From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Since independence in 1956, Sudan has experienced a long history of coups d'état, with approximately 12 attempts and 7 coups d'états.[ 1] 2023 Sudan Conflict began on 15 April 2023, involving clashes between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces , both factions of the military government, with a focus on Khartoum and the Darfur region.
Coups
Gaafar Nimeiry attempted two coups and faced 5June 1957 : one year after Sudan's independence , a failed coup led by Abdel Rahman Ismail Kabeida sought to seize power from the democratic government.[ 2] [ 3] Jaafar Nimeiry , accused of supporting the coup, was arrested and later reassigned in 1959.[ 4] 17 November 1958 : a bloodless self-coup, was led by Prime Minister Abdallah Khalil against the civilian government formed after the 1958 election .[ 5] National Umma Party , the People's Democratic Party ,[ 6] Ibrahim Abboud and Ahmad Abd al-Wahab , with the knowledge of the United States and Great Britain.[ 7] [ 8] 9 November 1959 : Sudan witnessed a failed coup against General Ibrahim Abboud's regime.[ 9] [ 10] [ 11] October 1964 Revolution .[ 12] 25 May 1969 : Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry successfully overthrow the government of President Ismail al-Azhari . The coup signalled the end of Sudan's second democratic era, and saw the beginning of Nimeiry's 16 year rule .[ 13] [ 14] 19 July 1971 : Major Hashem al Atta , briefly ousted President Gaafar Nimeiry but lacked support. Nimeiry's loyalists counter-couped, reinstating him. Nimeiry then strengthened his rule, diminishing the influence of former Revolutionary Command Council members by 1975.[ 15] [ 16] 5 September 1975 : Sudanese Communist Party -backed rebel army officers attempted a coup against President Gaafar al-Nimeiry, but loyalist forces quickly crushed the coup. Brigadier Hassan Hussein Osman, the coup leader, was wounded, court-martialed, and executed.[ 17] 2 July 1976 : In early 1972, Nimeiry's dialogue with opposition leader Sharif Hussein al-Hindi failed. In 1976, a coup attempt by Sadiq al-Mahdi that was led by Muhammad Nour Saad was met with resistance, leading to a week of intense fighting and civilian casualties. A brief National Reconciliation followed but ended due to ongoing tensions and disagreements.[ 18] 2 February 1977 : The Juba coup, led by 12 ex-Anyanya Air Force members, aimed to seize Juba airport but failed.[ 19] [ 20] Harold Bowman , was killed during the incident.[ 21] 6 April 1985 : The coup was staged by a group of military officers and led by the Defense Minister and Armed Forces Commander-in-Chief, Field Marshal Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab , against the government of President Gaafar Nimeiry.[ 22] [ 23] [ 24] al-Bashir came to power after a coup and forced out by one 30 June 1989 : The Sudanese Armed Forces overthrown the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi and President Ahmed al-Mirghani . The coup was led by military officer Omar al-Bashir who took power in its aftermath; he ruled the country for the next 30 years until he was overthrown in 2019.[ 25] 23 April 1990 : Allegedly orchestrated by retired officers and junior loyalists, aimed to overthrow the ruling military junta led by Lieutenant General Omar al-Bashir. Loyalist forces quashed the coup, with reported gunfire at key locations. Approximately 30 officers and retired officers were arrested.[ 26] [ 27] March 1992 : The attempt was led by Colonel Ahmed Khaled who was a sympathiser of the Sudanese Ba'ath Party .[ 28] [ 29] [ 30] Omar al-Bashir , who took power in the 1989 coup d'état .[ 31] [ 32] [ 33] March 2004 : The attempt was against the president Omar al-Bashir and his cabinet, inspired by opposition leaders and Hassan Al-Turabi . It ended with the arrests of army officers over the next few days. A second attempted coup was staged in September 2004.[ 34] [ 35] 10 May 2008 : Darfur rebel group Justice and Equality Movement raided Khartoum and Omdurman , killing over 220 people.[ 36] [ 37] Darfur conflict reached the capital, marking a significant escalation in a conflict that had already claimed up to 300,000 lives and displaced 2.5 million since 2003.