Liu Zhang (warlord)
- This article is about the late Eastern Han warlord. For the Western Han prince, see Liu Zhang (Han prince).
| Names | |
|---|---|
| Simplified Chinese: | 刘璋; |
| Traditional Chinese: | 劉璋; |
| Pinyin: | Líu Zhāng |
| Zi: | Jìyù (季玉) |
Liu Zhang (162? - 219) was a warlord duiring Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. He became governor of Yizhou (益州), succeeding his father Liu Yan and ruled the region until 214, when he surrendered to Liu Bei. After his surrender to Liu Bei, he again surrendered to Eastern Wu, and died shortly afterwards.
Life
Governorship of Yizhou
The youngest son of Liu Yan, Liu Zhang spent his early career at the Han court as an assitant to his two eldest brothers, Liu Fan and Liu Dan. They served at the court when it was controlled by the warlords Li Jue and Guo Si. Liu Zhang was sent by the court to admonish his father for brutal actions, but upon arriving his father refused to let him go back to the court.
In 194, following the deaths of his elder brothers and then his father, he succeeded governorship of Yizhou. During his rule over the province, he did not show ambition to expand his territory, but it is said that he was a good ruler and maintained peace in his realm.
In 200, Zhang Lu, who had previously recognized Liu Yan as his master, rebelled against Liu Zhang. Liu Zhang had Zhang Lu's mother, brothers, and other family members executed.
In 211, at the suggestion of his advisor Zhang Song, he asked Liu Bei to come to his assistance in the battle against Zhang Lu. The welcoming of Liu Bei was a plan by Zhang Song, Fa Zheng, and Meng Da to ultimately make him their leader, since they considered him more ambitious and worthy of serving than Liu Zhang. Wang Lei, Huang Quan, Li Hui, and others tried to persuade Liu Zhang not to accept Liu Bei into his territory, but their pleas were ignored and Liu Bei was welcomed as a guest general of Liu Zhong where he would go to the front to fight against Zhang Lu.
When Zhang Song's true intentiones were revealed to Liu Zhang by his elder brother Zhang Su, he executed Zhang Song and began his battle against Liu Bei, who then began his conquest of Yizhou. Although generals such as Zhang Ren fought hard to defend their master, Liu Bei's forces had the upper hand, and by 214 they had surrounded Liu Zhang's capital at Chengdu. Liu Zhang's advisors Dong He, Hu Jing, and Liu Ba pleaded to their master to resist at all costs, but Liu Zhang rejected their pleas, saying "I don't want my subjects to suffer any more." He then surrendered to Liu Bei.
After Surrendering
Soon after surrendering his territory, Liu Bei sent him and his second son Liu Xun to the western part of Jingzhou, on the border with Sun Quan's territory. In the year 219, however, forces led by Lü Meng, a subordinate of Sun Quan, captured Liu Bei's general Guan Yu and executed him, seizing Jing province. Liu Zhang and a son, Liu Chan (not the same Liu Chan as the Emperor of Shu), were taken in by the Sun forces, and Sun, seeking to establish a claim to the rest of Liu Bei's territory, gave Liu Zhang the title of Governor of Yi Province, which had been his previous title before suffering defeat at the hands of Liu Bei. However, Wu made no further attempts to invade Liu Bei's territory, and Liu Zhang died shortly after being made a vassal of Sun Quan. His eldest son, Liu Xun, continued to serve in Shu whilst Liu Chan served in Wu.
Historical Evaluation
In popular accounts of the period, such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms, he is portrayed as a foolish and incapable ruler.
In historian Chen Shou's Sanguo Zhi, his rule is said to have been very peaceful until events of the period brought Liu Bei into his domain. However, Chen Shou, who had once served as an officer of Shu Han, and still held some sympathy for his former masters, suggested that Liu Bei rightfully wrested leadership of Yizhou from Liu Zhang.
Family
Ancestors
- Liu Yu (劉余) (distant ancestor)
- Liu Yan (father)
Brothers
- Liu Fan (劉範)
- Liu Dan (劉誕)
- Liu Mao (劉瑁)
Sons
- Liu Xun (劉循)
- Liu Chan (劉闡)