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J. Michael Bailey

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J. Michael Bailey
Bailey in 2014
Born
John Michael Bailey

(1957-07-02) July 2, 1957 (age 67)
Lubbock, Texas, U.S.
Alma materWashington University in St. Louis
University of Texas at Austin
Known forSexual orientation research, twin studies, behaviour genetics
Scientific career
FieldsPsychology, behaviour genetics
InstitutionsNorthwestern University

John Michael Bailey (born July 2, 1957) is an American psychologist, behavioural geneticist, and professor at Northwestern University best known for his work on the etiology of sexual orientation. He maintains that sexual orientation is heavily influenced by biology and male homosexuality is most likely inborn.[1][2][3] Bailey wrote The Man Who Would Be Queen, a book intended to explain the biology of male sexual orientation and gender to a general audience, focusing on gender nonconforming boys, gay men and transgender women. The book elicited reactions ranging from strong criticism for its coverage of transsexuals, to a nomination for an award,[4] later retracted, from the Lambda Literary Foundation, an organization that promotes gay literature.[5]

Education and career

Bailey was born in Lubbock, Texas.[6] He obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics from Washington University in St. Louis in 1979 and his Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the University of Texas at Austin in 1989, where he studied under behavioral genetics researcher Lee Willerman.[7]

Bailey became a professor at Northwestern University in 1989. In the 1990s, Bailey published several papers that suggested a heritable component for sexual orientation. In 2003 he published The Man Who Would Be Queen.

In October 2004, Bailey stepped down as chairman of the Psychology Department, but continued to serve as a Northwestern professor.[8][9]

In 2018, Bailey invited controversial evolutionary psychologist Satoshi Kanazawa to Northwestern University as a visiting scholar.[10][11] Many at the university protested, and more than 4,000 signed a petition in opposition to Kanazawa doing research there.[10][11]

In December 2003, the Southern Poverty Law Center reported that J. Michael Bailey and Ray Blanchard were associated with Steve Sailer's Human Biodiversity Institute.[12] In an October 2018 review, the Southern Poverty Law Center reported that Bailey and Blanchard had written articles for 4thWaveNow, described by some as an anti-trans website.[13] Bailey and Blanchard have written on 4thWaveNow in support of the concept of "rapid-onset gender dysphoria".[14][15]

Bailey's works have been cited more than 15,000 times, and he has an h-index of 61.[16]

Research

Biology and sexual orientation

Bailey is well known for research involving biology and sexual orientation. In the early 1990s Bailey and Richard Pillard coauthored a series of twin studies which examined the rate of concordance of sexual identity among monozygotic twins (52% concordance), dizygotic twins of the same sex (22%), non-twin siblings of the same sex, and adoptive siblings of the same sex (11%).[17][18] More recent research by Bailey et al. on twins however found much lower concordance rates for monozygotic twins regarding homosexual orientation of only 20% for men and 24% for women pointing to a significant contribution of environmental factors in sexual orientation; Bailey suggests an explanation for the much lower concordance rate among monozygotic twins in this study as opposed to previous studies: In those previous studies, twins deciding whether to participate in a study clearly related to homosexuality probably considered the sexual orientation of their co-twins before agreeing to participate.[19]

Homosexuality

Another line of Bailey's research has concerned the ways that homosexuals are sex-atypical (or gender nonconforming) compared with heterosexuals, as well as the ways that homosexuals are sex-typical and gender conforming. For example, he published a meta-analysis showing that on average, homosexual men and women recall being much more gender nonconforming children, compared with heterosexual children.[20] In contrast, he also showed that for many traits related to mating (such as interest in casual sex, and emphasis on a partner's physical attractiveness), homosexuals appear to be similar to heterosexuals of their own sexes.[21] He has also researched the gaydar phenomenon.[22]

Bailey has been interested in the evolutionary paradox of the persistence of homosexuality. "Male homosexuality is evolutionarily maladaptive," he told The New York Times, which also noted that Bailey intended "that the phrase means only that genes favoring homosexuality cannot be favored by evolution if fewer such genes reach the next generation."[23]

In an article coauthored with Aaron Greenberg, he suggested that allowing parents to choose the sexual orientation of their children is morally acceptable, provided the means used to accomplish that goal are themselves morally acceptable.[24] (For example, killing infants who will become homosexual would obviously be wrong. The acceptability of aborting "gay fetuses" or "straight fetuses" would depend on whether one believed that abortion, per se, is morally acceptable.) Alice Dreger criticized Greenberg's and Bailey's argument[25] and they responded.[26]

