Batuque (Brazil)
Batuque (drum[1], drumming[2]) referred various Afro-Brazilian practices in the 19th century, including music, dance and fighting game.
As a dance
Batuque dance was common in Brazil in 19th century.[3]
As a game
Batuque was a game played in Bahia in the early part of the twentieth century by African slaves, which were brought to Brazil, but now extinct.[4] A similar game, pernada, was popular in Rio de Janeiro about the same time. Players stand in a circle; one player stands in the center in a defensive position, and another moves around him, suddenly attacking. The attacking player tries to throw the defending player to the ground with blows from his legs.
Batuque was a combat game of predominantly Angolan origins.[5] In the 1930s the Angolans in Brazil were the champions in batuque, with one of the most renowned practitioners being Angolinha ('little Angola').[5]
Capoeira inovators like Anibal Burlamaqui in Rio de Janeiro and Mestre Bimba, the founder of the regional capoeira style, incorporated numerous batuque techniques.[5] Moreover, Mestre Bimba's father was a champion of batuque.[4] Nestor Capoeira believes that many swipes (rasteiras) introduced by Bimba in the capoeira came from batuque.[6]
Batuque in present
There are efforts to resurrect Batuque (and leg wrestling in general) as a modern sport.[7]
As a religion
Batuque is an old name for Candomblé religion.[8]
Today, batuque is an Afro-Brazilian religion, practiced mainly in Brazil.[9][10][11][12] The Batuque pantheon includes spirits rather than gods, who are mostly thought to come in two types: Catholic saints and encantados (anthropomorphic spirits who "inhabit the tangible world" and mostly come from Brazil, although there are foreigners in their rank).[12] "Spirit possession and mediumship are...integral to Batuque worship."[12]
Literature
- Capoeira: Roots of the Dance-Fight-Game, by Nestor Capoeira, ISBN 1-55643-404-9.
- Assunção, Matthias Röhrig (2002). Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-8086-6.
- Capoeira, Nestor (2002). Capoeira: Roots of the Dance-Fight-Game. Blue Snake Books. ISBN 978-1-58394-637-4.
References
- ^ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/batuque
- ^ https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-27078-4_537
- ^ Talmon-Chvaicer 2008, pp. 8.
- ^ a b Gerard Taylor, Capoeira: The Jogo de Angola from Luanda to Cyberspace, Volumen 2
- ^ a b c Assunção 2002, pp. 66.
- ^ Capoeira 2002, pp. 196.
- ^ "batuque".
- ^ What Is Candomblé? Beliefs and History
- ^ Frigerio, Alejandro (2013-01-01). Umbanda and Batuque in the Southern Cone: Transnationalization as Cross-Border Religious Flow and as Social Field. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004246034_008. ISBN 978-90-04-24603-4.
- ^ Pinn, Anthony B.; Finley, Stephen C.; Alexander, Torin (2009). African American Religious Cultures. ABC-CLIO. pp. 104–107. ISBN 978-1-57607-470-1.
- ^ Leacock, Seth (1964). "Ceremonial Drinking in an Afro-Brazilian Cult". American Anthropologist. 66 (2): 344–354. ISSN 0002-7294.
- ^ a b c Salamone, Frank A. (2004). Levinson, David (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals. New York: Routledge. p. 19. ISBN 0-415-94180-6.
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