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Chandrayaan-3
Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in clean room
OperatorISRO
COSPAR ID2023-098A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.57320Edit this on Wikidata
Websitewww.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html
Mission duration1 year, 4 months and 28 days (elapsed)
  • Propulsion module: ≤ 3 to 6 months (planned)
  • Vikram lander: ≤ 14 days (planned)
  • Pragyan rover: ≤ 14 days (planned)
Spacecraft properties
BusChandrayaan
ManufacturerISRO
Launch mass3900 kg
Payload massPropulsion Module: 2148.00 kg
Lander Module (Vikram): 1752 kg including Rover (Pragyan) of 26 kg
Total: 3900.00 kg
PowerPropulsion Module: 758 W Lander Module: 738W, WS with Bias Rover: 50W
Start of mission
Launch date14 July 2023 (2023-07-14) 14:35:17 IST, (9:05:17 UTC)[1][2]
RocketLVM3 M4
Launch siteSatish Dhawan Space Centre
ContractorISRO
Moon lander
Spacecraft componentRover
Landing date23 August 2023 (2023-08-23) 17:47 IST, (12:17 UTC) (planned) [3][4]
Landing site69.367621 S, 32.348126 E[5]

(between Manzinus C and Simpelius N craters)[6]

Official Chandrayaan-3 mission patch

Chandrayaan-3 (Devanagari: चंद्रयान-३, transl. Moon-spaceship)[7] is the third and most recent lunar Indian Space Research exploration mission under the Chandrayaan programme of ISRO.[7]It consists of a lander named Vikram and a rover named Pragyan similar to Chandrayaan-2, but does not have an orbiter. Its propulsion module behaves like a communication relay satellite. The propulsion module carries the lander and rover configuration until the spacecraft is in a 100 km lunar orbit.[8][9]

Following Chandrayaan-2, where a last-minute glitch in the landing guidance software led to the lander crashing after entering lunar orbit, another lunar mission was proposed.[10]

The launch of Chandrayaan-3 took place on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST[11] and lunar injection of 100 km circular polar orbit was completed successfully as part of phase one.[2][12] The lander and rover are expected to land near the lunar south pole region on 23 August 2023.[13]

The Chandrayaan-3 mission is a stepping stone towards ISRO’s future interplanetary missions. The key idea is technology demonstration of crucial capability to soft land on lunar surface safely that the earlier mission could not achieve.[14]

Background

As part of the Chandrayaan programme to demonstrate soft landing on the Moon, ISRO launched Chandrayaan-2 on board a Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3) launch vehicle consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover.[15] The lander was scheduled to touchdown on the lunar surface in September 2019 to deploy the Pragyan rover.[16][17]

The European Space Tracking (ESTRACK) operated by European Space Agency (ESA) will support the mission according to a contract. Under the new cross-support arrangement, ESA tracking support could be provided for upcoming ISRO missions such as those of India’s first human spaceflight programme, Gaganyaan, the Chandrayaan-3 lunar lander and the Aditya-L1 solar research mission. In return, future ESA missions will receive similar support from ISRO’s own tracking stations.[18]

Objective

ISRO has set three main objectives for the Chandrayaan-3 mission, which include:

  1. Getting a lander to land safely and softly on the surface of the Moon.
  2. Observing and demonstrating the rover’s loitering capabilities on the Moon.
  3. In-site observation & conducting experiments on the materials available on the lunar surface to better understand composition of the Moon.[19]

Design

Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module – Views

Chandrayaan-3 comprises three main components:

Propulsion Module:

Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion Module

The propulsion module will carry the lander and rover configuration till 100 km lunar orbit. It is a box-like structure with one large solar panel mounted on one side and a large cylinder on top (the Intermodular Adapter Cone) that acts as a mounting structure for the lander.[9][8]

Lander:

Chandrayaan-3 Lander

The lander is responsible for the soft landing on the Moon. It is also box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters of 800 newtons each. It will be carrying the rover and various scientific instruments to perform in-site analysis.