Bisexuality

A third line of research has examined sexual arousal patterns and their relation to sexual orientation in men and women. This research has focused on both genital and self-reported sexual arousal measures. For example, Bailey's lab showed that men's genital sexual arousal patterns closely tracked their sexual orientations, but women's did not.[27] In 2005 this research produced a study which questioned whether male bisexuality exists in the way that it is sometimes described; the study was based on results of penile plethysmograph testing. The testing found that of men who identified themselves as bisexual, 75% were substantially more aroused genitally by sexual imagery of men, and 25% were substantially more aroused genitally by sexual imagery of women. They concluded: "Male bisexuality appears primarily to represent a style of interpreting or reporting sexual arousal rather than a distinct pattern of genital sexual arousal."[28] The study received wide attention after a New York Times piece on the study.[29] Bailey told The New York Times, "I'm not denying that bisexual behavior exists, but I am saying that in men there's no hint that true bisexual arousal exists, and that for men arousal is orientation".[29]

The 2005 article and study were criticized by the National LGBTQ Task Force and by FAIR.[30][31] The National LGBTQ Task Force criticized the "extraordinarily small" sample size of 104 men, that included 33 bisexual men, only 22 of whom showed sufficient genital arousal for analysis.[30] Critics argued that these subjects were "self-selected", from ads placed in gay and "alternative" publications. Then the researchers had to disregard results of 35% of this population as non-responders.[28] Agreeing with the author's conclusion that bisexuality is a subjective experience, Fritz Klein, a sex researcher and the author of The Bisexual Option, argued that "social and emotional attraction are very important elements in bisexual attraction."[29]

A 2011 study using similar methodology filtered participants more stringently, requiring at least two sexual partners of each sex and at least one romantic relationship lasting three months or longer; this study finds both genital and subjective arousal, though it is not clear which arousal pattern is more prevalent in the modern bisexual community.[32][33]

In 2020, a research team including Bailey combined a much larger data set of around 500 men, and concluded that male sexuality exists along a continuum from heterosexuality, to bisexuality, to homosexuality.[34] The researchers found that for bisexual men, subjective arousal and genital arousal measurements generally matched self-identification with bisexuality.[34]

Sexual arousal

Bailey's sexual arousal work was attacked by The Washington Times and some socially conservative commentators as prurient and a waste of taxpayer dollars.[35] In response, Bailey and his defenders have said that studying sexual arousal patterns is important in understanding human sexuality, especially sexual orientation.[36][37] Bailey's lab has also studied sexual orientation and sexual arousal using fMRI.[38]

The Man Who Would Be Queen

Main article: The Man Who Would Be Queen

Bailey's book The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender Bending and Transsexualism was published in 2003.[1] In it, Bailey reviewed evidence that male homosexuality is innate, a result of heredity and prenatal environment. He also reviewed the theory of Ray Blanchard that there are two unrelated forms of transsexualism, one that is an extreme type of homosexuality and one that is an expression of a paraphilia known as autogynephilia. Written in a popular science style, the book summarized research supporting Bailey's opinions.

The book generated considerable controversy. The most detailed investigation into that controversy was reported by Alice Dreger,[39] a bioethicist and historian, known for her activism in support of intersex rights. Dreger included additional details in Galileo's Middle Finger, an analysis of modern clashes between scientists and activists whose beliefs are challenged by them.[40] In her documented account of the Bailey case, she concluded that a small group of self-styled activists tried to bury a politically challenging scientific theory by attacking Bailey: "These critics, rather than restrict themselves to the argument over the ideas, had charged Bailey with a whole host of serious crimes," but that "what they claimed about Bailey simply wasn't true."[41]

A transgender woman whom he described in the book filed a complaint with Northwestern University alleging that her many discussions with Bailey about his view of trans women and the book he was writing made her a non-consensual subject of IRB-regulated research by Bailey, and that during this time, she had consensual sex with him.[42] Northwestern found no basis for the complaint.[39][43] Transgender professors Lynn Conway and Deirdre McCloskey filed a complaint against Bailey with Illinois state regulators, alleging that he practiced psychology without a license by providing brief case evaluation letters suggesting candidacy for sex reassignment surgery; however, the department did not pursue those allegations, as he did not accept remuneration for the services and therefore did not violate the law.[39][44]