[ 38] 22 November 2012 : The attempt against president Omar al-Bashir started as an attempt to overthrow the government over serious conflicts, upheavals (mainly the 2011–2013 Sudanese protests ) and worsening conditions. 13 were arrested during the coup attempt, according to the media.[ 39] [ 40] 11 April 2019 : President Omar al-Bashir was overthrown by the Sudanese Armed Forces after popular protests demanded his departure.[ 41] Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf , toppled the government and National Legislature and declared a state of emergency in the country for a period of 3 months, followed by a transitional period of two years before an agreement was reached later.[ 42] 21 September 2021 : The attempt was against the Sovereignty Council of Sudan .[ 43] [ 44] [ 45] [ 46] 25 October 2021 : General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan staged a military coup in Sudan,[ 47] Sovereignty Council . Protests and strikes ensued, leading to negotiations.[ 48] Abdalla Hamdok , but civilian groups rejected it, and Hamdok resigned in January 2022 amid continued protests.[ 49] 15 April 2023 : Sudan witnessed an armed conflict between rival factions of the military, the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), with clashes in Khartoum and Darfur . The SPLM-N led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu and other rebel groups joined the fray.[ 50] [ 51]
References
^ Williamson, Megan Duzor and Brian. "By The Numbers: Coups in Africa" . projects.voanews.com . Retrieved 8 September 2023 . ^ Al-Sayegh, Bakri (9 May 2023). "انقلابات وخيانات وخبيثات الضباط في بعضهم البعض داخل القوات المسلحة – البرهان "حميدتي" مثالآ-" [Coups, betrayals and maliciousness of officers against each other within the armed forces - Al-Burhan “Hemedti” for example]. Alrakoba . ^ Al-Taweel, Amani (24 September 2021). "الانقلابات العسكرية في السودان بين الملامح والأسباب" . اندبندنت عربية (in Arabic). Retrieved 29 July 2023 . ^ Who's who in Africa: The Political, Military and Business Leaders of Africa ISBN 978-0-9502755-0-5 ^ Hailey, Foster (18 November 1958). "SUDAN COUP PUTS ARMY IN CONTROL; Capital Is Quiet as General Takes Power -- Parliament Ousted in Orderly Shift" . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 October 2021 . ^ "Sudan Embassy in Canada" . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2009 .^ Ben Hammou, Salah (2023). "The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics". Armed Forces & Society : 0095327X2311556. doi :10.1177/0095327X231155667 . S2CID 257268269 . ^ Ben Hammou, Salah (2023). "The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics". Armed Forces & Society : 0095327X2311556. doi :10.1177/0095327X231155667 . S2CID 257268269 . ^ العزاوي, قيس جواد (2 March 2023). الجيش والسلطة في التاريخ العثماني ^ "الحكومة العسكرية في السودان في الأعوام الثلاثة الماضية (1959 – 1961م) .. بقلم: بيتر كيلنر .. ترجمة: بدر الدين حامد الهاشمي" . سودانايل (in Arabic). 13 May 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023 .^ Kilner, Peter (1962). "Military Government in Sudan: The Past Three Years" . The World Today . 18 (6): 259– 268. ISSN 0043-9134 . JSTOR 40393412 . ^ Al-Sayegh, Bakri (9 May 2023). "انقلابات وخيانات وخبيثات الضباط في بعضهم البعض داخل القوات المسلحة – البرهان "حميدتي" مثالآ-" [Coups, betrayals and maliciousness of officers against each other within the armed forces - Al-Burhan “Hemedti” for example]. Alrakoba . ^ "69. Republic of the Sudan (1956-present)" . uca.edu . Retrieved 24 August 2023 .^ Historical Dictionary of the Sudan . p. 41.^ Korn, David A. (1993). Assassination in Khartoum . Indiana University Press. p. 87. ^ Korn, David A. (1993). Assassination in Khartoum ISBN 0253332028 ^ "Sudan Rebels Stage Coup But Loyal Troops Crush It" . The New York Times . 6 September 1975. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 25 July 2023 .^ Al-Shaqlini, Abdullah (27 July 2018). "نظرة جهاز الأمن لحركة 2 يوليو 1976 .. بقلم: عبدالله الشقليني" [The Security Apparatus' View of the July 2, 1976 Movement]. سودانايل (in Arabic). Retrieved 25 July 2023 . ^ Johnson, Douglas Hamilton (2011). The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars: Peace Or Truce ISBN 9781847010292 ^ Kuyok, Kuyok Abol (2015). South Sudan: The Notable Firsts ISBN 9781504943468 ^ "Nyack Warriors - About Nyack College Athletics" . Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2017 .^ "SUDAN'S PRESIDENT IS OUSTED IN COUP BY MILITARY CHIEF" . The New York Times . 7 April 1985. Retrieved 19 March 2019 .^ "Sudan's Military Ousts Numeiri: Coup Climaxes Protests; African Ally Was on Way Back From U.S." The Los Angeles Times . 7 April 1985. Retrieved 19 March 2019 .^ "Sudanese Leader Deposed in Coup" . The Washington Post . 7 April 1985. Retrieved 18 March 2019 .^ "Military Coup in Sudan Ousts Civilian Regime" . The New York Times . 1 July 1989. Retrieved 18 March 2019 .^ "Sudan Reports Blocking a Coup And Arresting Over 30 Officers" . The New York Times . 24 April 1990. Retrieved 30 September 2019 .^ "Sudanese military government crushes coup attempt" . UPI. 23 April 1990. Retrieved 30 September 2019 .^ "هذه قصة الانقلابات في السودان خلال ستة عقود" . الرابطة الدولية للخبراء والمحللين السياسيين . Retrieved 8 August 2023 .^ Khalil, Rima (21 December 2021). "سجل حافل بالانقلابات في السودان: 12 انقلاباً في 64 عاماً" . Alaraby (in Arabic). Retrieved 8 August 2023 . ^ "هذه قصة الانقلابات في السودان خلال 6 عقود" . Aljazeera (in Arabic). 24 September 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2023 .^ "توتر جديد في السودان... تاريخ طويل من الانقلابات العسكرية" . سبوتنيك عربي (in Arabic). 15 April 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023 .^ Altaweel, Amani (24 September 2021). "الانقلابات العسكرية في السودان بين الملامح والأسباب" . اندبندنت عربية (in Arabic). Retrieved 8 August 2023 . ^ "History of successful and coup attempts wey fail for Sudan since independence" . BBC News Pidgin . Retrieved 8 August 2023 .^ "Tight security in Khartoum as gov't claims coup attempt" . The New Humanitarian. 27 September 2004.^ "SUDAN: Coup Plot Threatens Peace Talks" . IPSNews. 2 April 2004.^ France-Presse, Agence (26 November 2022). "Sudan Sentences 8 Rebels to Death for Khartoum Raid - The New York Times" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2023 . ^ "Darfur rebels poised to take Khartoum | The Independent | The Independent" . Independent.co.uk the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2023 .^ "U.S. urges restraint after Sudan violence | Reuters" . Reuters . 22 November 2020. Archived from the original on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2023 .^ "The attempted coup d'etat in Sudan" . ISS Africa. 30 November 2012.^ "Coup attempt disrupted, Sudanese government says" . CNN. 23 November 2012.^ El Sirgany, Sarah; Elbagir, Nima; Abdullah, Yasir (11 April 2019). "Sudan's President Bashir forced out in military coup" . CNN. Retrieved 12 April 2019 . ^ Abdelaziz, Khalid; Lewis, Aidan (11 April 2019). Lawrence, Janet (ed.). "Soldiers raid headquarters of Bashir's Islamic movement in Khartoum" . Reuters . Retrieved 21 July 2023 . ^ "Sudan failed coup: Government blames pro-Bashir elements" . BBC News . 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021 .^ "Sudanese officials say coup attempt has failed" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 21 September 2021 .^ "تصفية اخر جيوب الانقلاب واعتقال عسكريين ومدنيين" . Suna-News (in Arabic). Retrieved 21 September 2021 .^ Magdy, Samy (21 September 2021). "Sudanese officials say coup attempt failed, army in control" . AP NEWS . Retrieved 21 September 2021 . ^ Salih, Zeinab Mohammed; Beaumont, Peter (25 October 2021). "Sudan's army seizes power in coup and detains prime minister" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2023 . ^ Abdelaziz, Khalid; Awadalla, Nadine (25 October 2021). Pullin, Richard (ed.). "Sudan cabinet members, others arrested in apparent coup – Reuters witness" Reuters . Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021 . ^ "Sudan coup: Protests continue after military takeover" . BBC . 25 October 2021. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021 .^ "South Kordofan residents flee as Sudan war escalates" . al-Arabiya Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023 .^ "Battle For Key Police Base Kills At Least 14 Sudan Civilians" . Barron's Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023 .