The lander for Chandrayaan-3 will have only four throttle-able engines with thrust valve slew rate changing capabilities, unlike Vikram on Chandrayaan-2 which had five 800 Newtons engines with a fifth one being centrally mounted with a fixed thrust. One of the main reasons of Chandrayaan-2 failure, i.e., attitude increase during camera coasting phase was removed by allowing the lander to control attitude and thrust in all phases of descent. Attitude correction range is increased from 10°/s in Chandrayaan-2 to 25°/s in Chandrayaan-3. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander will be equipped with a Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) to allow measuring attitude in 3 directions.[20][21] The impact legs have been made stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and instrumentation redundancy has been increased. It will target a more precise 4 km (2.5 mi) by 4 km (2.5 mi) landing region based on images previously provided by OHRC on Chandrayaan-2. ISRO improved the structural rigidity, increased polling in instruments, increased data frequency and transmission and added other multiple software and contingency systems, as the lander is designed to withstand failed landing attempt via multiple complicated software simulations.[22][21]

Rover:

Chandrayaan-3 Rover

Chandrayaan-3 Rover Overview:

  • Six-wheeled design
  • Weight of 26 kilograms (57 pounds)
  • Range of 500 metres (1,600 ft)
  • Dimensions : 917 millimetres (3.009 ft) x 750 millimetres (2.46 ft) x 397 millimetres (1.302 ft)

The Chandrayaan-3 Rover is expected to make a number of important scientific discoveries, including:

  • The composition of the lunar surface
  • The presence of water ice in the lunar soil
  • The history of lunar impacts
  • The evolution of the Moon’s atmosphere

Instruments

Lander

  • Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) will measure the thermal conductivity and temperature of the lunar surface.
  • Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) will measure the seismicity around the landing site.
  • Langmuir Probe (LP) will estimate the plasma density and its variations.[23]

Rover

  • Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) will derive the chemical composition and infer mineralogical composition of the lunar surface.
  • Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) will determine the elemental composition (Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe) of lunar soil and rocks around the lunar landing site.[23]

Propulsion Module

  • Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) to study the spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength range (1-1.7 μm).[9][8]
Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APSX) payload on the Rover
Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) payload on the Lander
Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) payload on the Lander
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) payload on the Rover
Langmuir Probe (RAMBHA-LP) payload on the Lander
Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload on the Propulsion Module.

Launch

LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 – Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota

Chandrayaan-3 was launched on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST as scheduled, from Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, India. The spacecraft entered lunar orbit on 5 August 2023.[24] It is anticipated that the Chandrayaan-3 mission will achieve a soft landing on the lunar South Pole region on 23 August.[25]

Choosing the month of July for the launch of Chandrayaan 3 was a special move because of a calculation made by ISRO regarding the closeness of Earth and Moon.[26]

On August 5, the Indian Space Research Organisation achieved a Lunar-Orbit Insertion (LOI), successfully placing the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft into orbit around the Moon. The LOI operation was carried out from the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking, and Command Network (ISTRAC) located in Bengaluru.[27][28]

Mission profile

Animation of Chandrayaan-3
Around the Earth – Orbit raising phase
Around the Earth
Around the Moon
   Chandrayaan-3 ·    Earth ·    Moon

Orbit raising and station keeping

The satellite was launched aboard the LVM3-M4 rocket in the afternoon of 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST to a EPO perigee of 170 km (106 mi). This will be followed by a series of orbit raising operations (using an on-board LAM and chemical thrusters) to place the satellite in the Trans-lunar injection orbit.

Chandrayaan-3 orbital maneuver
# Date/
Time (UTC) 		LAM burn time Height achieved Orbital period Outcome References
Apogee/Apolune Perigee/Perilune
Earth bound maneuvers
1 15 July 2023 — 41,762 km (25,950 mi) 173 km (107 mi) — Success [29][30]
2 17 July 2023 — 41,603 km (25,851 mi) 226 km (140 mi) — Success [29][31]
3 18 July 2023 — 51,400 km (31,900 mi) 228 km (142 mi) — Success [32]
4 20 July 2023 — 71,351 km (44,335 mi) 233 km (145 mi) — Success [29][33]
5 25 July 2023 — 127,603 km (79,289 mi) 236 km (147 mi) — Success [34]
Trans Lunar Injection
1 31 July 2023 — 369,328 km (229,490 mi) 288 km (179 mi) — Success [35]
Lunar Bound Maneuvers
1 5 August 2023 1,835 s (30.58 min) 18,074 km (11,231 mi) 164 km (102 mi) Approx. 21 h (1,300 min) Success [36]
2 6 August 2023 — 4,313 km (2,680 mi) 170 km (110 mi) — Success [37]
3 9 August 2023 — 1,437 km (893 mi) 174 km (108 mi) — Success [38]
4 14 August 2023
5 20 August 2023
Lander Module Separation
1 August 2023
Lander Deorbit Burns
1 August 2023
2 August 2023
Landing
1 23 August 2023

