Geographical exploration
Exploration is the act of searching or traveling for the purpose of discovery, e.g. of unknown regions, including space (space exploration), for oil, gas, coal, ores, caves, water (Mineral exploration or prospecting), or information.
The term can also be used to describe the first incursions of peoples from one culture into the geographical and cultural environment of others. Although exploration has existed as long as human beings, its peak is seen as being during the Age of Discovery when European navigators travelled around the world discovering new worlds and cultures.
In scientific research, exploration is one of three purposes of research (the other two being description and explanation). Exploration is the attempt to develop an initial, rough understanding of some phenomenon.
Notable explorers
- Pytheas (380 – c. 310 BC) - Greek explorer. First to circumnavigate Great Britain and to explore Germany. Reached Thule, most commonly thought to be the Shetland Islands or Iceland.
- Erik the Red (950 - 1003) - Norwegian Viking explorer. After being cast out from Iceland, he sailed to Greenland and settled there.
- Leif Ericson (980 - 1020) - [[Norway|Norwegian] explorer. Believed to have been the first European to land in North America.
- Marco Polo (1254 - 1324) - spanish explorer.
- Ibn Battuta (1304 - 1377) - Berber explorer.
- Zheng He (1371 - 1433) - Chinese explorer.
- John Cabot (c. 1450 - 1499) - Italian explorer. Discovered Newfoundland and claimed it for the Kingdom of England.
- Bartholomeu Dias (c. 1450 - 1500) - Portuguese explorer. He sailed from Portugal and reached the Cape of Good Hope.
- Christopher Columbus (1451 - 1506) - Italian explorer. Sailed in 1492 and discovered the "New World" of the Americas.
- Amerigo Vespucci (c. 1454 - 1512) - Italian explorer. Sailed in 1499 and 1502. He explored the east coast of South America.
- Juan Ponce de León (c. 1460 - 1521) - Spanish explorer. He explored Florida while vainly trying to find the Fountain of Youth.
- Pedro Álvares Cabral (c. 1467 - c. 1520) - Portuguese explorer, generally regarded as first European discoverer of the sea route to Brazil.
- Vasco da Gama (c. 1469 - 1524) - Portuguese explorer. He sailed from Portugal to India by rounding the Cape of Good Hope.
- Vasco Núñez de Balboa (c. 1475 - 1519) - Spanish explorer. The first European to cross the Isthmus of Panama and view the Pacific ocean from American shores.
- Francisco Pizarro (c. 1475 - 1541) - Spanish explorer. Conquered the Inca Empire.
- Juan Sebastián Elcano (1476 - 1526) - Spanish explorer. Completed the first circumnavigation of the globe in a single expedition after its captain, Magellan, was killed.
- Ferdinand Magellan (1480 - 1521) - Portuguese explorer. Initiated the first circumnavigation of the globe in a single expedition. Sailed around Cape Horn and named Pacific Ocean. Died in the Philippines after claiming them for Spain.
- Giovanni da Verrazzano (c. 1485 - 1528) - Italian explorer. Explored the northeast coast of America, from Newfoundland to about present day South Carolina.
- Hernán Cortés (1485 - 1545) - Spanish explorer. Conquered the Aztec Empire for Spain.
- Jacques Cartier (1491 – 1557) - French explorer. Discovered Canada.
- Hernando de Soto (c. 1496 - 1542) - Spanish explorer. Explored Florida, mainly northwest Florida, and discovered the Mississippi River.
- Francisco Vásquez de Coronado (c. 1510 - 1554) - Spanish explorer. Searched for the Seven Cities of Gold and discovered the Grand Canyon in the process.
- Sir Francis Drake (c. 1540 - 1596) - English explorer. The first Englishman to sail around the world and survive.
- Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa (1532 - 1592) Spanish explorer of the Pacific.
- Alvaro de Mendaña de Neyra 1541-1596 Spanish explorer of the Pacific.
- Pedro Fernandes de Queirós 1565-1614 Portuguese navigator. Explored the Pacific in the service of the Spanish Crown.
- Luis Váez de Torres (c. 1565- ) Spanish or Portuguese navigator. Explored the Pacific in the service of the Spanish Crown.
- Henry Hudson (1570 - 1611) - English explorer. Explored much of the North Atlantic, including Labrador, the coast of Greenland, and Hudson Bay. Presumed dead in a 1611 mutiny of his own crew.
- Vitus Bering (1681 - 1741) - Danish explorer. Explored the Siberian Far East and Alaska and claimed it for Russia.
- James Cook (1728 - 1779) - English naval captain. Explored much of the Pacific including New Zealand, Australia and Hawaii.
- Jean François La Pérouse (1741–1788) was a French Navy officer and explorer whose expedition vanished in Oceania
- Alexander von Humboldt (1769 - 1859) - German explorer and scientist whose work was foundational to the field of biogeography.
- Captain Meriwether Lewis (1774 - 1809) - American explorer and field scientist who led the Lewis and Clark Expedition into the Louisiana Purchase and the Pacific Northwest in 1804-1806.
- Fridtjof Nansen (1861 - 1931) - Norwegian explorer, scientist and diplomat. He was the first person to reach the North Pole.
- Ahmed Pasha Hassanein (1889 - 1946) - Egyptian explorer, diplomat, one of two non-European winners of Gold Medal of Royal Geographical Society in 1924, King's chamberlain, fencing participant to 1924 Olympics, photographer, author and discoverer of Jebel Uweinat, and writer of "The Lost Oases" book in three languages.
- Roald Amundsen (1872 - 1928) - Norwegian explorer. He led the first successful Antarctic expedition between 1910 and 1912. He was also the first ever person to successfully traverse the North West Passage.
- Robert Bartlett (1875 - 1946) - Newfoundland captain. Led over 40 expeditions to the Arctic, more than anyone before or since. Was the first to sail north of 88° N latitude.
- Colonel Noel Andrew Croft (1906 - 1998) - held the record for the longest self-sustaining journey across the Arctic in the 1930s for 60 years and would have been the first man to climb Mount Everest.
- Sir Edmund Percival Hillary (born July 20, 1919) - New Zealand explorer, together with Tenzing Norgay, the first to climb Mount Everest.
- Neil Armstrong (born August 5, 1930) - American astronaut - First human being to set foot on Luna on July 20, 1969.
- Yuri Gagarin (March 9, 1934 – March 27, 1968) - Soviet cosmonaut who on April 12 1961 became the first man in space and the first human to orbit Earth.
- Reinhold Messner (born 17 September 1944) - Italian mountaineer, first man to climb all the 14 peaks higher than 8,000 meters.
External links
- Ocean Explorer - Public outreach site for explorations sponsored by the Office of Ocean Exploration.
- NOAA, Ocean Explorer History
- NOAA, Ocean Explorer Gallery - A rich collection of images, video, audio and podcast.
- NOAA's Office of Ocean Exploration
- Explorers worksheets and printables for teachers
- Hassanein Bey of the Libyan Desert, RGS Gold Medalist of 1924 - NGS article of 1924, biography, etc.
Exploration by area
- Exploration of Asia
- Exploration of the Pacific Ocean
- Exploration of the Pacific Northwest
- Exploration of the Americas
- European exploration of Arabia
- European exploration of Asia
- European exploration of Africa
- European exploration of Australia
- European exploration of North America
- European exploration of South America
- Exploration of the High Alps
- Exploration of Mercury
- Exploration of Venus
- moon landings and Exploration of the Moon
- Exploration of Mars
- Friar Marcos