Gorilla[215][216] |
3.7 | 10 December 2012[218] | 3.7.10[219] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | March 2013[219][220] | Named Terrified Chipmunk[221][222] |
3.6 | 30 September 2012[223] | 3.6.11[224] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | December 2012[224] | |
3.5 | 21 July 2012[225] | 3.5.7[226] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | October 2012[226] | Canonical provided extended support until April 2014.[154][227] |
3.4 | 20 May 2012[228][229] | 3.4.113[230] | Li Zefan[2][231] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) | October 2016[232] | 9th LTS release |
3.3 | 18 March 2012[233] | 3.3.8[234] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | June 2012[234] | |
3.2 | 4 January 2012[235] | 3.2.102[236] | Ben Hutchings[2][237] | May 2018[238] | 8th LTS release, used in Ubuntu 12.04 LTS[239] and optionally in 12.04 ESM,[240] Debian 7 "Wheezy" and Slackware 14.0.[2][237] Canonical promised to (at least) provide long-term support until April 2017;[154] Support has continued for months after. |
3.1 | 24 October 2011[242] | 3.1.10[243] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | January 2012[243] | provided the base for real-time tree 3.1-rc2 was named Wet Seal 3.1 was named Divemaster Edition[244] (Linus' diving activities) |
3.0 | 21 July 2011[165] | 3.0.101[245] | Greg Kroah-Hartman[246] | October 2013[245][246] | 7th LTS release Named Sneaky Weasel[247][248] |
Legend: Old version |
Releases 2.6.x.y
Versions 2.6.16 and 2.6.27 of the Linux kernel were unofficially given long-term support (LTS),[249] before a 2011 working group in the Linux Foundation started a formal long-term support initiative.[250][251]
Version | Original release date | Last release | Maintainer | EOL | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.6.39 | 18 May 2011[252] | 2.6.39.4[253] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | August 2011[253] | last stable release of the 2.6 kernel series |
2.6.38 | 14 March 2011[254] | 2.6.38.8[255] | June 2011[255] | named Flesh-Eating Bats with Fangs[256] | |
2.6.37 | 4 January 2011[257] | 2.6.37.6[258] | March 2011[258] | ||
2.6.36 | 20 October 2010[259] | 2.6.36.4[260] | February 2011[260] | ||
2.6.35 | 1 August 2010[261] | 2.6.35.14[262] | Andi Kleen[263] | March 2012[263] | 6th LTS release 2.6.35.7 was named Yokohama |
2.6.34 | 16 May 2010[264] | 2.6.34.15[265] | Paul Gortmaker[266] | February 2014[265][266] | 5th LTS release It was named Sheep on Meth[267][268] |
2.6.33 | 24 February 2010[269] | 2.6.33.20[270] | Greg Kroah-Hartman[271] | November 2011[270] | 4th LTS release. It was the base for real-time-tree, replaced by 3.0.x.[271] |
2.6.32 | 2 December 2009[272] | 2.6.32.71[273] | Willy Tarreau[2][274] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman)[275][276] | March 2016[2] | 3rd LTS release, used in Debian 6 Squeeze.[277] Canonical also provided support until April 2015.[154]
RHEL 6.x |
2.6.31 | 9 September 2009[278] | 2.6.31.14[279] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | July 2010[279] | |
2.6.30 | 9 June 2009[280] | 2.6.30.9[281] | October 2009[281] | 2.6.30-rc4–2.6.30-rc6 was named
Vindictive Armadillo[282][283] | |
2.6.29 | 23 March 2009[285] | 2.6.29.6[286] | July 2009[286] | Named Temporary Tasmanian Devil[287][288] | |
2.6.28 | 24 December 2008[289] | 2.6.28.10[290] | May 2009[290] | 2.6.28-rc1–2.6.28-rc6 was named Killer Bat of Doom[291][292] | |
2.6.27 | 9 October 2008[294] | 2.6.27.62[295] | Willy Tarreau[296] (formerly Adrian Bunk,[297] and formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) | March 2012[297] | 2nd LTS release 2.6.27.3 was named Trembling Tortoise[298] |
2.6.26 | 13 July 2008[299] | 2.6.26.8[300] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | November 2008[300] | 2.6.26–2.6.27 was named Rotary Wombat[301] |