At least two women who said they were subjects in his book filed a complaint with Northwestern alleging that Bailey committed scientific misconduct by not informing them that they were to be the subjects of research used in the writing of his book.[45][46] Northwestern did investigate this allegation. Although the findings of that investigation were not released,[47] Northwestern's vice president for Research, C. Bradley Moore, said, "The allegations of scientific misconduct made against Professor J. Michael Bailey do not fall under the federal definition of scientific misconduct."[39] and that the university "has established a protocol to help ensure that Professor Bailey's research activities involving human subjects are conducted in accordance with the expectations of the University, the regulations and guidelines established by the federal government and with generally accepted research standards."[39] Bailey says that he did nothing wrong and that the attacks on him were motivated by the desire to suppress discussion of the book's ideas about transsexualism, especially autogynephilia.[48] Alice Dreger, a bioethicist, published an account of the controversy in the Archives of Sexual Behavior.[39] According to Dreger, the allegations of misconduct could accurately be described as "harassment",[49] and an "anti-Bailey campaign".[39] Dreger wrote that of the four women who complained to Northwestern, two acknowledged that they were aware they would be included in Bailey's book in their letter to the university. The other two were not described in the book. Dreger also reported that while there was no definitive evidence to refute the allegation of sexual misconduct, datestamps on e-mails between Bailey and his ex-wife indicated that he was at her home looking after their two children at the time the misconduct was said to have occurred. The journal published in the same issue 23 commentaries regarding multiple aspects of the controversy, including criticism of Dreger's analysis.[50]

Outside of the transgender community and sexology researchers, this controversy is largely notable because of its implications for academic freedom and freedom of speech. In an interview with The New York Times, Dreger said, "If we're going to have research at all, then we're going to have people saying unpopular things, and if this is what happens to them, then we've got problems not only for science but free expression itself."[44] While Conway compared his work to Nazi propaganda, and Andrea James posted pictures of his children (taken when they were in middle and elementary school) on her website with sexually explicit captions, other critics believe that their actions against Bailey and his book represent legitimate comment on a topic of public interest.[51]

Helen Boyd explained what might have motivated some to object to the book:[52]

In the crossdressing community, the man who admits he is turned on by his dressing is still considered a pervert. The autogynephilic transsexual will not receive the same sympathy for her transsexualism as the non-autogynephilic transsexual. That's exactly what makes Bailey's book so dangerous: it allows transsexual women to be condemned by our society for having "perverse" sexual arousal patterns.

— Helen Boyd

In response to such criticisms, Bailey reiterated a line from his book: "True acceptance of the transgendered requires that we truly understand who they are."[53]

Appearances in news media

Features on homosexuality

Bailey and his work were featured prominently in a Boston Globe story by Neil Swidey entitled "What Makes People Gay?"[54] That story was included in the 2006 volume of "The Best American Science Writing."[55]

Bailey and his lab were also prominent in the CBS News 60 Minutes story "Gay or Straight?,"[56] which first aired on March 12, 2006 and was the most popular news story on the CBS News website the following week.[57] Author David Ehrenstein, writing for The Advocate, said the show was "replete with the sort of clichés about gay men and effeminacy that haven't been seen in a network news context since the 1967 CBS broadcast The Homosexuals."[58] The producer of the "Gay or Straight" segment responded with a defense of the segment and of Bailey's work.[59]

"Fucksaw" incident

In 2011, Bailey's human sexuality class at Northwestern made the headlines of major news organizations after he allowed a female guest speaker and her male partner to perform a live mechanized sex toy demonstration using a "fucksaw"[60][61]—a modified reciprocating saw[62] converted into a sex toy by attaching a "phallic object" instead of a blade[63][64]—to bring the woman to orgasm in front of the audience.[61][62] Students were advised beforehand of the nature of the demonstration in this optional after-class event on kinky sex and female orgasm.[63][64] In the aftermath, Northwestern University President Morton Schapiro criticized Bailey for "extremely poor judgment" and launched an investigation.[61][65] Bailey at first defended the demonstration, saying that students found lectures featuring guest speakers valuable, but subsequently issued an apology, saying he regretted the upset caused and its effect on the university's reputation.[63] He said there would be no repeats,[63] but maintained that the demonstration had been relevant to the topic of his course, and said that the students who chose to attend were over 18, "legally capable of voting, enlisting in the military, and consuming pornography", and contended that the criticism he had received was poorly reasoned.[63] The response among academics was mixed. Joseph Epstein criticized Bailey's class as failing academic standards in a long piece for The Weekly Standard, and ultimately compared Bailey to a pimp.[66] In contrast, Laurie Essig, writing in The Chronicle of Higher Education, thought that the incident "triggered a national conversation about what we can and cannot look at".[67] In a web-only feature for Esquire, Bailey's former research assistant Paul Schrodt defended his teaching and research methods.[68] Alice Dreger also defended Bailey's class as being of high quality in general, but agreed with Schapiro that the demonstration "was a case of poor judgment, because it wasn't worth it".[69] Eventually, in response to the incident, Northwestern administrators removed Bailey's human sexuality course from the following year's curriculum.[70] A year later, Northwestern reintroduced a somewhat differently themed sexuality class taught by Lane Fenrich, according to whom the new class emphasized "the major questions" and "the major thinkers" rather than being "geared toward sexual practices".[71]

