Pau de arara
Pau de arara [ˈpaw dʒi aˈɾaɾɐ] is a torture method in which the victim is bound by the ankles and wrists, with the biceps under a pole and knees over it. The pau de arara torture method was widely used by during the military dictatorship in Brazil.
Name
Pau de arara is a Portuguese term that literally translates to "macaw's perch." The term originates from the habit of tying birds to a pole for sale, where they also hang for transportation.
Torture technique
Pau de arara is a physical torture technique designed to cause severe joint and muscle pain, as well as headaches and psychological trauma. The technique consists of a tube, bar, or pole placed over the victim's biceps and behind the knees while tying both the victim's ankles and wrists together. The entire assembly is suspended between two metal platforms forming what looks like a bird's perch.
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This technique is believed to originate from Portuguese slave traders, which used Pau de Arara as a form of punishment for disobedient slaves. Its use has been more recently widespread by the agents of the political police of the Brazilian military dictatorship against political dissidents in the 1960s and 1970s and is still believed to be in use by Brazilian police forces,[2] although outlawed.[3] This torture technique was also used in Auschwitz during World War II, where it was known as the Bogerschaukel (the Boger's seesaw), named after the SS officer who first applied it, Wilhelm Boger.[4][5]
Brazil former president Jair Bolsonaro has cited his support for the technique, saying "the pau-de-arara works. I’m in favor of torture, you know that. And the people are in favor as well."[6]
Pau de arara: la violence militaire au Brésil
François Maspero published Pau de arara: la violence militaire au Brésil in France in 1971.[7] The book, which discussed military violence in Brazil, was banned in Brazil during the military dictatorship.[7] It was first published in Brazil in 2013.[7]
References
- ^ "O Brasil segundo Jean-Baptiste Debret". Mundo Educação (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-11-16.
- ^ Caldeira, Teresa P.R. (2000). City of Walls. Crime, Segregation, and Citizenship in São Paulo. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 109. ISBN 0-520-22143-5.
- ^ "LEI Nº 9.455, DE 7 DE ABRIL DE 1997" [LAW No. 9,455, OF APRIL 7, 1997]. Palácio do Planalto: Presidência da República (in Portuguese). Government of Brazil. 1997-04-07. Archived from the original on 2010-11-24. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
Define os crimes de tortura e dá outras providências. [Defines the crimes of torture and makes other provisions.]
- ^ "Ex‐Auschwitz Aide Relates His 'Horror' At Camp's Killings". The New York Times. 11 January 1964.
- ^ Leide, Henry (2007). NS-Verbrecher und Staatssicherheit. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. S. 259.
- ^ Fishman, Andrew (2018-10-28). "Jair Bolsonaro Is Elected President of Brazil. Read His Extremist, Far-Right Positions in His Own Words". The Intercept. Retrieved 2018-10-29.
- ^ a b c Reimão, Sandra; Maués, Flamarion; Nery, João Elias (2017-03-16). "France, 1971 ; Brésil, 2013 : deux éditions du livre Pau de arara et la mémoire de la répression". Brésil(s). Sciences humaines et sociales (in French) (11). doi:10.4000/bresils.2236. ISSN 2257-0543.
- Box, Ben; Jane Eggington; Mick Day (2003). Brazil Handbook. Footprint Travel Guides. ISBN 1-903471-44-3.
- MacCann, Bryan (2004). Hello Brazil: Popular Music in the Making of Modern Brazil. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3273-6.