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Henry Cort

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Henry Cort
Henry Cort
Born
Henry Cort

Circa 1740
Unknown
DiedFriday 23 May 1800
NationalityEnglish
Occupation(s)Inventor, pioneer in the iron industry
Known forInventions relating to puddling and rolling in the manufacture of iron.
ChildrenRichard Cort

Henry Cort (c. 1740 – 23 May 1800) was an English ironware producer and, formerly, a pay agent for the Royal Navy. During the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, Cort began refining iron from pig iron to wrought iron (or bar iron) using innovative production systems. In 1784, he patented an improved version of the puddling process for refining cast iron—which had actually been developed in the Colony of Jamaica, a process seized and acquired by Cort—although its commercial viability, with the raw materials used, was only accomplished by innovations introduced by the Merthyr Tydfil ironmasters Crawshay and Homfray.

Biography

Little is known of Cort's early life other than that he was possibly born into a family coming from Lancaster in the North of England although his parents are unknown.[1] Although his date of birth is traditionally given as 1740, this can not be confirmed and his early life remains an enigma.[2] By 1765, Cort had become a Royal Navy pay agent, acting on commission collecting half pay and widows' pensions from an office in Crutched Friars near Aldgate in London. At that time, despite Abraham Darby's improvements in the smelting of iron using coke instead of charcoal as blast furnace fuel, the resultant product was still only convertible to bar iron by a laborious process of decarburization in finery forges. As a result, bar iron imported from the Baltic undercut that produced in Britain.[3]

In 1768, Cort's second marriage was to Elizabeth Heysham, the daughter of a Romsey solicitor and steward of the Duke of Portland whose estates included Titchfield.[4] Her uncle William Attwick, although a successful London attorney, had inherited the family ironmongery business in Gosport which supplied the navy with mooring chains, anchors and hundreds of different items of ironmongery.[5]

Partnership with Samuel Jellicoe

In 1780, the Royal Navy's Victualling Commissioners reached an agreement with Cort, who had taken over Attwick's business, to supply iron hoops for their barrels. This led to Cort investing in a new rolling mill at an existing iron mill in Titchfield which was later used for the production of bar iron.[6] Short of funds, he turned to Adam Jellicoe, at that time chief clerk in the Pay Office of the Royal Navy, who agreed to finance Cort to the amount of nearly £58 000 on seemingly little security beyond the value of the business. It was the accepted practice for clerks in the Pay Office to temporarily use surplus funds for their own benefit. As part of the arrangement, Jellicoe's son Samuel became a partner in the Fontley Works. The deal was later to have unfortunate repercussions for Cort.[7]

Rolling mill and puddling furnace

Schematic drawing of a puddling furnace

Cort developed his ideas at the Fontley Works (as he had renamed Titchfield Hammer) resulting in a 1783 patent for a simple reverberatory furnace to refine pig iron.

Cort process

The "Cort process," a revolutionary process for producing wrought iron from scrap iron, was patented by Cort in 1784. A 2023 analysis of records suggested that the process had been fully developed by 76 black Jamaican metallurgists, mostly slaves, at an ironworks near Morant Bay, Jamaica, and was used there. The white owner of the ironworks and slaves knew nothing of iron manufacturing, relying on the skill of his workers. The usual way to remove impurities in low-quality iron was to hammer them out, which was laborious. Jamaican sugar mills used grooved rollers; they were introduced into the ironworks to mechanise impurity removal. This revolutionised the production of cast iron. Cort learnt about the process from a cousin, a ship's master who regularly visited Jamaica. Months later the British government placed Jamaica under military law and ordered the destruction of the ironworks on the pretext that it could be used by rebels against colonial rule to make weapons from scrap metal. Cort acquired the machinery, shipped it to Portsmouth, and patented the innovation in 1784.[8][9][10]

Cort's puddling furnace used grooved rollers to mechanise the formerly laborious process. It had been thought that his work built on the existing ideas of the Cranege brothers and their reverberatory furnace (where heat is applied from above, rather than through the use of forced air from below) and (particularly) Peter Onions' puddling process where iron is stirred to separate out impurities and extract the higher quality wrought iron. The furnace effectively lowered the carbon content of the cast iron charge through oxidation while the "puddler" extracted a mass of iron from the furnace using an iron "rabbling bar". The extracted ball of metal was then processed into a "shingle" by a shingling hammer, after which it was rolled in the rolling mill. The original process introduced by Cort was ineffectual, as he used iron from charcoal furnaces rather than the coke-smelted pig iron in general production. Significant alterations were made by Richard Crawshay and other Merthyr Tydfil ironmasters to improve the process.