Selected bibliography

  • Bailey JM, Vasey PL, Diamond LM, Breedlove SM, Vilain E, Epprecht M (2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562.
  • Bailey JM (2003). The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism. Washington, D.C: Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 978-0-309-08418-5.
  • Bailey JM, Pillard RC, Dawood K, et al. (1999). "A family history study of male sexual orientation using three independent samples". Behavior Genetics. 29 (2): 79–86. doi:10.1023/A:1021652204405. PMID 10405456. S2CID 10953775.
  • Bailey JM (1999). "Homosexuality and mental illness". Archives of General Psychiatry. 56 (10): 883–4. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.10.883. PMID 10530627.
  • Dunne MP, Martin NG, Bailey JM, et al. (1997). "Participation bias in a sexuality survey: psychological and behavioural characteristics of responders and non-responders". International Journal of Epidemiology. 26 (4): 844–54. doi:10.1093/ije/26.4.844. PMID 9279618.
  • Bailey JM (1995). "Sexual orientation revolution". Nature Genetics. 11 (4): 353–4. doi:10.1038/ng1295-353. PMID 7493006. S2CID 1086344.
  • Bailey JM, Nothnagel J, Wolfe M (1995). "Retrospectively measured individual differences in childhood sex-typed behavior among gay men: Correspondence between self- and maternal reports". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 24 (6): 613–22. doi:10.1007/BF01542183. PMID 8572910. S2CID 10830453.
  • Bailey JM, Zucker KJ (1995). "Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: A conceptual analysis and quantitative review". Developmental Psychology. 31: 43–55. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.31.1.43. S2CID 28174284.
  • Greenberg AS, Bailey JM (1993). "Do biological explanations of homosexuality have moral, legal, or policy implications?". Journal of Sex Research. 30 (3): 245–251. doi:10.1080/00224499309551708.
  • Bailey JM, Miller JS, Willerman L (1993). "Maternally rated childhood gender nonconformity in homosexuals and heterosexuals". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 22 (5): 461–9. doi:10.1007/BF01542559. PMID 8239975. S2CID 23460867.