Mission life

Carrying Lander Module & Rover upto ~100 x 100 km launch injection. Subsequently, operation of experimental payload for a period of 3 to 6 months.[23]

Mission executives

Funding

In December 2019, it was reported that ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to ₹75 crore (US$9.0 million), out of which ₹60 crore (US$7.2 million) will be for meeting expenditure towards machinery, equipment and other capital expenditure, while the remaining ₹15 crore (US$1.8 million) is sought under revenue expenditure head.[39]

Confirming the existence of the project, ISRO's former chairman K. Sivan stated that the estimated cost would be around ₹615 crore (equivalent to ₹724 crore or US$87 million in 2023).[40][41]

See also

References

  1. ^ "ISRO to launch moon mission Chandrayaan-3 on July 14. Check details". Hindustan Times. 6 July 2023. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Chandrayaan-3 Launch LIVE Updates: Chandrayaan 3 successfully separated from LVM, injected to internal orbit". mint. 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  3. ^ "Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23-24 preferred landing dates". THE TIMES OF INDIA. 6 July 2023. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  4. ^ "ANI on Twitter". 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  5. ^ "Mission homepage". Archived from the original on 23 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  6. ^ "India launches Chandrayaan-3 mission to the lunar surface". Physicsworld. 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  7. ^ a b c "Chandrayaan-3 just 1k-km from lunar surface". The Times of India. 11 August 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  8. ^ a b c "Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021". The Times of India. 2 January 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  9. ^ a b c "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details". Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  10. ^ Guptan, Mahesh (16 November 2019). "How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer". The Week. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  11. ^ "Chandrayaan-3". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  12. ^ "Chandrayaan 3 Launch Live: India's Chandrayaan-3 moon mission lifts off from Sriharikota". The Times of India. 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  13. ^ "Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August". The Hindu. 6 July 2023. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  14. ^ ‘ISRO Launches Chandrayaan-3 Moon Mission’. Scientific European. Retrieved 2023-07-14
  15. ^ "Chandrayaan-3 a shot in the arm for Gaganyaan-1". The Times of India. 15 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  16. ^ Singh, Surendra (5 August 2018). "Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  17. ^ Shenoy, Jaideep (28 February 2016). "ISRO chief signals India's readiness for Chandrayaan II mission". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  18. ^ "ESA and Indian space agency ISRO agree on future cooperation". www.esa.int. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  19. ^ "Indian Space Research Organisation". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  20. ^ Kumar, Chethan (19 November 2019). "Chandrayaan-3 plans indicate failures in Chandrayaan-2". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  21. ^ a b After 4 Years, ISRO Reveals Why Chandrayaan 2 FAILED, retrieved 10 August 2023
  22. ^ Sharma, Shaurya (21 October 2022). "Chandrayaan-3 To Be More Robust, Have Contingency Systems Onboard, Says ISRO Chief". News18. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  23. ^ a b c "ISRO Chandrayaan 3 brochure" (PDF).Archived 10 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ "Chandrayaan-3: Historic India Moon mission sends new photos of lunar surface". BBC News. 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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  26. ^ "Chandrayaan 3: Know why July is important for ISRO". News9live. 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  27. ^ THE HINDU BUREAU (5 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft enters lunar orbit". The Hindu. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  28. ^ Grey, Charles (6 August 2023). "India's Chandrayaan-3 Successfully Inserted Into Lunar Orbit". AIR SPACE News. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
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  34. ^ @isro (25 July 2023). "The fifth orbit raising operation" (Tweet). Retrieved 25 July 2023 – via Twitter.
  35. ^ @isro (1 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 update" (Tweet). Retrieved 5 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  36. ^ @isro (4 August 2023). "Lunar Orbit Injection (LOI)" (Tweet). Retrieved 5 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  37. ^ @isro (6 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission" (Tweet). Retrieved 6 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  38. ^ @isro (9 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission" (Tweet). Retrieved 9 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  39. ^ Kumar, Chethan (8 December 2019). "ISRO seeks 75 crore more from Centre for Chandrayaan-3". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  40. ^ "Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021". The Times of India. 2 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  41. ^ "How much did India's Chandrayaan-3 lunar mission cost?". CNBC. 15 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
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