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White Colombians

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White Colombians
Colombiano Blanco
Total population
19.3%,[1] 20%,[2][3][4] 25%,[5] or 37%[6][7] of Colombians
Regions with significant populations
Throughout the nation, especially in the Andean Region and the major cities[8]
Languages
Predominantly Colombian Spanish, minority usage of English, Italian, German
Religion
Christianity (Roman Catholic, Protestant, other Christians), Irreligion, Islam, and Judaism
Related ethnic groups
Mestizo Colombians, Andalusians, Basques, Castilians, other Spanish peoples, Arab Colombians, Italian Colombians, German Colombians

White Colombians are the Colombian descendants of European and Middle Eastern people living in Colombia. According to the 2018 census, 87.58% of Colombians do not identify with any ethnic group, thus being either white or mestizo (of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry), which are not categorized separately.[9]

Distribution and ethnic background

While most sources estimate whites to be 20% of the country's population,[2][3][4] the Federal Research Division (using data from 2005 census) puts that percentage at 37%.[7]

According to Latinobarómetro poll, 25% of Colombians surveyed self identified as Whites.[5]

Whites live mainly in the Andean Region and the urban centers;[10] they are mostly of Spanish origin, but there is also a large population of Middle Eastern descent,[11] as well as some Italian,[12] German,[13] and other European ancestries,[14] [15] particularly among the upper classes.

Genetics

Genetic ancestry of White Colombians according to Candela Project (2014).[1]

  European Contribution (65%)
  Amerindian Contribution (26%)
  African Contribution (9%)

According to research published in 2014, where the ancestry of five Latin American countries were evaluated, the average Colombian genetic admixture is 60% European, 29%, Amerindian, and 11%, African, with self-identified white Colombians (19.3% of the samples) being 65% European, 26% Amerindian, and 9% African.[1]

History

Colonial period

The presence of Whites in Colombia began in 1510 with the colonization of San Sebastián de Urabá. In 1525, settlers founded Santa Marta, the oldest Spanish city still in existence in Colombia. Many Spaniards came searching for gold, while others established themselves as leaders of the social organizations teaching the Christian faith and the ways of their civilization.[16]

Immigration from Europe

Basque priests introduced handball into Colombia.[17] Besides business, Basque immigrants in Colombia were devoted to teaching and public administration.[17] In the first years of the Andean multinational company, Basque sailors navigated as captains and pilots on the majority of the ships until the country was able to train its own crews.[17] In Bogotá, there is a small colony of thirty to forty families who emigrated as a consequence of the Spanish Civil War.[18]

The first German immigrants arrived in the 16th century contracted by the Spanish Crown, and included explorers such as Ambrosio Alfinger and Nikolaus Federmann. There was another small wave of German immigrants at the end of the 19th and beginning of 20th century, including Leo Siegfried Kopp, the founder of the famous Bavaria Brewery. SCADTA, a Colombian-German air transport corporation which was established by German expatriates in 1919, was the first commercial airline in the western hemisphere.[19]

James Martin Eder. Colombian Jewish entrepreneur.
Portrait of Jorge Isaacs. Colombian Jewish writer and intellectual.

In December 1941 the United States government estimated that there were at least 4,000 Germans living in Colombia.[20]

A wave of Ashkenazi immigrants came after the rise of Nazism in 1933, followed by as many as 17,000 German Jews. From 1939 until the end of World War II, immigration was put to a halt by anti-immigrant feelings in the country and restrictions on immigration from Germany.[21]

There were some Nazi agitators in Colombia, such as Barranquilla businessman Emil Prufurt,[20] but the majority was apolitical. Colombia asked Germans who were on the U.S. blacklist to leave, and allowed German and Jewish refugees in the country illegally to stay.[20]

Immigration from the Middle East

Main article: Arab diaspora in Colombia
Main article: Jews in Colombia

Colombia was one of early focus of Sephardi immigration.[22] Jewish converts to Christianity and some crypto-Jews also sailed with the early explorers. It has been suggested that the present day culture of business entrepreneurship in the region of Antioquia and Valle del Cauca is attributable to Sephardi immigration.[23][better source needed]

The largest wave of Middle Eastern immigration began around 1880, and remained during the first two decades of the 20th century. They were mainly Maronite Christians from Lebanon, Syria and Ottoman Palestine, fleeing financial hardships and the repression of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. When they were first processed in the ports of Colombia, they were classified as Turks.