References

  1. ^ a b Bailey, J. Michael (2003). The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism. Joseph Henry Press, ISBN 978-0-309-08418-5
  2. ^ Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul L.; Diamond, Lisa M.; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc (2016-04-25). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562.
  3. ^ Bailey, Drew; Bailey, J. (2013-03-26). "Poor Instruments Lead to Poor Inferences: Comment on Roberts, Glymour, and Koenen (2013)". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 42 (8): 1649–1652. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0101-5. PMID 23529218. S2CID 10305429. There is compelling evidence that male sexual orientation is fixed early in development, probably before birth and certainly before childhood adversity could plausibly affect it.
  4. ^ Carey, Benedict (21 August 2007). "Criticism of a Gender Theory, and a Scientist Under Siege". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  5. ^ "Letter to New York Times, Sept 20, 2007". Press Room. Lambda Literary Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17.
  6. ^ "Lubbock, Texas". City-Data.com. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
  7. ^ "Professional profile". Northwestern University. February 4, 2008. Archived from the original on January 4, 2009.
  8. ^ Davis, Andrew (December 8, 2004). "Northwestern Sex Researcher Investigated, Results Unknown". WindyCity Times.
  9. ^ Dreger, AD (June 2008). "The controversy surrounding "The man who would be queen": a case history of the politics of science, identity, and sex in the Internet age". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 37 (3): 366–421. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9301-1. PMC 3170124. PMID 18431641.
  10. ^ a b "Controversial Professor Credited For Bringing Controversial Scholar To Northwestern". CBS News. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  11. ^ a b Flaherty, Colleen (19 December 2018). "Northwestern students want a controversial scholar off their campus". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  12. ^ Beirich, Heidi; Moser, Bob (31 December 2003). "Northwestern University Psychology Professor J. Michael Bailey Looks into Queer Science". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  13. ^ Hatewatch Staff (3 October 2018). "Roundup of anti-LGBT activities 10/3/2018". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  14. ^ Bailey, J. Michael; Blanchard, Ray (7 December 2017). "Gender Dysphoria is Not One Thing". 4thWaveNow. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  15. ^ Ashley, Florence (10 August 2020). "A critical commentary on 'rapid-onset gender dysphoria'". The Sociological Review. 68 (4): 779–799. doi:10.1177/0038026120934693. S2CID 221097476.
  16. ^ "J. Michael Bailey - Google Scholar Citations". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
  17. ^ Bailey JM, Pillard RC (1991). "A genetic study of male sexual orientation". Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 48 (12): 1089–96. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810360053008. PMID 1845227.
  18. ^ Bailey JM, Benishay DS (1993). "Familial aggregation of female sexual orientation". Am J Psychiatry. 150 (2): 272–7. doi:10.1176/ajp.150.2.272. PMID 8422079.
  19. ^ Bailey, J. Michael; Dunne, Michael P; Martin, Nicholas G.Genetic and Environmental Influences on Sexual Orientation and Its Correlates in an Australian Twin Sample. J Pers Soc Psychol, Volume 78(3).March 2000.524–536. link http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/JMichael-Bailey/Publications/Bailey%20et%20al.%20twins,2000.pdf
  20. ^ Bailey J. M.; Zucker K. J. (1995). "Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: A conceptual analysis and quantitative review". Developmental Psychology. 31: 43–55. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.31.1.43. S2CID 28174284.
  21. ^ Bailey JM, Gaulin S, Agyei Y, Gladue BA (June 1994). "Effects of gender and sexual orientation on evolutionarily relevant aspects of human mating psychology". J Pers Soc Psychol. 66 (6): 1081–93. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.6.1081. PMID 8046578.
  22. ^ Rieger G, Linsenmeier JA, Gygax L, Bailey JM (January 2008). "Sexual orientation and childhood gender nonconformity: evidence from home videos". Dev Psychol. 44 (1): 46–58. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.46. PMID 18194004. S2CID 41662483.
  23. ^ Wade, Nicholas (April 10, 2007). "Pas de Deux of Sexuality Is Written in the Genes". The New York Times. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
  24. ^ Greenberg, Aaron S.; Bailey, J. M. (2001). "Parental Selection of Children's Sexual Orientation". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 30 (4): 423–437. doi:10.1023/A:1010265416676. PMID 11446202. S2CID 6917869.
  25. ^ Alice Dreger (20 Jun 2007). "Liberty and Solidarity: May We Choose Children for Sexual Orientation?". Bioethics Forum. Hastings Center. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
  26. ^ Aaron Greenberg; Michael Bailey (27 Jun 2007). "Liberty Should Win: We May Choose Our Children's Sexual Orientation". Bioethics Forum. Hastings Center. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
  27. ^ "Study finds sex differences in relationship between arousal and orientation". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
  28. ^ a b Rieger G, Chivers ML, Bailey JM (2005). "Sexual arousal patterns of bisexual men". Psychological Science. 16 (8): 579–84. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.502.8782. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01578.x. PMID 16102058. S2CID 14108499.
  29. ^ a b c Carey, Benedict (July 5, 2005). "Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited". New York Times.