2.6.25 | 16 April 2008[302] | 2.6.25.20[303] | November 2008[303] | Named Funky Weasel is Jiggy wit it[304] | |
2.6.24 | 24 January 2008[305] | 2.6.24.7[306] | May 2008[306] | 2.6.23-rc4–2.6.23-rc6 was named Pink Farting Weasel[307] 2.6.23-rc7–2.6.23–2.6.24 was named Arr Matey! A Hairy Bilge Rat![308] (TLAPD 2007) | |
2.6.23 | 9 October 2007[310] | 2.6.23.17[311] | February 2008[311] | ||
2.6.22 | 8 July 2007[312] | 2.6.22.19[313] | February 2008[313] | 2.6.22-rc3–2.6.22-rc4 was named Jeff Thinks I Should Change This, But To What? 2.6.22-rc5–2.6.22 was named Holy Dancing Manatees, Batman![314] | |
2.6.21 | 25 April 2007[315] | 2.6.21.7[316] | August 2007[316] | Named Nocturnal Monster Puppy[317] | |
2.6.20 | 4 February 2007[318] | 2.6.20.21[319] | October 2007[319] | Named Homicidal Dwarf Hamster[320][321] | |
2.6.19 | 29 November 2006[322] | 2.6.19.7[323] | March 2007[323] | Named Avast! A bilge rat! (TLAPD 2006)[324] | |
2.6.18 | 20 September 2006[325] | 2.6.18.8[326] | February 2007[326]
2.6.18: RHEL 5.x | ||
2.6.17 | 17 June 2006[327] | 2.6.17.14[328] | October 2006[328] | 2.6.17-rc5 was named Lordi Rules[329] (Eurovision 2006 winners)[330] 2.6.17-rc6–2.6.17 was named Crazed Snow-Weasel[331] | |
2.6.16 | 20 March 2006[332] | 2.6.16.62[333] | Adrian Bunk[334] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman)[275] | July 2008[335][333] | 1st LTS release 2.6.16.28-rc2 was named Stable Penguin |
2.6.15 | 2 January 2006[336] | 2.6.15.7[337] | Greg Kroah-Hartman | May 2006[337] | Named Sliding Snow Leopard[338] |
2.6.14 | 27 October 2005[339] | 2.6.14.7[340] | January 2006[340] | Named Affluent Albatross[341] | |
2.6.13 | 28 August 2005[342] | 2.6.13.5[343] | December 2005[343] | Named Woozy Numbat[344][345] | |
2.6.12 | 18 June 2005[346] | 2.6.12.6[347][348] | August 2005[347] | ||
2.6.11 | 2 March 2005[349] | 2.6.11.12[350] | June 2005[350] | ||
2.6 | 17 December 2003[351] | 2.6.10[352] | Linus Torvalds | December 2004[352] | 2.6.2–2.6.4 was named Feisty Dunnart[353] 2.6.5–2.6.9 was named Zonked Quokka[354] 2.6.9: RHEL 4.x |
Legend: Old version |
Releases up to 2.6.0
Version | Original release date | Last release | Maintainer | EOL | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.4 | 4 January 2001[355] | 2.4.37.11[356] | Willy Tarreau (formerly Marcelo Tosatti) | December 2011[356] | Named Greased Turkey[357] last stable release of the 2.4 kernel series. 2.4.9: RHEL 2.1 |
2.2 | 26 January 1999[358] | 2.2.26[359] | Marc-Christian Petersen (formerly Alan Cox) | Made unofficially obsolete with the 2.2.27-rc2[360][361][362] | Named Brown Paper Bag[363] |
2.0 | 9 June 1996[364] | 2.0.40[365] | David Weinehall | officially made obsolete with the kernel 2.2.0 release[366] | Larry Ewing created the Tux mascot in 1996 |
pre2.0 | 12 May 1996 | pre2.0.14 | Linus Torvalds | EOL | |
1.3 | 12 June 1995 | 1.3.100[367] | Greased Weasel[368] | ||
1.2 | 7 March 1995 | 1.2.13 | Linux '95[369] | ||
1.1 | 6 April 1994 | 1.1.95 | |||
1.0 | 14 March 1994 | 1.0.9 | |||
0.99 | 13 December 1992 | 0.99.15j[370] | The Linux 0.99 tar.bz2 archive grew from 426 kB to 1009 kB on the way to 1.0. | ||
0.98 | 29 September 1992 | 0.98.6[371] | |||
0.97 | 1 August 1992 | 0.97.6[372] | |||
0.96 | 22 May 1992 | 0.96c.2[373] | |||
0.95 | 8 March 1992 | 0.95c+[374] | |||
0.10 | November 1991 | 0.12 | |||
0.02 | 5 October 1991 | first "usable"; for wider distribution[375] | |||
0.01 | 17 September 1991 | 0.03 | |||
Legend: Old version |
See also
References
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External links
- Official Linux kernel website
- Active kernel releases, on the official Linux kernel website
- Linux versions changelog, in Linux Kernel Newbies
- Linux Kernel Version History: Consolidated list