During the early part of the 20th century, numerous Jewish immigrants came from Turkey, North Africa and Syria. Shortly after, Jewish immigrants began to arrive from Eastern Europe.[20] Armenians, Lebanese, Syrians,[24] Palestinians and some Israelis[25] continue since then to settle in Colombia.[24]

Between 700,000 and 3,200,000 Colombians have full or partial Middle Eastern descent.[26][27] Due to a lack of existing information it's impossible to know the exact number of people that immigrated to Colombia. A figure of 50,000-100,000 from 1880 to 1930 may be reliable.[24] Whatever the figure, Lebanese are perhaps the biggest immigrant group next to the Spanish since independence.[24] Cartagena, Cali, and Bogota were among the cities with the largest number of Arabic-speaking representatives in Colombia in 1945.[24]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Adhikari, Kaustubh; Acuña-Alonzo, Victor; Quinto-Sanchez, Mirsha; Jaramillo, Claudia; Arias, William; Fuentes, Macarena; Pizarro, María; Everardo, Paola; Avila, Francisco de; Gómez-Valdés, Jorge (25 September 2014). "Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals". PLOS Genetics. 10 (9): e1004572. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4177621. PMID 25254375.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  2. ^ a b "Geografia Humana de Colombia" (PDF). p. 20.
  3. ^ a b "The World Fact Book".
  4. ^ a b Lizcano Fernández, Francisco (2005). "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" [Ethnic Composition of Three Cultural Areas of the Americas at the Beginning of the XXIst Century] (PDF). Convergencia (in Spanish). 38 (May–August): 185–232. ISSN 1405-1435. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2023. See table on page 218.
  5. ^ a b "Informe Latinobarómetro 2018". Latinobarometro. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  6. ^ Simon Schwartzman. "Étnia, condiciones de vida y discriminación" (PDF). pdf. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  7. ^ a b library of congress. "Colombia a country study" (PDF). pdf. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  8. ^ Bushnell & Hudson, p. 87-88.
  9. ^ "Geoportal del DANE - Geovisor CNPV 2018". geoportal.dane.gov.co. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  10. ^ Bushnell & Hudson, p. 87-88.
  11. ^ "Apuntes sobre la inmigración sirio-libanesa en Colombia". www.nodo50.org. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  12. ^ Vidal Ortega, Antonino; D’Amato Castillo, Giuseppe (1 December 2015). "Los otros, sin patria: italianos en el litoral Caribe de Colombia a comienzos del siglo XX". Caravelle. Cahiers du monde hispanique et luso-brésilien (in French) (105): 153–175. doi:10.4000/caravelle.1822. ISSN 1147-6753.
  13. ^ "Estos fueron los primeros alemanes en Colombia". Revista Diners | Revista Colombiana de Cultura y Estilo de Vida (in Spanish). 10 June 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  14. ^ "Conozca a los inmigrantes europeos que se quedaron en Colombia". Revista Diners | Revista Colombiana de Cultura y Estilo de Vida (in Spanish). 2 July 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  15. ^ "News & Events - Irlandeses en Colombia y Antioquia - Department of Foreign Affairs". www.dfa.ie. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  16. ^ Fodor's South America. p. 402.
  17. ^ a b c Possible paradises: Basque emigration to Latin America by José Manuel Azcona Pastor, P.203
  18. ^ Amerikanuak: Basques in the New World by William A. Douglass, Jon Bilbao, P.167
  19. ^ Jim Watson. "SCADTA Joins the Fight". Stampnotes.com. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  20. ^ a b c d Latin America during World War II by Thomas M. Leonard, John F. Bratzel, P.117
  21. ^ Ignacio Klich & Jeff Lesser, Arab and Jewish Immigrants in Latin America: Images and Realities, Psychology Press, 1997, pages 76-78
  22. ^ "'Lost Jews' Of Colombia Say They've Found Their Roots". NPR.org. npr.org. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  23. ^ Wasko, Dennis (13 June 2011). "The Jewish Palate: The Jews of Colombia - Arts & Culture - Jerusalem Post". Jpost.com. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  24. ^ a b c d e de Posada, Louise Fawcett; Eduardo Posada-Carbó (1992). "En la tierra de las oportunidades: los sirio-libaneses en Colombia" [In the land of opportunity: the Syrian-Lebanese in Colombia]. Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico (in Spanish). XXIX (29). Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  25. ^ Fawcett, Louise; Posada‐Carbo, Eduardo (21 June 2010). "Arabs and Jews in the development of the Colombian Caribbean 1850–1950". Immigrants & Minorities. 16 (1–2): 57–79. doi:10.1080/02619288.1997.9974903.
  26. ^ "Agência de Notícias Brasil-Árabe". .anba.com.br. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  27. ^ S.A.S, Editorial La República. "Colombia y Medio Oriente". Diario La República (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 July 2022.

Works cited

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