  30. ^ a b "The Problems with 'Gay, Straight, or Lying?'" (PDF). National LGBTQ Task Force. July 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  31. ^ "New York Times Suggests Bisexuals Are 'Lying': Paper fails to disclose study author's controversial history". Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting. 8 July 2005. Archived from the original on 19 April 2006. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  32. ^ Rosenthal AM, Sylva D, Safron A, Bailey JM (July 2011). "Sexual arousal patterns of bisexual men revisited". Biol Psychol. 88 (1): 112–5. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.06.015. PMID 21763395. S2CID 41342541.
  33. ^ Tuller, David (2011-08-22). "No Surprise for Bisexual Men: Report Indicates They Exist". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-08-23.
  34. ^ a b Jabbour, Jeremy; Holmes, Luke; Sylva, David; Hsu, Kevin J.; Semon, Theodore L.; Rosenthal, A. M.; Safron, Adam; Slettevold, Erlend; Watts-Overall, Tuesday M.; Savin-Williams, Ritch C.; Sylla, John; Rieger, Gerulf; Bailey, J. Michael (2020). "Robust evidence for bisexual orientation among men". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (31). doi:10.1073/pnas.2003631117. PMC 7414168. PMID 32690672.
  35. ^ [1] Archived June 15, 2004, at the Wayback Machine
  36. ^ "Response to the Washington Times Article on My Research on Female Sexual Arousal". J. Michael Bailey faculty page. Northwestern University. Retrieved 2012-01-28.
  37. ^ "Forbidden Science". by Barry Yeoman, Discover Magazine. 31 July 2004. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
  38. ^ Safron A, Barch B, Bailey JM, Gitelman DR, Parrish TB, Reber PJ (April 2007). "Neural correlates of sexual arousal in homosexual and heterosexual men". Behav. Neurosci. 121 (2): 237–48. doi:10.1037/0735-7044.121.2.237. PMID 17469913.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g Dreger AD (June 2008). "The controversy surrounding "The man who would be queen": a case history of the politics of science, identity, and sex in the Internet age" (PDF). Arch Sex Behav. 37 (3): 366–421. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9301-1. PMC 3170124. PMID 18431641.
  40. ^ Dreger, Alice Domurat (2015). Galileo's middle finger: heretics, activists, and the search for justice in science. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 9781594206085.
  41. ^ Dreger, Alice Domurat (2015). Galileo's middle finger: heretics, activists, and the search for justice in science. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 9781594206085. pp. 9-10.
  42. ^ Wilson, R. (2003, Dec. 19). Northwestern U. psychologist accused of having sex with research subject. The Chronicle of Higher Education, p. 17.
  43. ^ Barlow, G. (2003, Dec. 17). NU professor faces sexual allegations. Chicago Free Press.
  44. ^ a b Carey, Benedict. (2007-08-21.) "Criticism of a Gender Theory, and a Scientist Under Siege." New York Times via nytimes.com. Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
  45. ^ Wilson, R. (2003, July 25). Transsexual 'subjects' complain about professors' research methods. The Chronicle of Higher Education, p. 10.
  46. ^ Associated Press (July 26, 2003 ), Transsexuals accuse professor of research misconduct"
  47. ^ Wilson, R. (2004, Dec. 10). "Northwestern U. Will Not Reveal Results of Investigation Into Sex Researcher." The Chronicle of Higher Education, p. 10.
  48. ^ "Academic McCarthyism". Archived from the original on 2007-08-07. Retrieved 2008-07-27.
  49. ^ Carey, Benedict (2007-08-21). "Criticism of a Gender Theory, and a Scientist Under Siege". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-26. "What happened to Bailey is important, because the harassment was so extraordinarily bad and because it could happen to any researcher in the field," said Alice Dreger, an ethics scholar and patients' rights advocate at Northwestern who, after conducting a lengthy investigation of Dr. Bailey's actions, has concluded that he is essentially blameless.
  50. ^ Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2008, volume 37, 365–510. Some critical commentaries have been made available on-line by their authors: Deirdre McCloskey's Politics in Scholarly Drag: Dreger's Assault on the Critics of Bailey, Julia Serano's A Matter of Perspective: A Transsexual Woman-Centric Critique of Dreger's ‘‘Scholarly History of the Bailey Controversy.
  51. ^ Carey, Benedict (2007-08-21). "Criticism of a Gender Theory, and a Scientist Under Siege". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-26. But days after the book appeared, Lynn Conway, a prominent computer scientist at the University of Michigan, sent out an e-mail message comparing Dr. Bailey's views to Nazi propaganda... Ms. James downloaded images from Dr. Bailey's Web site of his children, taken when they were in middle and elementary school, and posted them on her own site, with sexually explicit captions that she provided... "Nothing we have done, I believe, and certainly nothing I have done, overstepped any boundaries of fair comment on a book and an author who stepped into the public arena with enthusiasm to deliver a false and unscientific and politically damaging opinion," Deirdre McCloskey, a professor of economics, history, English, and communication at the University of Illinois at Chicago, and one of Dr. Bailey's principal critics, said in an e-mail message.
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  68. ^ "Northwestern University Sex – J. Michael Bailey Human Sexuality Class Controversy". Esquire. 2011-03-10. Archived from the original on 2013-06-19. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
  69. ^ Dreger, Alice (2011-03-04). "Hot Times at Northwestern". Psychology Today. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
  70. ^ Konkol, Mark (May 10, 2011). "Thrill is gone: Northwestern drops controversial sex class". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
  71. ^ "Northwestern sexual education class new on campus – Chicago Tribune". Articles.chicagotribune.com. 2012-02-19. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
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