Death of Adam Jellicoe

When Adam Jellicoe died suddenly on 30 August 1789, it became apparent that the £58 000 lent to Cort could not be repaid. As a result, the Crown seized all the property of Adam Jellicoe as well as that of the partnership of Cort and Samuel Jellicoe. Cort was held responsible for Jellicoe's debt and declared bankrupt.[6] The Crown later gave Samuel Jellicoe possession of the works at Fontley where he " remained ... undisturbed for long years afterward" and made no attempt to realize patent dues from ironmasters, as the system did not work with the grey iron produced in the Midlands and South Wales.[11]

Patents and royalties

The importance of the improvements to the process of iron making thought to have been made by Cort were recognised as early as 1786 by Lord Sheffield who regarded them, together with James Watt's work on the steam engine, as more important than the loss of America.[12]

In 1787, Cort came to an agreement with South Wales ironmaster Richard Crawshay whereby a royalty of 10 shillings per ton would be paid on all iron manufactured according to Cort's patents.[13] Cort seems to have alienated most of those with whom he came in contact.

Personal life

Cort's marriage to Elizabeth Heysham produced 13 children.[14] His business ventures did not bring him wealth, even though vast numbers of the puddling furnaces that he developed were eventually used (reportedly 8,200 by 1820), they used a modified version of his process and thus avoided payment of royalties. He was later awarded a government pension, but died a ruined man, and was buried in the churchyard of St John-at-Hampstead, London.

Legacy

Fifty years after Cort's death, The Times of London lauded him as "the father of the iron trade".[15] His son, Richard Cort, became a cashier for the British Iron Company in 1825 – 6 and subsequently wrote several pamphlets severely critical of the management of the company. He also attacked a number of early railway companies.

The Henry Cort Community College bears his name and is located in the town of Fareham, in the south of Hampshire, England. The busway between Fareham and Bridgemary, built on the trackbed of the old Gosport to Fareham railway line, is entitled Henry Cort Way on maps.

Controversy

British newspaper The Guardian published, on July 5th, 2023, a piece entitled "Industrial Revolution iron method ‘was taken from Jamaica by Briton'", in which journalist Hannah Devlin (Science correspondent) describes a study by Jenny Bulstrode. Among other things, it states that "Wrought iron process that drove UK success was appropriated from black metallurgists, records suggest".

Notes

  1. ^ Mott, R. A. (ed. P. Singer), Henry Cort: the Great Finer, The Metals Society, London 1983
  2. ^ Evans, Chris (2006). "Cort, Henry (1741?–1800)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6359. Retrieved 5 August 2010. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  3. ^ Evans, C., Jackson, O., and Ryden, G. ‘Baltic iron and the British iron industry in the eighteenth century’. Econ. Hist. Rev. (2nd ser.), 55, 642–665. 2002: King, P. ‘The production and consumption of bar iron in early modern England and Wales’ Econ. Hist. Rev. (2nd ser.), 58, 1-33. 2005:
  4. ^ Espinasse (1877), p. 225
  5. ^ Pam Moore. "History of Henry Cort". Fareham Borough Council. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  6. ^ a b Philip Eley. "The Gosport Iron Foundry and Henry Cort". Hampshire County Council. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  7. ^ Espinasse (1877), p. 229.
  8. ^ Bulstrode, Jenny (21 June 2023). "Black metallurgists and the making of the industrial revolution". History and Technology: 1–41. doi:10.1080/07341512.2023.2220991. ISSN 0734-1512.
  9. ^ Devlin, Hannah (5 July 2023). "Industrial Revolution iron method 'was taken from Jamaica by Briton'". The Guardian.
  10. ^ Marshall, Michael (4 July 2023). "English industrialist stole iron technique from Black metallurgists". New Scientist.
  11. ^ Espinasse (1877), p 234
  12. ^ Matschoss, Conrad (June 1970). Great Engineers. Books for Libraries; Reprint edition. p. 110. ISBN 978-0836918373.
  13. ^ Espinasse (1877), p. 233
  14. ^ Espinasse (1877), p.225
  15. ^ The Times, editorial, 29 July 1856, cited from Rosen (2010), p. 328

References

Further reading

  • Jenny Bulstrode. 2023. "Black metallurgists and the making of the industrial revolution." History and Technology
  • Dickinson, H. W. Henry Cort's Bicentenary, in The Newcomen Society, Transactions 1940–41, volume XXI, 1943.
  • Mott, R. A. (ed. P. Singer), Henry Cort: the Great Finer, The Metals Society, London 1983)
  • Webster, Thomas The Case of Henry Cort and his Inventions in the Manufacture of British Iron, Mechanics' Magazine, 1859
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